HILBERT’S

AXIOMS
FLAWS
in

EUCLID
FLAWS IN EUCLID
 FLAWS IN EUCLID
 Euclid neglected to state his assumptions that
points and lines exist, that not all points are
collinear, and that every line has at least two
points lying on it.
 Euclid never mentioned that notion of
betweenness explicitly, but tacitly assumed
certain facts about it that are obvious in
diagrams. There’s danger of reasoning from
diagrams, tacit assumptions must be made
explicit.
 Quite a few of Euclid’s proofs are based on
reasoning from diagram. To make these proofs
rigorous, a much larger system of explicit
axioms is needed.
 AXIOMS
OF
BETWEENNESS
Notation:

A * B * C

“ point B is between point A and point C”

 AXIOMS
OF
CONGRUENCE
 AXIOMS
OF CONTINUITY
 AXIOM
OF
PARALLELISM
ACTIVITY (AXIOMS OF CONGRUENCE)