SHIRAK STATE UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND ARTS

TRANSLATION STUDIES / ENGLISH-ARMENIAN
THIRD YEAR

TERM PAPER
THE ROLE OF E-DICTIONARY IN TRANSLATION PERFORMANCE

III YEAR STUDENT: NAREK MKHOYAN

SUPERVISOR: HASMIK MATIKYAN

GYUMRI 2019
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1. E-DICTIONARIES OF MODERN DAY AND THEIR ADVANTAGES....4
1.1 Types of Electronic Dictionaries......................................................................................4
1.2 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN E-DICTIONARIES AND PAPER DICTIONARIES8
CHAPTER 2. E-DICTIONARY IN PRACTICE................................................................10
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................17
APPENDICES
 INTRODUCTION

In the age of digitalization among many changes in everyday life, technology and products
people use, is the digitalization of dictionaries: the main tool of a translator. Nowadays more and
more students tend to use e-dictionaries, reasoning that e-dictionaries are more convenient, have
more features to work with, and so on.
The aim of this paper is to determine the role of e-dictionaries in translation performance, to
see how e-dictionaries can improve the process of translation and the quality of the final product.
What features they can offer to the new users and what convincing advantages for those, who have
been using paper printed dictionaries for a good amount of time.
The objectives are to give information about e-dictionaries and their types in general, to
determine, what students think of e-dictionaries and how often they use them, to sum up the strong
and weak points of both types of dictionaries, and to define the effectiveness of e-dictionaries in
practice by a comparison.
The term-paper consists of two chapters:
Chapter 1 - E-Dictionaries of Modern Day and Their Advantages
Chapter 2 - E-Dictionaries in Practice
Chapter 1 is divided into two subchapters: 1.1 Types of electronic dictionaries, 1.2 The
difference between e-dictionaries and paper dictionaries.
Chapter 2 substantiates the information given in previous chapter, by a practical task held
among several students, using both an e-dictionary and a paper printed dictionary.
Conclusion sums up the term-paper, ideas and points presented in it.
References present all the sources, which had been used in the paper.
Appendices contain the questions, which have been asked: both questions for the first pre-
task interview and the final after-task one. Also the sentences, which the participants translated
during the practical task, are included.

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 CHAPTER 1.
E-DICTIONARIES OF MODERN DAY AND THEIR ADVANTAGES
1.1 Types of Electronic Dictionaries

A dictionary defines itself as a book or electronic resource, that lists the words of a language
(typically in alphabetical order) and gives their meaning, or gives the equivalent words in a different
language, often also providing information about pronunciation, origin, and usage. (Oxford
University Press, 2019)
There are different types of dictionaries:
 Specialized dictionaries (also technical dictionaries) focus upon a specific subject field.
 Historical dictionaries describe the development of words and senses over time.
 Defining dictionaries provide a core glossary of the simplest meanings of the simplest
concepts.
 Descriptive dictionaries attempt to describe the actual use of words. Most dictionaries of
English (Oxford English Dictionary and Webster’s Third) now apply the descriptive method
to a word's definition, and then, outside of the definition itself, and information alerting
readers to attitudes which may influence their choices on words often considered vulgar,
offensive, erroneous, or easily confused (Ostade, 2009).
 Bilingual, encyclopaedic, phonetic, visual (and more).
All these and more types of dictionaries are most commonly found in the form of a book,
but nowadays more and more dictionaries appear in the form of e-dictionaries.
An electronic dictionary is a dictionary, whose data exists in digital form and can be
accessed through a number of different media. Electronic dictionaries can be found in several
forms, including:
 As a function built into an E-reader;
 As CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs, typically packed with a printed dictionary, to be installed
on the user’s own computer;
 As dedicated handheld devices;
 As apps on smartphones and tablet computers or computer software;
 As free or paid-for online products.

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 1. E-Dictionary as a function built into an E-reader.
As e-reader (e-book reader) programs, apps and devices get more and more popular, and
many readers across the world choose them over traditional books, e-readers nowadays have in-
built e-dictionaries.
Those in-built dictionaries are mostly monolingual general dictionaries, that can offer
definitions for the core glossary of commonly used words, several cases of usage (sometimes with
examples), historical or encyclopaedic information.
Bilingual dictionaries are also available, but for a limited number of languages (mostly from
English, or into English). These dictionaries offer translations of words, simplified descriptions and
translated examples.
These are very helpful when reading books of English writers in original, they are fast and
easy-to-use. The only downside is, that sometimes it may show a wrong definition. This mostly
happens, when the word is not used in its common sense, or is a part of a phrasal verb.

