Survey Proposal

on

Shoats External Parasite Assessment in Selected Districts of Six Zones of Asela Regional Veterinary
Laboratory Operational Area, year 2009

Introduction

Small ruminants are among the major economically important livestock in Ethiopia. The latest estimate
gives the total numbers of 27.6 millions sheep and 23.3 millions goats in the country. Among these
population 8,75 million (34%)Sheep and 7.6 million (31.4%) Goat are found in Oromia region(CSA,
2013).

These ruminants and their products are important export commodities contributing to the national
economy in addition to supporting the livelihood of millions of farmers. Skin from sheep and goat is also
the main stay of the Ethiopian tanning industries. According to the information obtained from sheep and
goat skin produced every year in the country about 40-45% was from Oromia region.

In addition Selale sheep skin for its first quality due to its fine grain and compact structure and Wellega
skin for its large size have a high demand in national and international market, also skin from Jimma,
Arsi and Bale are competent for its good quality (Desta, 2009).

Small ruminants skin has long been regarded as the second, next to coffee for its largest foreign exchange
earning source for the country (Bayou, 2005). However, in recent years this rank has been relegated
mainly because of rejection and down grading inflicted on skin defects due to various causes as
infestation by external parasites and diseases (Desta, 2009).

Therefore to combat this problem shoats external parasite control campaign have been designed and
implemented in different districts of Oromia region by OLDHA since 2003EC, which was also undergone
in the operational areas of ARVL.

Accordingly in the year 2008 OLDHA was planned to carryout shoats external parasite
control (chemo prophylactic) campaign in 18 selected districts of 6 zones located in ARVL
working areas. Evaluation

This control campaign has been carried out to reduce external parasite infestations to a
minimum level and as a result to improve the quality and quantity of sheep & goat skin in
particular and production and productivity in general.
Thus to evaluate the benefits of the control Campaign a regular impact assessment should
be required.

Based on this in order to facilitate the future impact assessment of the above mentioned
2008 control campaign that will be carried out in districts of ARVL working area the
laboratory was designed to conduct the pre Control (intervention) sheep and goat external
parasite prevalence survey in the selected districts.

Therefore objectives of the present study are:

- To determine sheep and goat external parasites prevalence in the districts:

- To obtain pre control prevalence data that will be put side by side with post control
prevalence data and used to assess the effectiveness (benefit) of the intervention
campaign.

Materialsand Methods

Study methodology
A cross sectional prevalence study of external parasites will carry out on small ruminants of local
breed, different age group, and both sex. During the study the distribution of ectoparasites
species will be considered.

Also a collected raw data will be carefully recorded and stored in Microsoft Excel database
system used for data management.

Considered Parasites and body parts:

For ticks- head, ear, sides and ventral body parts, under tail, udder/testicles and intra digital
space will be de-ticked and put into universal bottle containing 70% ethanol for further species
identification.

For lice and ked- neck, shoulder, wither, flunk and ramps are sites of concern. In each of the
mentioned body parts both on the either sides /left and right/ a place 10 cm long will parted for
the presence of both lice and ked. One parasite is considered as positive and recorded as low
infestation, 2 to 5 parasites are considered moderate infestation and six and above are considered
severe infestation if found in all or one of the 10cm long place.

For mange mites- head region, backline, ribs region and legs. Any mange-like lesion will
removed using scalpels and collected onto Petri dish and put into universal bottle for further
species identification and confirmation

Clinical and laboratory examination

The animals will randomly selected then recorded and clinically examined for presence or
absence of the ectoparasites and/or eggs and lesions. Prior to clinical examination, the sex, age
and body condition of the animals will be recorded. By modifying the system described in
Gatenby (1991). The clinical examination will be performed by multiple fleeces parting in the
direction opposite that in which hair or wool normally rests and visual inspection and palpation
of the skin for parasites and/or lesion on all parts of the animals including the ears and digits.
Those shoats found infested by single parasite will be considered positive Kumsa, B. and Bekele,
M. 2008. The sites of infection on the animal body were recorded and the parasites will be
identified on the basis of their morphological structure as described in Wall and Shearer (1997).

Specimen collection and examination

Those ectoparasites and their larvae unidentified during clinical examination and scrapings of
mange like lesions from clinically suspected animals were collected in a clean container, for
detailed laboratory examination.

Samples of mange like lesions will be collected by cutting the hair around affected area,
scrapping the edges of the lesion with scalpel as described by Soulsby (1982) until capillary
bleeding is seen in such a way that the bled is being held at an angle that the material scraped
falls on Petri dish held underneath. The lesions then dressed and the scrapped, material will
transferred to a clean container and unreserved carried for laboratory examination. Ectoparasites
such as ticks and lice will be collected by forceps/ hand picking, respectively from their
attachment site, put into container and preserved with 70% alcohol as described by Urquhart et
al. (1996).
Collected ectoparasites will be examined under stereomicroscope and identification will
performed according to the identification key described by Okello-onen et al. (1999) for tick;
and wall and shearer (1997) for lice. According to this method, a few drops of 10% potassium
hydroxide will be added to the sample, allowed to stand for 30 minutes and the sediment will
examined under different microscopic magnifications for mites, their eggs and fragments. Mites
will be identified according to the identification key described by Wall and Shearer (1997).

