Euclid

 A GREEK MATHEMATICIAN
 BORN IN 365 BC
 NATIONALITY : ANCIENT GREECE
 EDUCATION AT ATHENS
 RESIDENCE -ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT
 DIED IN 275 BC
 DEVELOPED THE FIRST
COMPREHENSIVE DEDUCTIVE
SYSTEM
CONTRIBUTION TO
MATHEMATICS

Euclid was known as "The Father of Geometry".

 Euclid was the first Greek mathematician who initiated a new day
of thinking the study of geometry.
 He introduced the method of proving a geometrical result by
deductive reasoning based upon previously proved result and some
self-evident specific assumption called axioms and postulates.
{An axiom or postulate is the statement that is taken to be true, to
serve as a premium for further reasoning and arguments.}
 The geometry given by Euclid is known as
"Euclidean geometry"
 It is the study of fl at/plane surfaces.
 Euclid also work done on conic secti ons,
spherical geometry and number theory.
EUCLID'S AXIOMS
 Things which are equal to the same thing, are equal to each
other.
If A=B and B=C than A=C since true.
 If equals are added to equals ,the wholes (sum) are equal.
If A=B and C is added to both the side than
A+C = B+C is true.
 If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders
(diff erence) are equal.
If A=B and C is subtracted from both the side than
A-C = B-C is true.
 T h i n gs t h at co in c id e wit h o n e - an o t h e r are e q u al to o n e -a n o th e r.
I f th e re is l in e AB th an it al ways co i n c id e wit h t h e l in e BA . H en c e , we
ca n s ay th at A B =BA

 T h e wh o le is gre ate r t h a n p art .

 T h i n gs wh ic h a re d o u b l e ( o r h alve s ) o f s am e t h in g , a re e q u a l to o n e -
a n o t h e r.
If a=2c and b=2c than a=b
EUCLID'S FIVE POSTULATES
Postulate1:A straight line may be drawn from any point to another point.

Postulate2: it is possible to extend a finite straight line continuously in a

straight line.
EUCLID'S FIVE POSTULATES
Postulate3: A circle can be drawn with any centre any radius.

Postulate4: All right angles are equal to one another.

EUCLID'S FIVE POSTULATES
Postulate5: lf a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior
angles on the same side of it taken together less than two right angles, then
the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which
sum of angles less than the two right angles.
Postulate 5 diagram:
α+β<180(Sum of two right angels)
EQUIPMENT VERSIONS OF EUCLID'S FIFTH
POSTULATE
Euclid's fifth postulate is very significant in history of mathematics. 
It is more complex than his other four postulate.
In order to prove this postulate, many other mathematician found several
results.
Like-
 For every line L and for every point p not lying on L, there exists a unique
line M passing through p and parallel to L.

 Two distinct intersecting lines can not be parallel to the same line.
EUCLID'S ELEMENTS:-
 Euclid wrote "the elements", the most famous and most
published work in history.
 "The elements" is a collecti on of 13 books.
 Each book contains a sequence of theorems around 10 to100,
introduced with proper defi niti on.
 13 book of elements-
 1-6 are of plane geometry.
 7-9 are of number theory.
 10 is theory of irrati onal numbers
 11-13 are of 3d geometry
 
Some Of His Definition

In the first book of elements , Euclid gave 23 definitions and some

of them are as follows:
A point is that which has no part
A line is breadth less length
The ends of line are points
A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself
A surface is that which has length and breadth only.
The edges of a surface are lines
Euclid's Division lemma
Theorem :If there are two positive integers a and b , there exist
unique integers q and r such as
a =bq + r
0=< r <b
Other Contribution and Accomplishments of Euclid
In addition to his most influential book The Elements he also wrote
some other books.
Optics : A book on light and vision . Euclid explained light's behaviour
busing geometrical principles
The Data, A work on geometrical problems
On Division of figures, which concerns the division of geometrical
figures into two or more equal parts or into various ratios
Catoptrics, which examines the mathematical theory of mirrors,
especially images formed by plane and spherical concave mirrors.