Solution Manual for McKnight’s Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, 11/E Darrel H

Solution Manual for McKnight’s

Physical Geography: A Landscape
Appreciation, 11/E Darrel Hess Dennis
G Tasa
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Earth

2. Portraying Earth

3. Introduction to the Atmosphere

4. Insolation and Temperature

5. Atmospheric Pressure and Wind

6. Atmospheric Moisture

7. Atmospheric Disturbances

8. Climate and Climate Change

9. The Hydrosphere

10. Cycles and Patterns in the Biosphere

11. Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

12. Soils

13. Introduction to Landform Study

14. The Internal Processes

15. Preliminaries to Erosion: Weathering and Mass Wasting

16. Fluvial Processes

17. Solution Processes and Karst Topography

18. The Topography of Arid Lands

19. Glacial Modification of Terrain

20. Coastal Processes and Terrain

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 TEXT OF THE RECONSTRUCTION
MEASURES. 14th Constitutional Amendment.

Joint Resolution proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the

United States.
Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America, in Congress assembled, (two-thirds of
both houses concurring,) That the following article be proposed to
the Legislatures of the several States as an amendment to the
Constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three-
fourths of said Legislatures, shall be valid as part of the Constitution,
namely:
[Here follows the 14th amendment. See Book IV.]
Reconstruction Act of Thirty-Ninth Congress.

An Act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel

States.
Whereas no legal State governments or adequate protection for life
or property now exists in the rebel States of Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida,
Texas, and Arkansas; and whereas it is necessary that peace and
good order should be enforced in said States until loyal and
republican State governments can be legally established: Therefore
Be it enacted, &c., That said rebel States shall be divided into
military districts and made subject to the military authority of the
United States, as hereinafter prescribed, and for that purpose
Virginia shall constitute the first district; North Carolina and South
Carolina the second district; Georgia, Alabama, and Florida the third
district; Mississippi and Arkansas the fourth district; and Louisiana
and Texas the fifth district.
Sec. 2. That it shall be the duty of the President to assign to the
command of each of said districts an officer of the army, not below
the rank of brigadier-general, and to detail a sufficient military force
to enable such officer to perform his duties and enforce his authority
within the district to which he is assigned.
Sec. 3. That it shall be the duty of each officer assigned as
aforesaid to protect all persons in their rights of person and property,
to suppress insurrection, disorder, and violence, and to punish, or
cause to be punished, all disturbers of the public peace and
criminals, and to this end he may allow local civil tribunals to take
jurisdiction of and to try offenders, or, when in his judgment it may
be necessary for the trial of offenders, he shall have power to
organize military commissions or tribunals for that purpose; and all
interference under color of State authority with the exercise of
military authority under this act shall be null and void.
 Sec. 4. That all persons put under military arrest by virtue of this
act shall be tried without unnecessary delay, and no cruel or unusual
punishment shall be inflicted; and no sentence of any military
commission or tribunal hereby authorized, affecting the life or liberty
of any person, shall be executed until it is approved by the officer in
command of the district, and the laws and regulations for the
government of the army shall not be affected by this act, except in so
far as they conflict with its provisions: Provided, That no sentence of
death under the provisions of this act shall be carried into effect
without the approval of the President.
Sec. 5. That when the people of any one of said rebel States shall
have formed a constitution of government in conformity with the
Constitution of the United States in all respects, framed by a
convention of delegates elected by the male citizens of said State
twenty-one years old and upward, of whatever race, color, or
previous condition, who have been resident in said State for one year
previous to the day of such election, except such as may be
disfranchised for participation in the rebellion, or for felony at
common law, and when such constitution shall provide that the
elective franchise shall be enjoyed by all such persons as have the
qualifications herein stated for electors of delegates, and when such
constitution shall be ratified by a majority of the persons voting on
the question of ratification who are qualified as electors for
delegates, and when such constitution shall have been submitted to
Congress for examination and approval, and Congress shall have
approved the same, and when said State, by a vote of its legislature
elected under said constitution, shall have adopted the amendment
to the Constitution of the United States, proposed by the Thirty-
ninth Congress, and known as article fourteen, and when said article
shall have become a part of the Constitution of the United States,
said State shall be declared entitled to representation in Congress,
and Senators and Representatives shall be admitted therefrom on
their taking the oaths prescribed by law, and then and thereafter the
preceding sections of this act shall be inoperative in said State:
Provided, That no person excluded from the privilege of holding
office by said proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United
States shall be eligible to election as a member of the convention to
frame a constitution for any of said rebel States, nor shall any such
person vote for members of such convention.
 Sec. 6. That until the people of said rebel States shall be by law
admitted to representation in the Congress of the United States, any
civil governments which may exist therein shall be deemed
provisional only, and in all respects subject to the paramount
authority of the United States at any time to abolish, modify, control,
or supersede the same; and in all elections to any office under such
provisional governments all persons shall be entitled to vote, and
none others, who are entitled to vote under the provisions of the fifth
section of this act; and no person shall be eligible to any office under
any such provisional governments who would be disqualified from
holding office under the provisions of the third article of said
constitutional amendment.
Passed March 2, 1867.
Supplemental Reconstruction Act of Fortieth
Congress.

