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    Swathi G
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    2marks b pharmacy 4th sem osmania

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    2marks b pharmacy 4th sem osmania

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    167 views24 pages

    Pharmacognosy

    Uploaded by

    Swathi G
    2marks b pharmacy 4th sem osmania

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 24
    Pharmacognosy « Tigress tr 0 what ave lattices. wile the source, active “conststuents @ uses of any one latex ‘drug. AsyY Latteeg3- A ON Senne, produced by Complex Secvetoty ctructures Latte tacttcthenc ’ oe SP Bhologtcal source - It te obtained trom unripe Seedpods of Papaver gomntterum belongs to the stamtly + Papaveracene . adRe consttuents $— latex contains mainly atkalofde dertved trom amtnoatde phenylalanine J tyrostne Naxcotine, nascefne , Papaverine ~ (beret teoquinoline morphine , codefne, thebaine — (Perantrene Uses 5— Creare) Q@ Morphine ts a patent analgeste . tt ts geen only fn Severe Paine - © Codeine relfeves local tnttalfon fp broncbal trot fae w antflussive « morphine wed to —preat pofconfng Casec . Pie: used to preparadfon of fab jo oe (roctuses Ble aseds” * Re biological evaluatfon. worte Pts segrtPrcance . fologtaal * evaluation would seve better sical ¢ chemt cal exaluaiton tor drugs Jeseiact can then be eraluated by geo metbods to determine tts cal . Potency ef toxtetty . - eile © Scanned with OKEN Scanner Seqnttreance att To ensure health @ satelg of babe fe svents g healthcare protetsfonals from a bfologteay ¢, toxfcologfcal perspecttve- @® what te Cochteme. How ft te employed to foduce polyplofdy Arty Colchicine e an alkalotd dug dlesfved trom a plant belongs to Famfle © Col ebreun auturnnale’- , Lt fs used fy treatment of qout and famtltal medtterranean fever. - colchiefne tnduces polyploidy by preventing the Segregation of chromo somes dusting mefosfe that veeulte tntd half of the qametes contafetng double +he chrmosome number cthan usual @ Wrfte about chemotaxenomPe classffrcadon - ney Chemotaxonomy éstableshee a ‘elatfonshtp ° 2s Feat fatts tor more exact understanding OF the be, telatfonchtpe. bfologteal enolutforn J > the’ < characters more olten studted ty chemo —taxonomy are Betond. ™élabolttee of Ls boa Staritreade Such ax alkalofde 4'qcostdee , Havonotds eta : © Menton. Nonfous tipoe ok cul baci Bot ‘ Rese. Cultey pas "3 plants ; } crstheogl 5 tes RoC e, « ies s Sultuse OF Intact planks (seed ovchtd culture) ©, Embryo Cutture ' “ ein hte 5. ) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner . OFgan Culture + Mreropropagatfor organogenes?s In Solfd /-semf soted medfuny Mertsterm and shoot tfp culture oy Bud Culture yy Root culture 4y leat Culture Sy Anthey Cutture + Somatfc embroyo Orjaceqenests ve geet. erobryogenests ‘en tr broveactors Dd. In vero fe rograttn €. Thin celt layer technoiogy ets). Fe photoautotsophfe cultuse @ Caltus cittyse ©) cell Suspension ¢ srogle cell Culture ©) protoplast culture pefme ¢ ge vesting. Write thet properties est ~@ uses> ne Lane amorphous products of Complex chemPcal nature mfrtores of essentfal ofle, OKygenated Of “terpene ef Caarboxylfe- aufde -tound 2 trom ctunk of trees”. ils. along wrt add &2 myth i Contain ester as their Chemical % Censhtueots or alcohol + gestne * tattle of| but tnsoluble fr @ scanned with OKEN Scanner © They ave hard, elechfea! neicondutitve , "® when ‘heated they soften) | sen ENN A toad bige is © used as tavoutng agqeots? ~ ® carminatve agente 6 expectorant . @ ctmulante ee A Be TL taSingeanghh ® write the corieept ob chinese system of medfePne. GD Any. Thes herbal fc baced On the ¢dea that all tthe es subfeet to natural taio.. The hypothe USS Mneludes po qutte dP tterent systems eel WO. 497g theory, H the “Hue tements Cre, water, metal, easth, -fre and wood) : These. two theowes have been developed Sep. ¢ dPtierent to terme of deagnosts ¢ treotment. e yf yang eer, Says that every tetop erse constel ot dark (yin) g Ingbt sede. Cyang) “hoo obviously _Oppostte oy contrary acty aly be complementary , tater - mb . * Tdependent to natural would. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner &m Fesoy tol. Black / brown colour developed | on skto .due to presence of tanning - xelter KAllPan? fest i— “For tdenttfriatfon oF presence OF Dfgttoxce - procedures Take (qin of drgitalrs powder 5 J Botl + tom! of 4o/, alcohol-tor 2 mine [ Priterte Piltevate + 16m) tho + Strong lead acétate Pai | yuo To trlterate add equsl Vol. of chiowlorn L rilapourate tt to get wetdue as extract t tHee entract dfsoved fo qladal actte afd so” and anow fH cool ¥ add adrops of fone : chtowde v Transter to test tube Contatntng thsoy a wedatch brown (ayer aquives burch green - @ write cource applteattons of taqachents Andy. Sypongm: quo ‘trag athant t- It ts-the died gumm exudalfons ained by the tndsfons trom stem ¢ branches ‘ Prstragalus qunmtter / Pumily > Lequminosae’ Sens. eet Pie Cull ac demulscent gf emoltemt tn Cosmatfes theckenfng agent ¢ ‘suspending. ep. emulsttytng a4 ent muutlage es eS en prep” of i @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Sie mal © wove fer retfeciton Ttede ‘tor teed ‘olle, Ta Octo nao bes MN Arle tl, Cusog, £017 4 Gdrops of ofl + PANS Of ls Naot £0)/°——__» oaUear blue Solution obtained whch tnd feates pierence. HORS qiicereric ol 1 yD, Mtg, Se ngsegen suite Take Bdinpe of Sample ty tect-tube + ptach of sodturn, hydsogen Suipbate —y pana odour ” “due to present ais So ea BE Subs tn top vote. of tfesue Cultuse over Other cultevelton’ beebnfaues - oO THE plasttete ore Obtatned tn avery short Eme, Ae tna eenourts OF plant tess: The Plants Can be’ Qlouon a) ib + Treepecttve a ee a oe Pate 86 not mequived neo Varetres @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Explafo any 2 methads, to improve goz{ bent , O-Adding manures, F textilFrers _ aii xers uth at nitrogen , potaccitim phos ph out ave added to the sotl to make tertile Lequminous crops - te plants contafn Na- being bacter?g Rhizobium in the nodules ese’ trap L ae Make th avaflable to plants Prematetog. compounds are mixed wrth sot| to tse thes tevtelrty leur auntoe giiing efamples ostte, apltcattans Ang. 9D! Natural auxtos . ala @i- Indole -3-acetonthtle (TAN) _ 4 -chlereindole, 3-acette artd Sn x pheoy) aretfc arid. @ Symthetfe auxene - - Bndole — 3 bytyrte ard (TB4) D-naptbylory acetic arkd (Nos) . &— napthyl acette afd (NAA). tr N4pthy] acctamede (NBD), 92 7 farberymetnyl— Ne dimetiyi detstocarbamete - cplafo ‘surtcue s bertltcodton of explants + I ace. cterfltzatfon OF explant fs a process ee fmmerefon Of explants tnt ment of a Contamtnatton tree cuttone , Pharma 009 05 4 ep allopalby ts Prolated from placts/ Mineral. atts a4 the major @ scanned with OKEN Scanner PG. Serer om take : Dae Yuat Bigfalts*” yr ke 43 cnt “ >| Stlerortfate Volare cotls, g at ons Peed of]. Ansy Nolatrle ofl © Remato ted On the ADD) '@ Lvaporate, toon Sourd SO oe Temperate moor » tern peralure ® color Leas tiquedy»» | aystalline / amorphous” @ po not torn pesmane ‘stafos on paper ® -come OF these orle Possess Colouy ® form permanent stain on. paper - Po not seaetdtty © Rancidity OD tXposoure to aiv- m2) Having: dPetinct odo’ © meng (may not posses, © conte ae fe oo oad © Not be elected . es Seneiniy = halla ri nee “indo Beli plats aT plants that people Fi aoe preparati gene . YOrte about @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Heuy . Tannins erhibit Some speeitye chert ca) Teatttone - AL Prectpttattor "eatHon . etther the precipttctte other subctancec {they qet ae ad tue to tte high moteeatar toetght es 801” oF taninfy Precepttete¢ They are prectpttated -b 1 to ¢ lead 4 qelotin & attaldid @ They ave preetprteted by strong ontdtctog ageal ® Y Salts OF copper, tive Chromic afd, ky Cr,0% They show cour reactor ust ferfe calte, Feels giver blufch blak. H® Gold beatevs sein test (Qi8). Jot?n ef Engifsb names pharrracotogtol ®— ClasstiecatfOM enyoives “the rouping of crude. demugs according to pharmacole i Bios Of thety chet active conctrtuent ropentfe uses - brological preparalfone of etlraent that promote plant growth by OPE Acayficltery. They enbance y by tintng atmroxpherte. oftrogen - lls comprises last qrowth i Catlenta. (pare) free nh tn plat i @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 4 oe clawtty unorgenticed | ange im example, may O est é Yesto combinations . ~~ Re “Grnger | ;benzoin sit ones ° Gum Ce! Tragachant , acaia sees @ Orted lottces - Exin Opturd ® Dvted Jurce ear- aloes. '@ pried ehtrats. . extn Getatin Bey © latteee © Ext opti ® otle ¢ tot f Bit taster @ detine Varfars teat conttonts. | Aasy © Stomatal number @ stomatal . tndex t ® etn —Pstet number — ® Vetolet termination number — © Palteade votto © epédermat coy v0. ® -epteerma eat) aver — “Ttchome number. moore, aleout role oF al plant gram 2 me “Stbberting i ~ "On beste. aut © Ahylene- Sugar mofélier @ scanned with OKEN Scanner d on aglycone moiety “They ane Clasttied as Anthraquinone giycwostde. Exh- Indian Seong ' td &i- | Digitalfe \ Exl- + Ufquerice. Ex, Better almond EX’ mustard seed : ee GBogeo 4 ey Ami macenyae 8 Ee Vantin eo ea Eel Bearbersy ‘ sterotdal gtycottcalofde Ex. xolanum - y qlyeestdal betteve. et, Quacefa The soure @ uses Of Shey ep chaiimeogral off. S muro ¥° oe — Tt fs a Secrelfor depastted) ty Honey comb “Apts meitthera’ belongs to fomtly Prdaeli i) cirpis demiticont, sweetening agent, anttsep on burns % foound s : paradfon OF Cough mtdture ¢ drops . nubtent + patients ¢ totants ean Henge mR? us anthemic”, ily! Ciucotsfaceae’ & Scanned with OKEN Scanner 1a siti. | a torte about ots “tao Plant re clnags MS O cotton’ i r 4 consists Of epidermal are OF Sead *Gosetpturo eas pet00g-< t Fomiy “Malvaceae?” | - prep? ae _ Surgical dressings used at an Insulating, materal . oO Tate . gee ps oF potecre tibres of et of- Daf Weraidite (20/), sgnio Goy)on) 0% ot tows, padding. splinte, statotog. medtury @ scanned with OKEN Scanner &) write about woo) tet Pf acaca. meooolitalay Si- Hydroue wool tat te a purftred tat obtained trom the sh “Oves antec’ bel fe towtly: “Bovtdae’, wie seented tee Sebaceout qlands of Sheep - Cei- — esterc of = cholestevol_, tsocholestera| Pts Cavnuble afd, olefeatd, myfstte alld, palmttte awd, lomoce?e cufd, tanopolmitre ard. ses — “O used as waler absorbable @trtment base - @® used as bate tor several coater soluble Creams gp Cosmetfe preparation . aouatfa : Ir tt Us dried quremy exudation obtained the stem | branches of “Acacia anab?ea’ : dong: to family : * Lequrfnosae ’. contains arabin, calts of arabic atte Mlgshc gives L—arabimose , L_Ramfrose ° | - O geod emulettying agent tor tixed oils 4 bending agent tos preparatforn of lowenges , pasties & Compressed ‘tablete. as Suspending gent organtxed drugs grog examples - = Senna, digttal?s Clove » Sattron . Ccofander, fenne} “slux -Nomtca, Tsapqo| Quartta, Sandal wood Ctochona , Cfonamon wolffa . 25 RG SEY 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner empl tty fofiuence ot alttttude ta Cult Ved for ee medfeinal plante . avery Important factor fey ¢, Urvectty ef medfetnal plants . 