Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Uttarakhand
Submitted by : Yash
Sap ID : 500085739
Enrolment no. : R760220133
Program : BBA LLB (HONS.)
(CORPORATE LAW)
SEMESTER- VII
1
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................. 3
Introduction.............................................................................................................. 4
Historical Background of Securities Market in India .............................................. 4
Role of Important Organisations and Institutions in India Securities Market
Infrastructure ........................................................................................................... 6
Regulatory framework ............................................................................................. 7
Trading and settlement systems: .............................................................................. 8
Settlement Process and the Role of Depositories .................................................... 9
Market Infrastructure Institutions .......................................................................... 10
Use of Technology and Data in Modern Securities Markets ................................. 12
Challenges Faced by Securities Market Infrastructure in India............................. 13
Initiatives and Measures to Protect Investors and Promote Financial Literacy ..... 15
The IPO of Paytm (Case Study) ............................................................................ 16
References: ............................................................................................................ 17
2
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my university for supporting me. I would like to express
my special thanks of gratitude to my faculty Mr. Rafique Khan for his able guidance, enthusiasm,
patience, insightful comments, helpful information, and support in completing this essay. His immense
knowledge, profound experience, and professional expertise in Securities Market have enabled me to
complete this research successfully. Without his support and guidance, this project would not have
been possible.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the library staff for providing me with all the resources in
terms of books and online research tools that were required for the primary research of this essay.
Yours Sincerely,
Yash
Sap id - 500085739
Enrolment no. - R760220133
3
Introduction
With their ability to facilitate investment, allocate capital, and promote economic growth,
securities markets are essential to the financial landscape of any given economy. The
importance of securities markets in India cannot be emphasized. The nation's financial system
is based on these markets, which allow the government to finance its operations, investors to
diversify their holdings, and companies to raise capital. The architecture of the securities
market's effectiveness and integrity is essential to India's overall economic growth and
stability.
As articulated by Joshi and Rezania (2018), "Securities markets are fundamental to the
functioning of any modern economy. They serve as a conduit through which savings are
channelled into productive investments, fostering economic growth and job creation." In the
Indian context, this statement finds resonance as the securities markets, comprising stock
exchanges, bond markets, and derivative markets, are integral to the nation's economic
framework.1
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) regularly monitors the Indian securities
markets to guarantee fairness, investor protection, and market transparency. Stability in the
market and investor trust depend on this regulatory scrutiny. The Indian securities markets
have undergone substantial development throughout time, becoming more efficient and
accessible with the transition from the antiquated outcry method to extremely advanced
electronic trading platforms.
We will examine the historical history, major institutions and actors, regulatory framework,
technical advancements, and opportunities and problems associated with India's securities
market infrastructure in this research study. Comprehending the intricate aspects of this
infrastructure is crucial to appreciating its significance in the Indian economy and devising
tactics to augment its efficacy and efficiency.
An important turning point was the founding of the BSE, which gave investors and traders a
tangible marketplace on which to purchase and sell stocks. Historical perspectives highlight
1
Joshi, P., & Rezania, O. (2018). Capital Market Development and Economic Growth in India: An Empirical
Analysis. Economic Affairs, 63(2), 361-376. doi:10.30954/0424-2513.2.2018.15
4
two significant regulatory developments: the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act of 1956
and the founding of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in 1992.
The Indian securities market changed from traditional dealing under banyan trees to a highly
automated, electronically driven marketplace, as stated by Kaur and Singh (2019).
Globalization of the market, legislative changes, and technology improvements have all
contributed to this shift."2
Traditional open outcry trading characterized the early history of the Indian securities markets,
but the advent of electronic trading in the 1990s revolutionized the industry. Leading this
technology transformation was the National Stock Exchange (NSE), founded in 1992. The
National Exchange for Automated Trading, or NEAT, is the name of the NSE's automated
trading system that has improved market efficiency and transparency.
Many financial instruments, such as government securities, corporate bonds, equity shares, and
derivatives, have been introduced to India's securities markets over time. These advancements
have expanded the investing possibilities available to investors, encouraging risk management
and diversification.
In conclusion, the development of India's securities markets can be traced from unorganized
get-togethers beneath banyan trees to highly developed electronic marketplaces. It shows how
India's financial sector has expanded as a result of alterations to regulations and improvements
in technology.