An Act supplementary to an act entitled “An act to provide for the

more efficient government of the rebel States,” passed March
second, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and to facilitate
restoration.
Be it enacted, &c., That before the first day of September, eighteen
hundred and sixty-seven, the commanding general in each district
defined by an act entitled “An act to provide for the more efficient
government of the rebel States,” passed March second, eighteen
hundred and sixty-seven, shall cause a registration to be made of the
male citizens of the United States, twenty-one years of age and
upwards, resident in each county or parish in the State or States
included in his district, which registration shall include only those
persons who are qualified to vote for delegates by the act aforesaid,
and who shall have taken and subscribed the following oath or
affirmation: “I, ——, do solemnly swear, (or affirm,) in the presence
of Almighty God, that I am a citizen of the State of ——; that I have
resided in said State for —— months next preceding this day, and
now reside in the county of ——, or the parish of ——, in said State,
(as the case may be;) that I am twenty-one years old; that I have not
been disfranchised for participation in any rebellion or civil war
against the United States, nor for felony committed against the laws
of any State or of the United States; that I have never been a member
of any State legislature, nor held any executive or judicial office in
any State and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against
the United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof;
that I have never taken an oath as a member of Congress of the
United States, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of
any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any
State, to support the Constitution of the United States, and
afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United
States or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I will
faithfully support the Constitution and obey the laws of the United
States, and will, to the best of my ability, encourage others so to do,
so help me God;” which oath or affirmation maybe administered by
any registering officer.
Sec. 2. That after the completion of the registration hereby
provided for in any State, at such time and places therein as the
commanding general shall appoint and direct, of which at least thirty
days’ public notice shall be given, an election shall be held of
delegates to a convention for the purpose of establishing a
constitution and civil government for such State loyal to the Union,
said convention in each State, except Virginia, to consist of the same
number of members as the most numerous branch of the State
legislature of such State in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, to be
apportioned among the several districts, counties, or parishes of such
State by the commanding general, giving to each representation in
the ratio of voters or registered as aforesaid, as nearly as may be. The
convention in Virginia shall consist of the same number of members
as represented the territory now constituting Virginia in the most
numerous branch of the legislature of said State in the year eighteen
hundred and sixty, to be appointed as aforesaid.
Sec. 3. That at said election the registered voters of each State shall
vote for or against a convention to form a constitution therefor under
this act. Those voting in favor of such a convention shall have written
or printed on the ballots by which they vote for delegates, as
aforesaid, the words “For a convention,” and those voting against
such a convention shall have written or printed on such ballots the
words “Against a convention.” The person appointed to superintend
said election, and to make return of the votes given thereat, as herein
provided, shall count and make return of the votes given for and
against a convention; and the commanding general to whom the
same shall have been returned shall ascertain and declare the total
vote in each State for and against a convention. If a majority of the
votes given on that question shall be for a convention, then such
convention shall be held as hereinafter provided; but if a majority of
said votes shall be against a convention, then no such convention
shall be held under this act: Provided, That such convention shall not
be held unless a majority of all such registered voters shall have
voted on the question of holding such convention.
Sec. 4. That the commanding general of each district shall appoint
as many boards of registration as may be necessary, consisting of
three loyal officers or persons, to make and complete the
registration, superintend the election, and make return to him of the
votes, lists of voters, and of the persons elected as delegates by a
plurality of the votes cast at said election; and upon receiving said
returns he shall open the same, ascertain the persons elected as
delegates according to the returns of the officers who conducted said
election, and make proclamation thereof; and if a majority of the
votes given on that question shall be for a convention, the
commanding general, within sixty days from the date of election,
shall notify the delegates to assemble in convention, at a time and
place to be mentioned in the notification, and said convention, when
organized, shall proceed to frame a constitution and civil
government according to the provisions of this act and the act to
which it is supplementary; and when the same shall have been so
framed, said constitution shall be submitted by the convention for
ratification to the persons registered under the provisions of this act
at an election to be conducted by the officers or persons appointed or
to be appointed by the commanding general, as hereinbefore
provided, and to be held after the expiration of thirty days from the
date of notice thereof, to be given by said convention; and the returns
thereof shall be made to the commanding general of the district.
Sec. 5. That if, according to said returns, the constitution shall be
ratified by a majority of the votes of the registered electors qualified
as herein specified, cast at said election, (at least one-half of all the
registered voters voting upon the question of such ratification,) the
president of the convention shall transmit a copy of the same, duly
certified, to the President of the United States, who shall forthwith
transmit the same to Congress, if then in session, and if not in
session, then immediately upon its next assembling; and if it shall,
moreover, appear to Congress that the election was one at which all
the registered and qualified electors in the State had an opportunity
to vote freely and without restraint, fear, or the influence of fraud;
and if the Congress shall be satisfied that such constitution meets the
approval of a majority of all the qualified electors in the State, and if
the said constitution shall be declared by Congress to be in
conformity with the provisions of the act to which this is
supplementary, and the other provisions of said act shall have been
complied with, and the said constitution shall be approved by
Congress, the State shall be declared entitled to representation, and
Senators and Representatives shall be admitted therefrom as therein
provided.
Sec. 6. That all elections in the States mentioned in the said “Act to
provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States,” shall,
during the operation of said act, be by ballot; and all officers making
the said registration of voters and conducting said elections shall,
before entering upon the discharge of their duties, take and subscribe
the oath prescribed by the act approved July second, eighteen
hundred and sixty-two, entitled “An act to prescribe an oath of
office:”[29] Provided, That if any person shall knowingly and falsely
take and subscribe any oath in this act prescribed, such person so
offending and being thereof duly convicted, shall be subject to the
pains, penalties, and disabilities which by law are provided for the
punishment of the crime of wilful and corrupt perjury.
Sec. 7. That all expenses incurred by the several commanding
generals, or by virtue of any orders issued, or appointments made, by
them, under or by virtue of this act, shall be paid out of any moneys
in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.
Sec. 8. That the convention for each State shall prescribe the fees,
salary, and compensation to be paid to all delegates and other
officers and agents herein authorized or necessary to carry into effect
the purposes of this act not herein otherwise provided for, and shall
provide for the levy and collection of such taxes on the property in
such State as may be necessary to pay the same.
Sec. 9. That the word article, in the sixth section of the act to
which this is supplementary, shall be construed to mean section.
Passed March 23, 1867.
Votes of State Legislatures on the Fourteenth
[30]
Constitutional Amendment.