2. E-Dictionary as CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs

E-dictionaries as CD and DVD-ROMs are the least commonly used dictionaries nowadays.
The main reason concerns the fact of CD and DVD-ROMs being outdated technology. With the
development of flesh drives and high-speed internet, the use of CD and DVD-ROMs is decreasing.
Those dictionaries were typically packed with a printed dictionary, and as nowadays more people
prefer electronic dictionaries, less copies are sold. And finally, with the help of a CD (DVD) one
could install a dictionary program on a computer. But currently smartphones are as powerful as
computers, and there is no need to install a dictionary on a computer. Also, while using a computer
one can use online dictionaries.

3. E-Dictionaries as dedicated handheld devices

Handheld electronic dictionaries, also known as “pocket electronic dictionaries” or PEDs,
resemble miniature clamshell laptop computers, complete with full keyboards and LCD screens.
Because they are intended to be fully portable, the dictionaries are battery-powered and made with
durable casing material. Although produced all over the world, handheld dictionaries are especially
popular in Japan, Korea, China, and neighbouring countries, where they are the dictionary of choice
for many users learning English as a second language. Some of the features of hand held
dictionaries include stroke order animations, voice output, handwriting recognition for Kanji and
Kana, language-learning programs, a calculator, PDA-like organizer functions, encyclopaedias,
time zone and currency converters, and crossword puzzle solvers. Many manufacturers produce

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hand held dictionaries that use licensed dictionary content that use a database such as the Merriam
Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus while others may use a proprietary database from their own
lexicographers. Many devices can be expanded for several languages with the purchase of
additional memory cards.
There are differences in quality of hardware (hand held devices), software (presentation and
performance), and dictionary content. Some hand held devices are more robustly constructed than
others, and the keyboards or touch screen input systems should be physically compared before
purchase. The information on the GUI (graphic user interface) of computer-based dictionary
software ranges from complex and cluttered, to clear and easy-to-use with user definable
preferences including font size and color.
A major consideration is the quality of the lexical database. Dictionaries intended for
collegiate and professional use generally include most or all of the lexical information to be
expected in a quality printed dictionary. The content of electronic dictionaries developed in
association with leading publishers of printed dictionaries is more reliable that those aimed at the
traveler or casual user, while bilingual dictionaries that have not been authored by teams of native
speaker lexicographers for each language, will not be suitable for academic work. Some developers
opt to have their products evaluated by an independent academic body such as the CALICO.
(Wikipedia, 2019)
The main advantage of those dictionaries is that they are completely portable, they have
high capacity batteries, they provide other useful tools. The disadvantage is that they are mainly
made for Asian market, and are not popular in the rest of the world in other countries.

4. E-Dictionaries as apps on smartphones and tablet computers, or as computer software

Dictionaries of all types are available as apps for smartphones and for tablet computers.
Electronic dictionary databases, especially those included with software dictionaries are often
extensive and can contain up to 500,000 headwords and definitions, verb conjugation tables, and a
grammar reference section. Bilingual electronic dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries
of inflected languages often include an interactive verb conjugator, and are capable of word
stemming and lemmatization.
Publishers and developers of electronic dictionaries may offer native content from their own
lexicographers, licensed data from print publications, or both, as in the case of Babylon offering
premium content from Merriam Webster, and Ultralingua offering additional premium content
from Collins, Masson, and Simon & Schuster, and Paragon Software offering original content
from Duden, Britannica, Harrap, Merriam-Webster and Oxford. (Wikipedia, 2019)

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 With the constant development and increasing usage of smartphones, dictionary apps are the
most frequently used dictionaries for most users, especially for EFL (English as the foreign
language) students.
The strong points include: huge database, easy-to-use system, portable, constant updates,
audio pronunciations of both common and rare words, fast word look up, also some features
designed to give you the freedom to structure your studies, word of the day feature. Not many
downsides to mention: some apps contain ads (mostly free apps), and people using e-dictionaries on
their smartphones are limited with their smartphone battery charge.

5. E-Dictionaries as free or paid-for online products

There are several types of online dictionary, including:
 Aggregator sites, which give access to data licensed from various reference publishers. They
typically offer monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, one or more thesauruses, and technical
or specialized dictionaries. For example, Dictionary.com
 'Premium' dictionaries available on subscription, such as the Oxford English Dictionary
 Dictionaries from a single publisher, free to the user and supported by advertising. Examples
include Collins Online Dictionary, Duden Online, Larousse bilingual dictionaries,
the Macmillan English Dictionary, and the Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary.
 Dictionaries available free from non-commercial publishers (often institutions with
government funding).Examples include the AlgemeenNederlandsWoordenboek (ANW),
and Den Danske Ordbog.