1 : A, Cinchona 9 eucalyptus ave Culttyateal GARG OF 29 Alettude oF tooo 2000 mite, Camphor ey pte. st \500- 2000 Ctrnamen _ —ag0-1000 BeoaoHee - = 1000 - 2000 ae Clove - Uptd Aoo Watton = Upto 260 mits ~Murerfde test =- @ for urfe afd aon of urfcadd + del. nPhfe add + ammonq 3 Purple Colour due to tematfon of ammontum purpurate Cmurxfde). Shfinoda “est 2- test fry Havonofde. C Abe alconoite extract add te pteces of Magness atbbory) ff conc. Hcl —y magenta colour . ? about, adulteratfon. of honey @ tt ae detectton . uth Pure honeg wtth foqredtents fagredtents such ax ree Syrup, quicose Pah tructoce Com syrup other harmful meet a @ scanned with OKEN Scanner @ hat ore- aurine fp therr phiysPotogreasl tantly test fa plant howmone whe Couses / promotes the qrowts oF the plant ) tunttion y~ @ cel stongatfon ris ao ®D Promote eten ef Coteoptile slongaltex @ cart anecfon, P dtteventiodfory ®@ bri®t deveioprment— ® tomaifon of toot trom cutting 3. ® .Lohntton of apteal domtnance ‘ © abtetke abeckestory . @. —dDesetbe “Camera Lucida. ARLE Smal} fostument pestowne an optical “SuperPinpesttifern of the Subject betog Neewed upon the surtace - grag — Af verted by 40, wotlltann (20%) | : t any” 2 plant tevatogens - eee tandes tuberosum | tolanunp melonge Solanfdanes Sptrosola anh 4d MES LohFe a: Yato, ne Paente. tre Nresteana — Pe v ey sidinss. fe. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner , Serratfopeptidace Proteolytic Orrcegme. derived teorn ballefa qq arenes * Serratta’ Present in gut © Sputum 'tquetactron due to tysec of vatoaug Ptemne ty spittin - oo _Eahameerment of antTbfolte. stleckx due to tins) \ remevel of intiammatsry banter oo the Therapeutfe @ tnduchfal useg of qelatty @ Castor ot| Aelatip +) Aherapactt, 2— wefght toss , trealtng Osteoathtt, theumatotd arthttfe , OcteoporosPs nduchfol 4 Omanutacture of hard P Hextble Capsule chee o. “preparing Of peisarfer, patter, parties P Supporttortes ® uterine contraction, ® upd metabolieny qreace, poltches - Reed unorganteed Crude dnige @ gre one eKample beucture trey ave solfd to wdtuve ave one Of the tmportast mm of Orgarfeed dug : Neem bask - @ scanned with OKEN Scanner indsfon folipwed by purtPreatton “they are semy sottd / requ fy nateve, ; BG Blevern Guitce 5 Agar) qetotin - @® what fe Ogandleptte evaluation. Anwy the. lady ot dniqe usting organs of Sencee. Tt Vetere to the wethode of analyte Ite Colou, Odour , taste, srze, Shape sp -dpecPa} fealureg Suth AL touch , texture ete ee. morphological dPhferenfatton of leaves Z Podt of trdfan £egna P Alexandifan enna. QO» Geax “iohad fe polyplordy @ voitte the applradten tr Cultwotion of medtemal plante Poly plofdy Le Organfern Contafine Shen nove than tuo Yoremes Ht ke Catted Pole lord . conpp lta | © the frcreace Py chemical Contente not be Cotnefdlenteu eset Phenotype of Medfrnal ® reve mary be reduction plant #9 sfze also alon ef tock oF neqotive Sede Er Mame of ' : tcc) weer, Feapptag Kal : i Cmdr O ww Hing ® Rabls vee Raeee @ scanned with OKEN Scanner y, Deotine, valtalofds +2 THeniptrodton testy 6") aps ave @ chemicaltey beterqenoiic qroup vdlural’ Cubstances Aytkato®ds ave tonPe fe noctere PD contafn rouycife nttrogen —wohfch denved from anno ald - Fe solution ging reddish bron precipttate. wagner'e fe" Teageot 2 Gadfde - potassfum fodrde folution fading veddtch brown precipetette - B Hognet's meagent? aieatofde ghe yellow Prt bs | fof perf. afd .-ancl prerotonfe afd. @ Vefine F austty tannins - Mese are athingent substances having the arty tb Combine with trscue proteins RPReails, ther; are. complex organfc, Substances peer. polyphenols are present - Complextty of Chemfial motive 0 2 brow cote teprable ctrnatns: 1Get-, AA a sed “tannins exe! Cinchona, Cronamon . fous Proteolytfc. enxymes 4 oF Strepto ktnase serratfopepirdase., 2 “tepstog « ae thromboembolfc. Ate orden - evntolr, asterfal Horombas @ scanned with OKEN Scanner B a ee deep vefn thrombin aclute: Pvrtig aie Hh romboste iil Oo capri tba ot, Ja aig a other plasma, ae A © Orne prarmacegnny Spon UnorouFaed Maly. the study of medfimes / enude d > . 