NO Words Meaning in Meaning in Synonim Anthonym

Indonesia English
1 planetary berhubungan Relating to or planetal dependable
dengan planit; belonging to a
planet. planet or
planets.
2 biodiversity Keanekaragaman the number and diverseness homogeneity
hayati atau types of plants
biodiversity and animals that
mengacu pada exist in a
berbagai spesies particular area
hidup di bumi, or in the world
termasuk generally, or the
tumbuhan, problem of
hewan, bakteri, protecting.
dan jamur.
3 sovereignty Kedaulatan the power of a self- uncertainty
berasal dari country to government
bahasa Inggris control its own
“sovereignty”, government.
yang asal-usulnya
dari bahasa latin
“superanus” yang
artinya dalam
bahasa Indonesia
“teratas”.
4 proliferation pertumbuhan The fact of growth nondevelopment
dengan something
penggandaan increasing a lot
bagian-bagian and suddenly in
yang cepat. number or
amount.
5 erroneous mengandung atau Containing or incorrect correct
bercirikan characterized by
kekeliruan. error.
6 contingent istilah umum yang a group of delegation independent
merujuk kepada people
sekelompok orang representing an
yang dikirim organization or
mewakili suatu country, or a
 institusi atau part of a military
negara untuk force.
bergabung dengan
kelompok lain
dalam rangka
mengikuti
serangkaian
perhelatan, baik
temu akbar,
festival seni,
kejuaraan
olahraga, maupun
kepentingan
militer/misi
perdamaian
7 deterioration keburukan, the fact or worsening improvement
kemunduran, process of
kemerosotan becoming
worse.
8 considerations salah satu hal the act of thought disregard
yang wajib Anda thinking about
pertimbangkan. something
carefully.
9 autocratisation sistem government by despotism democracy
pemerintahan di a single person
mana kekuasaan or small group
absolut atas suatu that has
negara unlimited power
terkonsentrasi di or authority, or
tangan satu orang. the power or
authority of
such a person or
group.
10 deferential sopan dan polite and obsequious arrogant
menunjukkan rasa showing
hormat. respect.
QUESTION FOR ARTICLE 1
1. How has the concept of transnational environmental law evolved in response to the
challenges posed by the Anthropocene?
- The concept of transnational environmental law has evolved to recognize the
global nature of environmental challenges in the Anthropocene. It emphasizes
the need for legal frameworks that transcend national boundaries to address
issues like climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution, reflecting the
interconnectedness of ecosystems and human activities on a planetary scale.

2. What role does transnational environmental law play in addressing global

environmental issues in the current era of human impact on the planet?
- Transnational environmental law plays a crucial role in addressing global
environmental issues by providing a framework for cooperation and regulation
across borders. It enables collaboration among nations, international
organizations, and non-state actors to develop and enforce legal mechanisms
aimed at mitigating the impact of human activities on the environment in the
Anthropocene.

3. In the context of the Anthropocene, how do transnational legal frameworks adapt to the
interconnected and complex nature of environmental challenges?
- Transnational legal frameworks in the Anthropocene adapt by recognizing and
addressing the interconnected and complex nature of environmental challenges.
They often adopt flexible and dynamic approaches, acknowledging the need for
interdisciplinary collaboration, scientific input, and the incorporation of evolving
environmental knowledge into legal structures to effectively tackle the
multifaceted issues arising from human impact on the planet.

4. . Can you discuss specific examples of transnational environmental legal mechanisms

that have been effective in addressing Anthropocene-related environmental issues?
- Examples include the Paris Agreement, which aims to combat climate change on
a global scale, and conventions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity,
which addresses the loss of biodiversity. Additionally, regional agreements and
treaties contribute to transnational environmental governance by fostering
cooperation among countries to address specific challenges like transboundary
pollution and the conservation of shared ecosystems.
 5. How does the Anthropocene influence the development and enforcement of
transnational environmental norms and standards?
- The Anthropocene influences the development and enforcement of
transnational environmental norms and standards by highlighting the urgency of
addressing human-induced environmental changes. It prompts the formulation
of norms that consider the interconnectedness of ecological systems and the
need for sustainable practices. Enforcement mechanisms often involve
collaborative monitoring, reporting, and verification processes to ensure
adherence to agreed-upon standards in the face of evolving environmental
conditions.