Some online dictionaries are regularly updated, keeping abreast of language change. Many
have additional content, such as blogs and features on new words. Some are collaborative projects,
most notably Wiktionary and the Collins Online Dictionary. And some, like the Urban Dictionary,
consist of entries (sometimes self-contradictory) supplied by users. Many dictionaries for special
purposes, especially for professional and trade terminology, and regional dialects and language
variations, are published on the websites of organizations and individual authors. Although they
may often be presented in list form without a search function, because of the way in which the
information is stored and transmitted, they are nevertheless electronic dictionaries.
The benefit is, that you can search words fast and in an effective way, with audio
pronunciation and informative examples, with fewer disadvantages of ads and constant need for
internet connection.

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 1.2 The Difference Between E-dictionaries and Paper Dictionaries

E-dictionaries will be compared to paper dictionaries by three main criteria:

 Accessibility;
 Overall quality;
 Comfortability.
Both paper dictionaries and e-dictionaries have the same issues regarding accessibility. One
of them is regional limitations. For example, one might not be able to find the exact edition of a
dictionary in a book shop or in the library. The only way to get the dictionary one wants, is to buy
them online from foreign retailers, but they might not support delivery to Armenia. The same is for
e-dictionaries. As mentioned before PEDs (pocket electronic dictionaries) are mainly produced for
Asian market. If it is a mobile app or a web-page it might be not available in a specific region.
Price-wise all the dictionaries are different. Taking under account the publisher, the edition,
special features, and so on. But to compare, four Oxford dictionary products were viewed.
Paper dictionary – The Oxford Study Dictionary. Price varies from 49.99-54.99$. (Joyce M.
Hawkins, The Oxford Study Dictionary, 1994) (Amazon, 2019)
Mobile app – Oxford Dictionary of English and Thesaurus. Price 29.99$ (Mobisystems,
2019)
PED - Seiko ER6700 Concise Oxford Dictionary/Thesaurus/Encyclopedia. Price 73.68$
(Amazon, 2019)
Online dictionary – Oxford English Dictionary. Price of annual subscription 90$. (Oxford,
2019)
Overall quality of paper dictionaries and e-dictionaries vary. One should do some research
before purchasing a product. Paper dictionaries can be new or used ones, PEDs of bad build quality,
online dictionaries full of adds, and apps slow with bad databases.
The last criterion to compare e-dictionaries with paper dictionaries is comfortability. Paper
dictionaries usually weight more than e-dictionaries, as a printed book (especially hardcover) will
naturally weight more than a smartphone or a PED. Of course, there are concise pocket paper
dictionaries, but this leads to the next difference: capacity. Oxford dictionary of English and concise
thesaurus (a mobile app) can boast with over 350,000 words, phrases and meanings, while a paper
dictionary of this size would be hard to use, with overwhelming amount of content and other
complexities. So, how does an e-dictionary with that amount of data operate adequately? The
answer is digitalization: it is easy and fast to use as one has the ability to search a word, and the app
will immediately show the results, even though on a single page of a paper dictionary more

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information can be stored, in e-dictionaries the data is organized and categorized making it more
accessible. Also, e-dictionaries provide several functions, that can be very beneficial to English
learning students, like audio pronunciation, word of the day feature: allowing to learn a word every
day, and thesaurus search function, which is very useful, when trying to find a correct word for the
context. And finally, one of the biggest advantages of e-dictionaries is, they get constant updates,
which in case of paper dictionaries means new editions, which in their turn need to be purchased.
An impression might be formed, that e-dictionaries are flawlessly better than paper dictionaries. But
this is not exactly true, for example no matter how good e-dictionaries are, they can be banned
during exams or check-ups, so the student has only one option of using paper dictionaries. Paper
dictionaries don’t require battery charge, internet connection or an electronic device to use the
dictionary from.

