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Ans.2(b) 2017.3(A)
Ans.3(a)

Project organization is all about thinking ahead. Team leaders committed to

making a project work need to consider several things when organizing their
team’s approach. The following six considerations can help lend project success
to any organizational setup.

1. Clear project requirements

Whether it’s the creation of a shared organizational chart or a simple Zoom

meeting outlining detailed roles for both full-time and part-time workers, setting
forth clear project requirements early is essential to project success. One of the
biggest challenges facing any agile workforce is getting everyone on the same
page about where a project is going, how it needs to get there, and who’s
responsible for what.

Having a teamwide agreement on overall project goals allows team members to

recognize the functional manager for the project. This also permits workers to
learn escalation routes for any given task and avoid duplicated or inefficient
deliverables.

2. Alignment among stakeholders

Every part of the project needs to be important to all stakeholders. This means
that investors, team members, and managers need to communicate well and
frequently.

One way project managers can accomplish this is to assign tasks that are
attached to larger organizational goals. For instance, if your ad agency is taking
on a big project for a new high-profile client, make sure that everyone, from your
copywriter to your web designer, understands their importance by sending
assignments with notes attached about what that particular assignment means
to the bigger picture.

Connecting your team to the overall impact of the tasks they complete each day
not only gives them a sense of purpose but also fosters a greater feeling of
community.

3. Resources available and needed

Outlining what you have and what you need is a crucial step in any successful
project management structure. Everything from budgeting to skills gaps needs to
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be thoroughly evaluated as early as possible so tasks and timelines don’t
bottleneck.

Checking out the tools and templates offered by the Project Management
Institute (PMI) can help project managers keep needs assessments in order.

4. Communication planning

No matter what type of organizational structure you choose as a project

manager, making communication a top priority from the beginning will save you
worlds of stress.

Different types of projects may call for more or fewer daily interactions among
team members. Deciding on a system for each functional department to share
progress, updates, strategies, and problems is a vital step toward project
success. This piece of your project planning could be as simple as setting up a
project-oriented Slack channel, to as in-depth as requiring weekly teamwide
meetings dedicated to more specific interactions between groups.

Always look for ways to boost collaboration when choosing a communication

method and make sure that both full-time and part-time workers are kept in
close contact for the duration of the project for maximum benefit.

5. Review and feedback process

Workflow on any project is hindered when team members don’t hear what’s
going well and what needs improvement. Project managers need a strong
system of quick, constructive feedback that incorporates all functional
departments.

Review and feedback could be designed as an automatic feature of your team’s

shared communication plan or could take place on a more individual level via
progress-monitoring Kanban boards that team leaders send out privately to each
team member every week. Remember that the main focus of review and
feedback is to avoid problems repeating and focus on providing solutions and
never empty criticism.

6. What could go wrong and possible corrections

Evaluating project processes for potential pitfalls at the start can save your team
from panic and confusion later. This part of purposeful project management is
not fortune-telling but merely foresight. Taking the time to think about where
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problems might arise within your project management plan, which team
members might encounter challenges where, and how to navigate it all allows
you to think more calmly about solutions before you actually need them.

Having the right skills for the workforce today means being malleable to change
and adept at maneuvering team members through the unexpected moments.

Ans.3(b)

1. Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) :

PERT is appropriate technique which is used for the projects where the time required or
needed to complete different activities are not known. PERT is majorly applied for
scheduling, organization and integration of different tasks within a project. It provides the
blueprint of project and is efficient technique for project evaluation .

2. Critical Path Method (CPM) :

CPM is a technique which is used for the projects where the time needed for completion of
project is already known. It is majorly used for determining the approximate time within
which a project can be completed. Critical path is the largest path in project management
which always provide minimum time taken for completion of project

Difference between PERT and CPM :

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Ans.4(a)

1. Lack of Planning

Benjamin Franklin rightly said that when you fail to plan, you plan to fail. Poor planning is
the root cause of project failures. A project's success relies heavily on defining in detail the
scope, each member's role, and the time frame. Lack of concrete planning exposes a project
to unprecedented risks and issues. Wastage of quality time is bound to occur when you try to
figure out ways of solving challenges after you kickstart the project.

Solution: With every detail laid down, keeping a realistic approach, the chances of meeting a
failure are considerably reduced.

2. Kitchen Sink Syndrome

When project deliverables change as the work progresses and exceed the project scope, you
end up with more tasks and responsibilities than you bargained for. Such a situation is termed
scope creep or requirement creep, or kitchen sink syndrome. While requirement creep can be
as blatant as an unexpected list of requests, it usually doesn't happen all at once; it slowly
creeps in.

For instance, you planned five advertisements for your new product launch.
The stakeholder then requests you to add two additional online blogs to support a different
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product. This new addition stretches your present resources and can delay the initial
assignment. Changes in the scope of the project are a major cause of missed deadlines and,
thus, project failures.

Solution: It is crucial to define, circulate, and obtain mutual agreement on the scope of your
project before you begin.

3. Inconsistently Defined Resources

Planning should not be limited to timetables, meetings, and responsibilities. Rather human,
financial, intellectual, and structural resources are crucial too. When these factors aren't
consistently determined, deadlines are missed, jeopardizing a project's conclusion.

Often enterprises embark on a project without having the resources needed to get the job
done, such as budget, tools, staff, time, or space.

Solution: Making a resource management plan in advance is a promising approach to

avoiding project failures.

4. Unrealistic Deadlines

Project failures are bound to occur when you plan complex tasks for short due dates. It is vital
to carefully look through all the aspects of a project and consider how long every phase
would take. Additionally, keeping room for unexpected events is a realistic approach that
helps develop a quality project.

Solution: Considering every aspect before determining the deadline is a must. It is better to
consult your team and the team leader before making a commitment.

5. Lack of Transparency

Complete project visibility for every person related to its completion is a must to avoid
failures. You must maintain transparency not just with the project manager but with other
team members too.
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Solution: Clear guidelines, effective communication, timely meetings, good document

management, and honesty in commitments help maintain the much-needed
transparency. Project management software has stood the test of time for transparency
maintenance.

6. Lack of Communication

PMI's report revealed that companies risk approximately $135M for every $1 billion spent on
a project. Nearly $75M of that $135 million (which translates to approximately 56%) is put at
risk by ineffective communications.

Poor communication results in misunderstandings in the workflow and, consequently, a weak

return on investment or even loss of revenue. Communication has the power to spell either
the success or failure of a project.

Solution: the right project management tools facilitate active interaction among team
members and the project manager.

7. Unrealistic Expectations

Setting unrealistic deadlines is a flawed approach, but what's worse? Expecting to complete a
project quicker, with a limited budget and a reduced team. Project managers often have an
unrealistic approach when it comes to assessing their teams' capabilities. They set high
expectations that meet their doom.

Solution: Avoid overburdening your team to obtain quality work rather than getting a high
quantity with compromised quality.

8. Lack of Monitoring

Planning, communicating, and assigning tasks for a project is not enough for a project to be
successful. It is obligatory for project managers to ensure that everything goes as planned.
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Solution: Earned Value management: This technique monitors the project plan, actual work,
and completed work to see if a project is on track. It estimates what amount of the budget and
time should have been spent right on the work done so far.

Gemba walks: Taking out time to visit the exact location where the work is done helps
closely monitor the progress.