QUESTION FOR ARTICLE 2

1. In what ways can illiberal tendencies in law-making lead to the erosion of the rule of law
and undermine the principles of justice?
- Illiberal tendencies in law-making can erode the rule of law by enabling arbitrary
enforcement and selective application of laws. This undermines justice as legal
processes may become politicized, leading to unequal treatment and erosion of
trust in the legal system.

2. Can you provide examples of historical or contemporary instances where illiberal

tendencies in law-making have had a detrimental impact on civil liberties and human
rights?
- Examples include the curtailment of free speech through restrictive legislation,
suppression of political opposition, and the enactment of discriminatory laws
targeting specific groups. Historical instances may include periods of
authoritarian rule, while contemporary examples can be found in various
countries facing democratic backsliding.

3. What role does public awareness and civic engagement play in addressing and resisting
illiberal tendencies in the legislative process?
- Public awareness and civic engagement are crucial in holding lawmakers
accountable. An informed and engaged public can challenge illiberal laws
through advocacy, protest, and voting, thereby influencing the legislative process
and promoting democratic values.
 4. How might the international community respond to countries exhibiting illiberal
tendencies in their legal frameworks, and what impact does this have on global
governance?
- The international community can respond through diplomatic pressure,
sanctions, or support for civil society. Such responses aim to uphold global
human rights standards and promote democratic governance. The impact on
global governance lies in the potential spread of illiberal norms, affecting
international relations and cooperation.

5. To what extent can illiberal laws be a reflection of broader societal attitudes, and how
can this dynamic be addressed to foster a more inclusive and democratic legal system?
**
- Illiberal laws may reflect societal attitudes, but they can also be influenced by
political agendas. Addressing this dynamic involves fostering a culture of
tolerance, promoting education on democratic values, and encouraging dialogue
to bridge societal divides. Legal reforms and civic initiatives can contribute to
building a more inclusive and democratic legal system.

CONCLUSION FOR ARTICLE 1

In conclusion, this Special Issue underscores the continued relevance and urgency of
transnational environmental law in navigating the challenges posed by the Anthropocene. The
diverse theoretical perspectives presented, ranging from ecological law to Earth Trusteeship
and Earth System Law, reflect the dynamism required in legal scholarship to address the
profound shifts in our relationship with the planet. The recognition of a 'Terrestrial' dimension
further emphasizes the need for innovative, cross-disciplinary approaches within transnational
legal theory. As global environmental problems persist and intensify, the legal community is
urged to confront theoretical, conceptual, and methodological challenges head-on. The articles
in this Special Issue serve as a testament to the capacity of transnational environmental law to
foster interdisciplinary perspectives, enrich legal thinking, and contribute meaningfully to the
ongoing discourse on the Anthropocene.

Against the backdrop of unprecedented environmental events, from bushfires to the global
spread of COVID-19, the importance of a transnational perspective becomes increasingly
evident. The interconnectedness of human activities and planetary processes demands a
reevaluation of existing legal frameworks. As the Anthropocene narrative prompts scholars to
rethink environmental challenges, transnational environmental law emerges as a vital tool in
shaping responses to the complexities of this new epoch. This collection of articles not only
highlights the theoretical and practical implications of the Anthropocene for transnational
environmental law but also provides a roadmap for future research, encouraging legal scholars
to engage with the evolving dynamics of our planet and contribute to the development of
effective and adaptive legal responses.
CONCLUSION FOR ARTICLE 2
The text explores the intricate relationship between illiberal tendencies in government and the
legislative process across diverse nations. Illustrative examples from Poland, Hungary, Turkey,
Brazil, Italy, and Indonesia reveal common themes such as a reliance on majoritarian principles,
accelerated legislative processes, and a reduction in citizen participation. The distinction
between parliamentary and presidential systems is emphasized, suggesting that illiberal
projects find greater ease of implementation in parliamentary frameworks. The compromised
independence of the judiciary, particularly when influenced by the executive, is underscored as
a factor contributing to the erosion of constitutional checks. The text also raises questions
about the potential resistance within defective democratic systems to illiberalism, presenting a
nuanced exploration of the challenges posed by illiberal tendencies to the Rule of Law and
democratic principles.
ARTICLE 1
Date : 19 Jun 2020
Author : Emily Webster & Laura Mai
Website : https://doi.org/10.1080/20414005.2020.1778888
ARTICLE 2
Date : 09 Feb 2022
Author : Tímea Drinóczi & Ronan Cormacain
Website : https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2021.1955483