Study area
The survey will be conducted in 6 zones of Asella Regional Veterinary laboratory
operational areas.

Namely North showa, Arsi, Bale, West Arsi and Guji zones. In each zone, minimum of 3
districts will be selected based on their agro ecological situations which are denoted as
Dega, Woynadega and kola and availability of small ruminants and accessibility of
transportation will be considered. From each District again 3 peasant associations (PAs)
will be selected. Two PAs from three agro-ecology of the district.

6 zones ------------>18 Districts -------------->54 PAs ------------>108 Goats (Goxii)/villages

Name of Zones & districts

1. North showa
Selected Districts ------- > Jida, Kimbibit, Kuyu and Yaya-Gulale
2. Arsi
Selected Districts ---------> Degalu Tijo, Hetosa, Diksis, Robe,Chole
3. Bale
Selected Districts ---------> Goba,Gasara,Ginnir
4. West Arsi
Selected Districts ---------> Gedeb Asasa, Shashamane, Kokosa
5. Guji + Borena
Selected Districts ----------> Adola, Qercha, Bore

Study animal

This study animal will be randomly selected sheep and goat managed under extensive management
system in the selected areas.
Study Period

The study will be conducted in the first quarter of year 2009EC.

Sample size
The sample size was determined according to Thrusfield, (2005) based on maximum expected
prevalence of 50%; at 95% level of significance. Thus a total of 5301 sheep, Goats will be
examined to determine the prevalence of major ecto parasites of small ruminants.

1. North showa
- Previous prevalence of 64.8% (ARVL, 2014) Was used to calculate an average required
animals for each district (Thrust field, 2006)
 351/sheep/ goats from district
 Agro –ecology, PAS and Goats will be proportionalized based on population.
 351 x 4 = 1480 Sheep/Goats from the zone.
2. Arsi zone
- Previous prevalence 82.4% in Diksis district (ARVL, 2013) will be used to determine simple
size (Thrust field, 2006) and extrapolate for other districts. This will be 223 animals and
33% prevalence for Digalu Tijo which will be 390 animals.
 (223 x 4 = 892) + 390 = 1283 Animals
3. Bale zone
- Previous prevalence of 81.2% (ARVL, 2015) was used and a total of 235 animals will be
examined from each district. Thus, 235 x 3 = 705 animals will be examined from bale zone
4. West Arsi zone
- Previous prevalence of 69.7% (ARVL, 1015). There fore 323 x 3 = 969 animals will be
examined.
5. Guji & Borena zone
There is no information of previous prevalence. Thus, 50% will be use to calculate the total
sample size, which is 384 sheep/goats from each districts.
384 x 3 = 1152 animals
Survey proposal field expense description & total amount required

Travel scheme:-

Rout 1

Asella – Jida – Yaya Gulale – Kuyu – Addis Ababa - Shano – Asela

Rout 2

Asella – Hetosa – Diksis – Robe – Chole – Asella – Sagure – Asella

Rout 3

Asella – Asasa – Kokosa – Goba – Gasara – Ginir – Asella

Rout 4

Asella – Shashamane – Adola – Bore –Kercha

No. Of Districts

1. N/Showa------------------------------------- 4
2. Arsi-------------------------------------------- 5
3. Bale ------------------------------------------- 3
4. W/Arsi----------------------------------------3
5. Guji+ Borena---------------------------------3
Total-------------------------------------18
 At least 4 teams will be required to perform this assessment
 A total of 5301 samples will be required 5589
 At least 3 PAs will be selected from district with average distance of 30kms.
 At least 6 Gotes/villages will be selected from PAs
 An average of 128 Sheep/Goats which will be examined by randomizing animal
owners/households, Gares/Gotes and individual animal from herd (equal
proportion of animals should be collected from the populations)
  4 professional averagely work/examine maximum of 60 animals per day with two of
them will be engaged on information collecting and data recording.
 An average of 295 animals (shoats) should be examined from each district.
- Therefore 295/60 = 4.9 = 6 days = 1 day (movement in district)
= 7 days/district
- District personnel for co-ordination of the work
- Personel in each team
 6 professional (2 vet, 4tech)
 1 District work
 1 Driver
8 Personnel’s per team