1. The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE): was established in 1875, which signified the
official start of stock trading in India. It remained one of the oldest stock exchanges in
Asia and offered a consolidated platform for stock trading (Bhandari, 2017).3
3. Electronic trading and the National Stock Exchange (NSE): The NSE's founding in
1992 was a pivotal moment. The introduction of automated trading systems by the NSE
led to the transition from open outcry stock trading to electronic trading (Vaidya, 2006).4
4. India's Securities and Exchange Board (SEBI): The establishment of SEBI in 1992
played a pivotal role in the supervision and management of the Indian securities
2
Kaur, J., & Singh, S. (2019). Securities Market in India: A Historical Overview. Asian Journal of Research in Banking
and Finance, 9(5), 72-83.
3
Bhandari, N. K. (2017). An Analytical Study of Bombay Stock Exchange with Reference to SENSEX. International Journal
of Research in Commerce, Economics & Management, 7(3), 9-12.
4
Vaidya, V. K. (2006). A Case Study on the Automated Trading System (SETS) of the National Stock Exchange of India.
SSRN Electronic Journal.
5
markets. Investor protection, market integrity, and the promotion of honest and open
trade are all part of SEBI's mandate. 5
7. Indian markets are becoming increasingly globalized: as a result of the early 1990s
economic liberalization, which also attracted more international investment and foreign
institutional investors (FIIs) to the country's securities markets, increasing their
integration with the world's financial markets (RBI, 2005).7
The Indian securities market has been significantly shaped by these turning points and
advancements, which have improved its efficiency, accessibility, and integration with the
international financial system.
India's securities markets are primarily supervised and regulated by SEBI, the regulatory body.
Its roles and contributions to the infrastructure of the securities market include:
1. Control & Supervision: SEBI creates rules and policies to guarantee the securities
markets are run in an orderly manner. It oversees a number of organisations, including
mutual funds, brokers, and stock exchanges, in order to preserve investor safety and
market integrity.
5
SEBI. (n.d.). About Us. Securities and Exchange Board of India. https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
6
NSE. (n.d.). Evolution of Indian Derivatives Market. National Stock Exchange of India. https://www.nseindia.com/
7
RBI. (2005). Report on Currency and Finance. Reserve Bank of India.
8
BSE India. (n.d.). About BSE. Bombay Stock Exchange. https://www.bseindia.com/
6
2. Investor Protection: SEBI promotes honest and open market practises in an effort to
protect investors' interests. It offers procedures for resolving investor grievances and
guarantees that market players follow moral principles.
Stock exchanges, such as the NSE and BSE: The venues for trading securities are stock
exchanges. Among their roles and accomplishments are:
1. Encouraging Trading: Stock exchanges offer a venue for the purchase and sale of
derivatives, bonds, and stocks.
2. Price discovery: Through the auction process and ongoing trade, they are essential
in establishing the fair market price of securities.10
2. Settlement: They guarantee the quick and easy exchange of money and securities
between buyers and sellers, which supports the market's smooth operation.
3. Central counterparty (CCP) services: They are offered by CCPs such as CCIL for a
range of financial instruments such as corporate bonds, government securities, and
foreign exchange derivatives.12
Together, these institutions and organisations work to build an infrastructure for the securities
market that is efficient, transparent, and well-regulated, promoting investor confidence and
advancing India's economy as a whole.
Regulatory framework
The regulatory structure that oversees the securities markets in India is intended to preserve
investor protection, uphold market integrity, and guarantee the markets' orderly operation. The
9
SEBI. (n.d.). About SEBI. Securities and Exchange Board of India. https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
10
NSE India. (n.d.). About NSE. National Stock Exchange of India. https://www.nseindia.com/
11
BSE India. (n.d.). About BSE. Bombay Stock Exchange. https://www.bseindia.com/
12
Clearing Corporation of India Limited (CCIL). (n.d.). About Us. https://www.ccilindia.com/
7
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the central authority responsible for
supervising and regulating the securities markets.
In order to maintain investor safety and market integrity, SEBI plays a variety of roles, such
as:
1. Formulating Regulations: SEBI develops and implements regulations that control the
securities markets in a number of ways, including as listing criteria, disclosure
standards, and trading regulations. According to SEBI (n.d.), these rules are intended to
guarantee honest and open market practises.
2. Market Surveillance: To identify and stop fraudulent activity, insider trading, and
manipulation of the market, SEBI carries out market surveillance. Investor trust and
market integrity are preserved by this proactive monitoring.
