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Lecture 1
2
The
Fundamental
Interac-ons
3
Strong
Interac-on:
Asympto-c
Freedom…
4
…
and
Color
Confinement
5
Two
Regimes
of
QCD
However,
at
large
distances
(r
≈
1
fm)
one
can
no
longer
write
down
Feynman
diagrams
and
compute
amplitudes,
because
of
the
too
large
values
of
the
αS.
u
Ø The
par-cles
we
observe
in
nature
are
in
the
regime
d
of
non-‐perturba%ve
QCD
u
Ø Small
momentum
exchange
(Q2
<<
1
GeV)
is
implied
in
this
regime.
Typical
example:
interac-on
between
Q2
<<
1
GeV
the
partons
composing
baryons
&
mesons
6
Hadronic
Ma2er
under
Extreme
Condi-ons
7
Hadronic
Ma2er
under
Extreme
Condi-ons
8
Hadronic
Ma2er
under
Extreme
Condi-ons
9
Phase
Diagram
of
the
QCD
Ma2er…
v What
is
the
state
of
QCD
maQer
under
specific
condi%ons
of
temperature
and
baryon
density?
10
…
and
its
Cosmological
Context
11
Lakce
QCD
Predic-ons
Lakce
QCD
is
the
only
1st
principle
calcula-on
of
non-‐perturba-ve
QCD
(large
αs)
➾
hadron
proper-es
(e.g.
masses),
phase
transi-on
and
QGP
proper-es.
QGP
onset:
v TC
≈
170
MeV
(approx.
2・1012
K,
100.000
-mes
the
temperature
at
the
center
of
the
Sun)
v εC
≈
1
GeV/fm3
(approximately
5
-mes
the
density
of
ordinary
nuclear
ma2er)
12
Sekng
the
Experimental
Context
Can
we
explore
the
phase
diagram
of
hadronic
maQer?
We
think
so!
v By
colliding
nuclei
in
the
laboratory
v By
varying
the
nuclei
size
(A)
and
colliding
energy
(net
baryon
density)
v By
studying
spectra
and
correla-ons
of
the
produced
par-cles
Ø But…
the
system
must
be
at
equilibrium,
so
dense
and
large
(even
for
a
very
short
-me)
to
study
the
mul--‐par-cle
aspects
of
the
QCD
Can
we
create
and
characterize
the
Quark-‐Gluon
Plasma?
We
hope
so!
v By
colliding
large
nuclei
at
large
energies
v Which
condi-ons
at
the
phase
transi-on?
Lakce
QCD
predicts:
Ø Cri-cal
temperature
Tc
≈
170
MeV
Ø Cri-cal
energy
density
≈
5
×
ordinary
nuclear
ma2er
13
Sekng
the
Experimental
Context
14
QGP
in
Lab:
Heavy-‐Ion
Collisions
or
the
“Li2le
Bang”
16
QGP
in
Lab:
Heavy-‐Ion
Collisions
or
the
“Li2le
Bang”
v This
is
why
with
heavy-‐ion
collisions
we
have
a
chance
to
recreate
the
ma2er
in
the
very
early
Universe
whereas
with
high
energy
collisions
between
leptons
or
single
hadrons
we
don’t
17
In
other
words…
19
Exploring
the
Structure
of
Protons
In
analogy,
we
study
the
QCD
ma2er
produced
in
Heavy-‐Ions
collisions
by
measuring
how
it
affects
well
understood
probes,
as
a
func-on
of
the
temperature
of
the
system.
But…
how
to
prepare
the
system?
How
to
crate
and
calibrate
the
probe?
21
Challenge:
Crea-ng
and
Calibra-ng
the
Probes
v The “probes” must be produced together with the system they probe!
v In
par-cular:
we
look
for
probes
which
are
created
very
early
in
the
collision
evolu%on,
so
that
they
are
there
before
the
ma2er
to
be
probed
(the
QGP)
is
formed:
hard
probes
(jets,
quarkonia,
high-‐pT
par-cles,
...)
v We
must
have
“trivial”
probes,
not
affected
by
the
dense
QCD
ma2er,
to
serve
as
baseline
reference
for
the
interes-ng
probes:
photons,
Z
and
W
bosons,
Drell-‐Yan
dileptons
v We
must
have
“trivial”
collision
systems,
to
understand
how
the
probes
are
affected
in
the
absence
of
“new
physics”:
pp,
p-‐A,
d-‐A,
light
ions
22
Challenge:
Crea-ng
and
Calibra-ng
the
Probes
23
Challenge:
Crea-ng
and
Calibra-ng
the
Probes
24
p
s for
Fixed-‐Target
and
Collider
Experiments
Let’s
consider
a
collision
between
two
par-cles
a
and
b.