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 CHAPTER 2.
E-DICTIONARY IN PRACTICE

In the previous chapters we viewed e-dictionaries, their types and their differences from
traditional paper printed dictionaries. In the following chapter we should view e-dictionaries in
practice, to decide how effective they are in translation performance. The best way to do so, will be
to make a direct comparison. To achieve the aim of the paper, which is to define how useful e-
dictionaries can be for a translator, a study consisting of three stages was carried out.
Six third year students from the department of English-Armenian Translation studies
participated in the study. All participants are at the C1 level and are from the same group, but they
have distinct approach to both translation and dictionary usage. Some students use mostly e-
dictionaries, others equally use both EDs and PDs.
The study consists of three stages. The first stage was a quick interview with the participants
(see: Appendix 1). This was followed by the main part, where the participants worked on a practical
task using an e-dictionary and a paper dictionary (see: Appendix 2). And the study was finalized by
another short interview; this time to summarize their expectations and experience using both types
of dictionaries (see: Appendix 3).
The first quick interview was made up of three short questions to get some basic information
on which type of dictionary the participants use, whether it provides enough information to make
translations, why they use it, and how can they substantiate their choice.
The second task is the main body of the study. The job of a translator is a difficult one. One
of the few tools that makes the translation easier is a dictionary. So, to check how effective a
dictionary can be a practical comparison was held, using only monolingual dictionaries. In this way
the translators will not only face the lack of any background knowledge on the vocabulary of the
task, but also, they will not be able to use bilingual dictionaries to help themselves. And to make the
comparison as precise as possible two dictionaries from the same publisher were taken; the “Oxford
Study Dictionary” as a paper dictionary and “Oxford Dictionary of English and Concise Thesaurus”
(a mobile app) as an e-dictionary.
The students were given 10 sentences, and were asked to translate the sentences 5 of them,
using the paper printed dictionary and the other five, using the e-dictionary. All the sentences
contained vocabulary that can hardly be translated correctly without using a dictionary. The
translations made by the participants will later be observed, to determine how effective they were
using both types of dictionaries, and if using the e-dictionary the translators performed better.

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 Immediately afterwards the practical task was followed by another interview. The
participants were asked which dictionary they found more useful and helpful, what were the
advantages and the disadvantages of both dictionaries.
THE RESULTS AND THE ANALYSES
The results of the first interview (see: Appendix I) are as follows:
To the first question students answered
 3 students chose e-dictionaries over paper dictionaries,
 2 students responded that they use both types,
 one student said that she prefers paper dictionaries.
To the question if the dictionaries they use, provide them with enough information, 5 students
answered “Yes”, and only one student, who was using an e-dictionary was not satisfied with the
product.
Answering the third question participants gave various answers; some of them were common
and were repeated several times. So, to make the results more vivid and comprehensible the
answers are summarized in the table below.

Advantages of E-Dictionaries Advantages of Paper Printed Dictionaries

Fast word look-up
Wider range of dictionaries and online
products to choose from
Constant database updates: no need to buy
new editions
Easy to carry, not weighty
More information on a page
Searching a word in paper dictionary one
accidentally comes across other words on
the same page
Searching a word in paper dictionaries is a
process which helps to learn and remember
the word better
One doesn’t need electricity or internet
connection to use a paper dictionary

Cheaper or even free Paper dictionaries are rarely banned during

exams, while e-dictionaries are
Helpful examples Finding a word in a print dictionary is a
good brain exercise
Voice pronunciation of words Less clutter and no ads

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 All the answers and examples brought were interesting and unique on their own rights. But
the first task puts printed dictionaries and e-dictionaries on equal terms. Thus, immediately after the
interview students were given the practical task involving active use of dictionaries (see: Appendix
II). And the in-depth analysis of the second part of the study will define the differences between the
two types and underline the role of e-dictionaries in translation performance.
It is important to mention that not all the participants were equally experienced using the e-
dictionary; two of them had never worked with Oxford Dictionary of English and Concise
Thesaurus. But overall the students were on identical levels.
The sentences given were also equitable. In both groups (1st, 2nd) there are fairly simple
sentences, translating which students might slightly hesitate and even not use the dictionary. And
there are sentences that are harder and the use of a dictionary is unavoidable.
From the moment the students began working on the practical task, their speed, style of
working with the dictionaries, their methods were observed. The most notable thing concerns the
time they spent looking up for words. It is common knowledge that looking up words is faster using
e-dictionaries. Consequently, this has another huge benefit, when viewed from the perspective of
performance. The quicker the translator finds the word he/she needs the more time he(she) will
spend on finding the most appropriate equivalent of it in the target language. Apart from quick word
search, students had another advantage using the e-dictionaries; in e-dictionaries phrases, phrasal
verbs, derivatives are categorized and are written in bold letters using another color. For example,
this feature makes it easier to find the meaning of the phrasal verb “bear down on”, as it will be
under phrasal verb category written in bold blue letters. Even though the advantages presented by
the e-dictionary, there was not significant difference in time, when using both types of dictionaries.
Taking under account this factor, the translations made by the students were observed.
It is crucial to mention that only correctly done translations will be observed. The sentences
that lack grammatical and lexical accuracy, or whenever general soundness in target language is
absent will be viewed as wrong translations and will not be observed.
In each sentence there is an underlined word or group of words, that denotes the importance
of it and which, in most cases, is the word that students will be looking up in the dictionaries. So,
the translation of those words (groups of words) and their observation will be prioritized.
The second criterion will be the choice of words, as the sentences are out of context. And
the participants will have to completely give the meaning of the sentence in target language, without
leaving any information gaps.