Distance to be Travelled

Rout 1 Distance in kms

Asalla – Sagure 23kms

Sagure – Asella 23kms

Asalla – Hetosa 25kms

Hetosa – 40kms

Diksis – Robe 23kms

Robe – Chole 30kms

Chole – Asalla 128kms

Total 292km

Rout 2 Distance in kms

Asalla – Asasa 108kms

Asasa – Kokosa 97kms

Kokosa – Goba 185kms

Goba – Bale Robe 14kms

Bale Robe – Gasara 56kms

Gasara – Ginir 76kms

Robe – Asalla 250kms

Total 920km

Rout 3 Distance in kms

Asalla – Shashamane 206kms

Shashamane – Bore 150kms

Bore – Adola 108kms

Adola – Qercha 56kms

Qarcha – Asalla 37kms

Total 891km

Rout 4 Distance in kms

Asalla – Jida 283kms

Jida – Fiche 65kms

Fiche – Y/Gulale 25kms

Y/Gulale – Fiche 25kms

Fiche – G/Gurach 45kms

G/Gurach – Addis Ababa 156kms

Addis Ababa – Shano 78kms

Shano – Asalla 253kms

Total 930km

Team 1 Arsi – 5 Districts

29 days (25 working days + 4 travailing days )

Per diem cost

- 2 vet x 171 x 29 = 9918birr
- 4 tech x 171 x 29 = 9918birr
- 1 driver x 124 x 29 = 3596birr
- 1 field worker x 50 x 25 = 1250birr
- 2 daily labor x 50 x 25 = 2500birr
Total perdiem 27,182Birr
Feul Cost
- Total 292km travailing km
- An average working kms/day = 25km x 2 = 50km x 5 x 5 = 1250kms
= 1250kms + 292kms = 1542kms
On average a vehicle travels 6kms/liter
Therefore 1542km/6km/liter
= 257liter will be required
one litre gas oil costs in average 16.08birr
= 257liter x 16.08birr
= 4132.56birr
Fuel cost + perdiem cost for team 1
4132.56birr + 27,1823 = 31314.56birr

Team 2 (Bale)
At least 29 days required (25 working days + 4 travailing days)
Perdiem cost
- 2 vet x 171 x 29 day = 9918birr
- 4 tech x 171 x 29 = 9918birr
- 1 driver x 124 x 29 = 3596birr
- 1 field worker x 25day x 50birr/day = 1250birr
- 2 daily labor worker x 50birr/day x 25day = 2500birr
Total perdiem for this team = 27,182birr
Fuel cost
- Travailing km = 920kms
- Working km = 25 x 2 x 25 = 1250km
2170kms
2170kms/6kms/lit = 361.7liter
 = 361.7 x 16.08birr = 5816.13birr

Feul cost + perdiem cost

5816.13birr +271823
= 32,998.14birr

Team 3 Guji & Borena zone

On average at least 31 days (25working + 6travilling)
Perdiem cost
- 2vet x 171birr/day x 31days = 10,602birr
- 4 tech x 171birr/day x 31days = 10,602birr
- 1 driver x 124birr/day x 31days = 3844birr
- 2 daily labours x 50birr/day x 25day = 2500birr
Total perdiem = 28,798birr
Feul cost
Travel distance 891km
Working distance 25 x 2 x 25 = 1250kms
= 2141kms
214km/6km/liter x 16.08birr
356.8liter x 16.08 = 5737.88birr
Fuel cost + perdiem cost
5737 – 88birr + 28,798birr
= 34535.88birr

Team 4 North showa

On average 30days (25 working + 5 travilling)
Perdiem cost
- 2vet x 171 x 30days = 10,260birr
- 2tech x 171 x 30days = 10,260birr
- 1 driver x 124 x 30days = 3720birr
- 1 field worker x 50birr/day x 25days = 1250birr
- 2daily labor x 50 x 25 = 2500birr
Total perdiem 27990Birr
 Fuel cost
Travel km 930km
Working km 25 x 2 x 25 = 1250km
Total = 2180km
2180km/6km/lit x 16.08birr
363lit x 16.08birr
5842birr
Fuel cost + perdiem cost
5842birr + 27990birr
= 3382.4birr

Summary of all cost

Perdiem cost
Team 1 + Team 2 + Team 3 + Team 4
27182 + 27182 + 28798 + 27990
Total = 111,152Birr
Fuel cost
Fuel 1 + Fuel 2 + Fuel3 + Fuel 4
31314 + 5816 + 5737 + 3382
Total = 46,249Birr

Grand Total
Total perdiem cost + Total Fuel cost
111,152birr + 46249Birr
= 157,401Birr

References

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Coles, H. E. (1996): Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Fourth Edition, W.B. Saunders
Company, Philadelphia, pp. 391-403.
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Gatenby, M. R. (1991): Sheep. Coste, R. and Smith, J. A. (eds.), the Tropical Agriculturalist,
Macmillan (London) and CTA (Wageningen), pp. 6-11.

Kumsa, B. and M. Bekele.(2008). Lice infestation on cattle in Endegagn District,

Okello-onen, J.; Hassan, S.M. and Essuman, S. (1999): Taxonomy of African Ticks, An Identification
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