The
center-‐of-‐mass
system
(CMS)
is
defined
by
the
condi-on:
pa
=
–
pb
pa
=
(Ea,
pa)
pb
=
(Eb,
pb)
p q q
s = m21 + m22 + 2E1lab m2 ⇡ 2E1lab m2
m1 , E1lab m2 , plab
1 =0
p q
lab
s= m21 + m22 + 2E1lab E2lab + 2plab lab
1 p2 = 2E1
26
Kinema-cal
Variables
The
beam
axis
defines
the
longitudinal
direc%on
z
and
makes
it
useful
to
dis%nguish
between
transverse
and
longitudinal
kinema%cal
degrees
of
freedom
q
Transverse
momentum:
pT = p2x + p2y
q
Transverse
mass:
mT = p2T + m20
✓ ◆
1 E + pz
Rapidity:
y = ln
2 E pz
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 p + pz ✓
Pseudorapidity:
⌘ = ln = ln tan
2 p pz 2
27
Rapidity
s s
E + pL E pL
With
e
y
=
,
e y
=
E pL E + pL
1 y y 1 y y
and
sinh
y
=
e
e
,
cosh y = e +e
2 2
we
obtain
E
=
m
T
cosh
y
and
pL = mT sinh y
28
Rapidity
29
Rapidity
and
Pseudorapidity
Although
the
rapidity
is
not
Lorentz-‐invariant,
it
transforms
under
Lorentz
boosts
along
the
z-‐direc-on
(the
beam
axis)
in
a
very
simple
way:
y = y 0 + yS 0
Rapidity in S Rapidity in S’ Rapidity of S’ measured in S
Rapidity
is
approximated
by
pseudorapidity
in
the
rela-vis-c
regime
(always
valid
for
photons):
p m
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ! ✓ ◆
1 E + p cos ✓ 1 1 + cos ✓ 1 2 cos2 ✓2 ✓
y= ln ⇡ ln = ln = ln tan ⌘⌘
2 E p cos ✓ 2 1 cos ✓ 2 2 sin2 ✓2 2
Especially useful when the we only know the polar angle of the par%cle
30
Quick
Overview:
Pseudorapidity
in
Prac-ce
31
Invariant
Mass
π0
momentum
in
S-ll
(approximately)
valid
the
lab.
system
when
decay
products
are
θ
ultra-‐rela-vis-c
2
32
Some
Orders
of
Magnitude
33
Some
Orders
of
Magnitude
v Typical
hadron
radius
of
1
fm,
filling
an
effec-ve
volume
of
about
5-‐6
fm3
volume:
ordinary
hadronic
ma2er
density
is
of
the
order
of
0.2
fm–3
v Typical
cross
sec-ons
of
elementary
hadron-‐hadron
interac-ons
at
high
energies
(e.g.
proton-‐proton)
are
of
the
order
of
50
mb
(5
fm2)
or
more
v Collisions
between
ultra-‐rela-vis-c
heavy
ions
increase
the
energy
density
in
the
collision
volume
by
1
to
2
orders
of
magnitude
w.r.t.
ordinary
hadronic
ma2er
(see
Bjorken
formula
in
the
following):
n
≈
o(10)
fm–3
v Mean
free
path
λ
≈
(nσ)–1
is
of
the
order
of
0.02
fm:
mul-ple
hadronic
interac-ons
expected
to
happen
within
the
collision
volume:
thermaliza-on!
34
Two
Laboratories
to
Study
the
QGP
v LHC:
2009
⟶
Ø Pb
beams
up
to
sqrt(s)
=
5.5
TeV
Ø ALICE,
CMS,
ATLAS
(maybe
LHCb?)
experiments
35
A
Bit
More
Complete
Snapshot…
36
High-‐
and
Low-‐Energy
Fron-ers
v The
high-‐energy
fron%er:
large
and
long-‐living
QGP,
large
cross-‐sec-ons
for
heavy-‐
flavors.
Vanishing
net
baryon
density:
Early
Universe
condi-ons
v The
low-‐energy
fron%er:
focus
on
light-‐flavor
observables.
Energy
scan:
search
of
the
cri-cal
point
and
characteriza-on
of
the
phase
transi-on
37