4. Market Intermediaries: Brokers, mutual funds, and depositories are examples of the
types of market intermediaries that SEBI oversees. By keeping an eye on things, this
supervision makes sure that these organisations uphold the greatest moral standards.
Damodaran (2005) pointed out that "SEBI has been essential to the expansion and
advancement of the securities markets in India. The market has become transparent, equitable,
and investor-friendly as a result of its regulatory actions.13
In a developing nation such as India, SEBI's dedication to market integrity and investor
protection is paramount. It promotes trust between local and foreign investors and helps the
Indian securities markets expand and remain stable.
13
Damodaran, N. (2005). SEBI: A Regulatory Success Story. Economic and Political Weekly, 40(18), 1831-1834.
8
1. Open Outcry System: Historically, traders gathered in person on the trading floor to
place orders by yelling and utilising hand gestures. This was the method used by Indian
stock exchanges. Among the well-known exchanges that first made use of this technique
was the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).
2. Electronic Trading's Introduction: Early in the 1990s, open outcry trading gave way
to electronic trading. The National Stock Exchange (NSE) was a trailblazer in the
implementation of automated trading systems, having been founded in 1992.Among the
first electronic trading platforms in India were the National Exchange for Automated
Trading (NEAT) of the NSE and the BOLT (BSE Online Trading) of the BSE.14
3. Order Matching Systems: Order matching systems are used by electronic trading
platforms. They automatically match buy and sell orders according to priority and price.
As a result, being physically present on the trade floor is no longer necessary.
5. Mobile and Online Trading : Online trading platforms and mobile apps have grown
in popularity as a result of the widespread use of mobile and internet technology. The
markets are accessible to individual investors from the comfort of their own devices.
2. Trade Confirmation: The depository receives a trade confirmation from the exchange
following an execution of a trade. Information about the securities purchased or sold is
included in this confirmation.
3. Settlement: T (Trading) day and T+2 (two working days following the trading day) are
the two stages of the settlement procedure. The transfer of securities from the seller's
demat account to the buyer's demat account and the transfer of money from the buyer's
bank account to the seller's bank account are made easier on T+2 by the depository.
14
National Stock Exchange of India (NSE). (n.d.). Trading System. https://www.nseindia.com/
9
4. Depositories in India: The Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL) 15 and the
National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) 16 are India's two central securities
depositories. These depositories keep up-to-date electronic ownership records for a
variety of financial assets, including bonds, equities, and mutual fund units.
5. Participants in the Depository (DPs): DPs act as middlemen between depositories and
investors. They offer services pertaining to the transfer and upkeep of securities as well
as assistance to investors in opening and managing Demat accounts.
Depositories play a crucial role in streamlining the settlement procedure, cutting down on
paperwork, and lowering the possibility of fraud or loss connected to actual share certificates.
1. Depositories:
These central organisations facilitate the efficient transfer of ownership by holding securities
in electronic form. The National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) and the national
Depository Services Limited (CDSL), two national securities depositories in India, are crucial
institutions.
Function:
• Safekeeping: They offer a safe haven for the preservation and storage of
securities, lowering the possibility of theft.
2. Custodians:
Financial institutions or specialised businesses, such as foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) and
institutional investors, are among the investors for whom custodians hold and protect
securities.
15
Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL). (n.d.). About Us. https://www.cdslindia.com/
16
National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL). (n.d.). Home. https://nsdl.co.in/
10
Function:
• Company acts: They help investors handle company acts like rights issues,
dividends, and interest payments.
Function:
Collectively, these market infrastructure organisations improve how well the securities markets
operate by:
11
To safeguard investors and maintain market integrity, the Securities and Exchange Board of
India (SEBI) oversees and regulates the functions and activities of these organisations in
India.17
17
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). (n.d.). Depositories. https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
12
Technology Use: Retail investors can now access the securities markets from their computers
and cell phones thanks to the widespread availability of online trading platforms and mobile
apps.
Impact on Market Infrastructure: By facilitating retail investing, these platforms have
expanded market participation and improved retail investors' access to the market.
1. Adherence to regulations:
Challenge: The complicated and ever-changing regulations governing India's securities market
can make it difficult for market players to comply. It might be difficult to keep up with the
constant changes in rules, tax concerns, and reporting needs.