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 The observation begins with the sentences of first section, that are translated using paper
printed dictionaries. Translation is a subjective process; however, the students were given the same
resources to work with. To substantiate the observation, the translations were compared.
Sentence 1.a. The royal guards went from door to door to collect the aid, that the king had
adopted.
Three students handed in correct translations. Other two made sentence formulating mistakes, and
one made a wrong translation of the underlined word: “the aid, that the king had adopted” into
“արքայի յուրացրած օգնությունը”.
Sentence 1.b. Prime your guns, the enemy is near!
5 adequate translations were made. A single student made a mistake translating “Prime your
weapons” into “Զգաստ”.
Sentence 1.c. In this store they offer extremely keen prices.
The most equivalent and the word-for-word translation was the following: “Այս
խանութում առաջարկում են չափազանց ցածր գներ:” three other students gave more or less
the same translation with similar word choice. And one student translated the sentence the
following way: “Այս խանութում առաջարկում են շատ մրցակցային գներ:” The student
completely understood the sentence and gave a translation based on cause and effect, using the
corresponding word “մրցակցային”. One wrong translation was made by another student who
translated “keen prices” into “գները շատ բարձր են”.
Sentence 1.d. You only need to key in the password, computer will do the rest.
The results for this sentence was 4 equally good translations, 1 sentence lacking soundness
in the target language and 1 wrong translation: “key in the password” into “անհրաժեշտ է
գաղտնաբառ՝ որպես բանալի” (note that the mistake was made by the same student who made a
wrong translation of Sentence 1.a.).
Sentence 1.e. As newly opened stores price themselves out of the market, more experienced
ones take their place.
Three students out of six provided good results, other two made little mistakes and one
student gave the best possible translation for the sentence, translating the underlined group of words
using descriptive translation technique: “Նորաբաց խանութները բարձր գներ սահմանելու
պատճառով չեն իրացնում ապրանքը և դուրս են մնում շուկայից, իսկ նրանց տեղը
զբաղեցնում են ավելի փորձառուները:”
Below is presented a table that summarizes the results.

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 Group 1 sentences Good Translations Translations with No Translation
mistakes done
Sentence 1. a 3 3
Sentence 1. b 5 1
Sentence 1. c 5 1
Sentence 1. d 4 2
Sentence 1. e 4 2

The number of good translations exceeds. In general, the participants did good translating
the sentences, but sometimes huge difference in quality and correctness was present between
translated sentences.
The observation continues with the sentences from the second group, when the participants
used e-dictionaries to make translations.
Sentence 2.a. I always get such a kick out of watching action packed movies.
Five students achieved practically the same results translating this sentence, all of them
correct. Just one of them made a mistake translating “get such a kick out of” as “խորասուզվում
եմ”.
Sentence 2.b. I have always been modern literature shy.
Similarly, to the first sentence five participants out of six provided correct translations. All
five translations are on the same level of quality, with similar vocabulary use and sentence
structure. But, surprisingly enough, one of the participants did not translate this sentence at all.
Sentence 2.c. The teachers bear down on English teaching.
According to the results this sentence was the hardest one for the students, as only two
students translated it adequately, but at the same time those translations didn’t express and/or
emphasize the main idea of the phrasal verb “bear down on”, which is “to take strict measures to
deal with”. “Ուսուցիչները խիստ քայլեր են ձեռնարկում անգլերենի ուսուցման
մեթոդները բարելավելու ուղղությամբ:” This sentence was the expected result, that no student
achieved in their translations.
Sentence 2.d. In the end of the first quarter of 2015 their company netted twice more than
previous year.
The translation of this sentence was flawlessly executed by all six students. No mistakes
were made.
Sentence 2.e. The first paragraph of each chapter needs to start with an upper case.