4 +trom natural sources such ab plants, mfcrobee | antmate « was includes Analyte oF Moogfal, heme brochernteal & Phytol properties « @ "what ore Oth) Votes Pre Tapettance - THOS usually wepresent te horganfe weitelues | Such as :phocphatés , Aeon @ oo present fos extoal drugs s, thistp ce frap > These: are. fmportant fnd€catey tp Fllushete Sepa ipa arr well as purty of bevbat _ emedectne - @, emfeal-teste of acai ép ae po Luaiefa | Fics) sata qelattntses by the add” Soe wad Sub Polis el pos Te produced | 54 “adidttion of ER ae digs 112 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner - © used as Cathetfe: ® twortealtor puxpore- (Wed as emolient i preparalion of lipstices.- Heed prep? OL Contraéephvo Creame , aboutitrtent pastes @ jellies. Peete: £ ofve exanpler- — Ptavonntds - compounds are regarded as Ca-Ce Compounds fy wohfch each Ce moietey A benaene afngq- Plavonols — apple, Blaru la Ftavanol — pear e Plavonee - olive | Lsotwovones ~ Soyabean Elavanone — Grape 4nét. es of wmbkinete — Steplokincue . uvokingce Cail used to. dfesoive Privfo /bivod clote 1 eye and fn pulmonany embolr . ered @ scanned with OKEN Scanner @ what ane natural allergene & ex : fs the substances Capable of SensPltztng the body % such a way that an unasuol Yesponse Ocusre fy bypersencstltve, person. He may be DE bpologfe , chemfaal / of Syntoette ovtgin - Exi- Substance such ae pollens, dlander'e duct aL natural allergens : ®@ Petterence blo tats J wooxee. SPO: cpt ake - © Sats ave made trom | @ wares are tece—mestors Bucerol F thee tatty OF tatty oufdls wth h¥gb aufde fofned bi worfght monohydrfe, denydration syntbests alcoho - © Lats are teoluble ty |O insoluble. th vactey of Water d ethyl olcobol . Solvent fy most orgade. but soluble fro orgenfe 7 Solvent: folvents | ® These eMtoybe daponft} @ These. red by means ob efther, aqueous | atcoholfe CAkolP Only scpon? fied » by akeobolt alval. @® Adulterotton @ Gre > examplec Ob drug. adulterationg - Andy I-88 9 practice of SubsHtHutfon of a crude dug Partfolteg [obottey ett Stmilar lookin. Substances. TH te by Tatenstonal / acefde. with Common. Contra ted feated drugs - OV Oe stan conic Tao dor P ~~ _, fenna 7 7 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner — Subshtution wtth Substandard Commenfal . Varities . BO endian’ senna’ with dog senna Substtutton wfth art hel oity! aos, Substances - ei | Parattin Wot coFth bees woe manutectined Gin Kaolty, Bentobtte » Bumr © kaolfos— Bsim Te Re puted nective hyavated aluntnfuns Stecte tree trom gritty Pparirdes - uset£— © used tov Upset stomach ef Afanhea. 9 @ To treat ADs wated oranhen . - ® used ty Cevamees, medteine, Coated paper, ? ‘a atood addttyve , tp “teoth paste Rentnntin bows It & Combmation of boron, Sodium ged SE te often found to dy take beds - © used fr Pharma tenttaal Preprs lree ted Powders, .skin lotfons, mouthwaches, 7 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner @® louver of Pareto Pal) Bb5— Re a mtetave: OF PrObeoliyife «ny me, pa dered rom latex of Uinnpe tut of trpheal piety “veh,” Conte pana apy? Contccne’ @® ome advastaqes tr tyisPdteattoy to ae? plants» @ wlevanice, to drought pests - ® dtsease veserance emiiond Rel BY vexdancddl ated. ( @ superior travour Pi, © ., seatonal, hardiness, - Thtnereastet the genetic Vasiery « BOR is doyle tect tne: enh F = Seeds » Y F9> — take at last 3 seed sample. fed grain. omples froin the toe from ¢ aT paw. (09 abterbent mateital title. eae cote , ch) ok see See SREP, wecort the number Tnating abel Pe of @ scanned with OKEN Scanner @ €

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