Possibility: Encouraging regulatory stability and streamlining procedures can improve market
efficiency. Market players can comply with regulations more easily if they are given clear
instructions and have access to user-friendly compliance tools.18
2. Technological
Challenge: Although India has made great progress in implementing electronic trading
systems, there are still issues with data management, cybersecurity, and technical
infrastructure. It is imperative to guarantee the robustness of technological systems and
safeguard against cyberattacks.
Opportunity: The securities market may be made more effective and resilient by boosting
cybersecurity awareness, investing in cutting-edge technology infrastructure, and encouraging
innovation. Promoting the use of fintech solutions can increase the efficiency and accessibility
of the market.
18
SEBI. (n.d.). About SEBI. Securities and Exchange Board of India. https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
13
3. Volatility of the Market:
Challenge: Investors may face risks and uncertainties due to market volatility, which is
impacted by both domestic and international causes. Volatility in the market can cause investor
mistrust and interfere with trade.
Opportunity: Effective risk management procedures, improved market surveillance, and better
risk assessment tools can all assist investors lessen the effects of market volatility.
Furthermore, the market might become more resilient to market swings by creating and
encouraging diversified investment options.
Possibility: Increasing market depth and liquidity can be achieved by luring foreign
investment, supporting the growth of bond markets, and encouraging the listing of new
businesses. Additional contributors include market makers and other liquidity sources.19
Possibility: Increasing the use of digital and mobile platforms, streamlining investment
procedures, and promoting financial inclusion can all help a larger group of investors have
greater access to the market.
7. Worldwide Integration:
Challenge: Although India has made steps to integrate with international financial markets,
more work needs to be done to harmonise laws and boost involvement from other countries.
19
BSE India. (n.d.). About BSE. Bombay Stock Exchange. https://www.bseindia.com/
14
In conclusion, despite the numerous obstacles that India's securities market infrastructure must
overcome, there are chances for expansion and improvement provided these obstacles are
carefully addressed. India's economic growth and stability can be greatly enhanced by a well-
managed, technologically sophisticated, and investor-friendly securities market.
The integrity and viability of the securities markets depend heavily on investor protection and
financial literacy. Around the world, governments and regulatory agencies—including those in
India—have put in place a number of programmes and policies aimed at protecting investors
and raising the level of financial literacy. I'll look at a few of the most important programmes
and policies here, with an emphasis on India, and citations where appropriate:
3. Regulatory Measures:
Financial intermediaries are mandated by regulatory bodies to furnish investors with risk
assessment tools and guidelines so that they can make well-informed investment decisions
(SEBI, 2016).21
Required Disclosures: Financial institutions and listed businesses are required by regulatory
bodies to provide thorough disclosures. Investors are better able to comprehend the financial
stability of the companies in which they invest because to this transparency (SEBI, 2019).
20
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). (n.d.). Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF).
https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
21
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). (2016). Circular: Standardization of Risk-O-Meter.
https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
15
5. Funds for Investor Protection:
Investor Protection Funds of Stock Exchanges: In the event that trading members or
stockbrokers’ default, investors will be compensated by the stock exchanges in India. For
investors, these funds offer a safety net (NSE, 2022).
These programmes and actions highlight the dedication of regulatory agencies, academic
institutions, and players in the financial markets to safeguarding investors and improving their
financial literacy. The goal is to provide investors with the information and resources they need
to make wise decisions about their investments while protecting their interests.22
One of the top providers of digital payments and financial services in India, Paytm made its
initial public offering (IPO) in November 2021. This incident is a real-world example of how
India's securities market infrastructure functions.
Vital Points:
22
ecurities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). (2019). Circular: Continuous Disclosures under SEBI (Listing
Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015. https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
23
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). (2021). Prospectus for Public Offer/ Rights Issue/ Debt Issue.
https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
24
National Stock Exchange (NSE). (2021). Paytm IPO. https://www.nseindia.com/
25
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). (2021). Paytm Limited IPO. https://www.bseindia.com/
26
National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL). (n.d.). Home. https://nsdl.co.in/
27
Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL). (n.d.). Home. https://www.cdslindia.com/
16
References:
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). (n.d.). Investor Education and Protection
Fund (IEPF). https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). (2016). Circular: Standardization of Risk-O-
Meter. https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). (2019). Circular: Continuous Disclosures
under SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015.
https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/
Joshi, P., & Rezania, O. (2018). Capital Market Development and Economic Growth in
India: An Empirical Analysis. Economic Affairs, 63(2), 361-376. doi:10.30954/0424-
2513.2.2018.15
17