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 The same results as for the previous sentence were achieved for this sentence. No student
made any mistake translating this sentence as well.
Group 2 Sentences Good Translations Translations with No Translation
mistakes
Sentence 2.a 5 1
Sentence 2.b 5 1
Sentence 2.c 2 4
Sentence 2.d 6
Sentence 2.e 6

Judging by the numbers in the table above, the students did better translation using the e-
dictionary. Taking under account all the advantages the e-dictionary presents, the results were
somehow predictable. But we can’t make predictions on the experience the participants had while
working on the task. To get more information a final interview was held (see: Appendix III).
Answering the first question four students chose e-dictionaries, one student surely chose the
paper printed dictionary and the other one was not sure which one to choose.
All the students who chose e-dictionaries repeated themselves saying that the EDs are easier
to use, they are faster, and the example sentences are more helpful and understandable. The student,
who chose the PD said that in the ED had way too many variants and examples and that it confused
her. And the student, who couldn’t make up her mind on choosing one of the two, commented that
she is used to paper dictionaries but the one they used didn’t provide enough information and that
she had little experience using the ED, that is why she is not sure which one to choose.

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 CONCLUSION

The aim of the paper was achieved. The e-dictionary proved to perform better: the students
spent less time looking up for words, and felt more comfortable using them. This resulted in better
made translations, with less mistakes, and greater level of understanding the meaning of the
sentence in general.
If compared in numbers e-dictionary wins with a slight advantage. 6 students participated in
the practical task and each one of them translated 10 sentences, in total 60 sentences; 30 for each
group. The results for the first group of sentences, translated with paper printed dictionaries, is 21
correctly done translations and 9 sentences with mistakes. In group 2 out of 30 sentences 24 were
correct, 5 were made with some mistakes and 1 was undone. Even though the number of correctly
done sentences is not exceedingly high in case of translations made with e-dictionaries, but we
should pay more attention to the mistakes as well. The participants seem to have better understood
the contents of the sentences using e-dictionaries, and it was very apparent in their translations.
At the same time nobody can deny the importance of paper dictionaries. Many teachers,
lecturers and students decide on paper printed dictionaries, as they find them more resourceful,
more trustworthy and superior to other dictionary types. The choices are subjective and are fully
acceptable, as translation itself is subjective and the right use of a dictionary plays a major role in
achieving the desired results. For many people the transition from a paper dictionary to an e-
dictionary had never been apparent, and they never faced the dilemma of choosing between the two
types. The same way, maybe in a few years’ time everything might be digitalized, and there might
be no need to make a choice, or even maybe the Google Translator will advance so much that it will
be able to translate between dozens of completely different languages correctly, and no one will
need a dictionary, or a translator.
Summing up the whole paper, we can say that with all the advantages, additional features
and novelties present in e-dictionaries they prove to be more effective during translations than the
traditional paper dictionaries. And the modern day users most commonly choose e-dictionaries, due
to its conveniences and comfortability.

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7. Oxford. (2019, November 26). Oxford English Dictionary. https://www.oed.com/ (access 15
November 2019)
8. Oxford University Press. (2019). Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford Dictionary of
English and Concise Thesaurus. MobiSystems, Inc. (access 2 December)
9. Wikipedia. (2019, July 24). Electronic dictionary.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dictionary (access 3 November 2019)

17
 APPENDICES

Appendix I: Task One. A quick interview

1. What type(s) of dictionary do you use?
2. Does the dictionary you use provide you with enough information?
3. What advantages does the dictionary of your choice have?

Appendix II: Task Two. Practical assignment

1. Translate the following sentences using a paper printed dictionary.

a. The royal guards went from door to door to collect the aid, that the king had adopted.
b. Prime your guns, the enemy is near!
c. In this store they offer extremely keen prices.
d. You only need to key in the password, computer will do the rest.
e. As newly opened stores price themselves out of the market, more experienced ones take
their place.

2. Translate the following sentences using an electronic dictionary.

a. I always get such a kick out of watching action packed movies.

b. I have always been modern literature shy.
c. The teachers bear down on English teaching.
d. In the end of the first quarter of 2015 their company netted twice more than previous
year.
e. The first paragraph of each chapter needs to start with an upper case.

Appendix III: Task Three. Interview after the practical task

1. Which one of the two dictionaries you just used, you find more useful?
2. Substantiate your answer.