LOYAL STATES.

Ratified—Twenty-one States.

Maine—Senate, January 16, 1867, yeas 31, nays 0; House,

January 11, 1867, yeas 126, nays 12.
New Hampshire—Senate, July 6, 1866, yeas 9, nays 3; House,
June 28, 1866, yeas 207, nays 112.
Vermont—Senate, October 23, 1866, yeas 28, nays 0; House,
October 30, 1866, yeas 199, nays 11.
Massachusetts—Senate, March 20, 1867, yeas 27, nays 6; House,
March 14, 1867, yeas 120, nays 20.
Rhode Island—Senate, February 5, 1867, yeas 26, nays 2; House,
February 7, 1867, yeas 60, nays 9
Connecticut—Senate, June 25, 1866, yeas 11, nays 6; House, June
29, 1866, yeas 131, nays 92.
New York—Senate, January 3, 1867, yeas 23, nays 3; House,
January 10, 1867, yeas 76, nays 40.
New Jersey—Senate, September 11, 1866, yeas 11, nays 10;
House, September 11, 1866, yeas 34, nays 24.
Pennsylvania—Senate, January 17, 1867, yeas 20, nays 9; House,
February 6, 1867, yeas 58, nays 29.
West Virginia—Senate, January 15, 1867, yeas 15, nays 3; House,
January 16, 1867, yeas 43, nays 11.
Ohio—Senate, January 3, 1867, yeas 21, nays 12; House, January
4, 1867, yeas 54, nays 25.
 Tennessee—Senate, July 11, 1866, yeas 15, nays 6; House, July 12,
1866, yeas 43, nays 11.
Indiana—Senate, January 16, 1867, yeas 29, nays 18; House,
January 23, 1867, yeas —, nays —.
Illinois—Senate, January 10, 1867, yeas 17, nays 7; House,
January 15, 1867, yeas 59, nays 25.
Michigan—Senate, —— 1867, yeas 25, nays 1; House, —— 1867,
yeas 77, nays 15.
Missouri—Senate, January 5, 1867, yeas 26, nays 6; House,
January 8, 1867, yeas 85, nays 34.
Minnesota—Senate, January 16, 1867, yeas 16, nays 5; House,
January 15, 1867, yeas 40, nays 6.
Kansas—Senate, January 11, 1867, unanimously; House, January
10, 1867, yeas, 75, nays 7.
Wisconsin—Senate, January 23, 1867, yeas 22, nays 10; House,
February 7, 1867, yeas 72, nays 12.
Oregon—[31]Senate, ——, 1866, yeas 13, nays 7; House, September
19, 1866, yeas 25, nays 22.
Nevada—[31]Senate, January 22, 1867, yeas 14, nays 2; House,
January 11, 1867, yeas 34, nays 4.

Rejected—Three States.

Delaware—Senate, —— ——; House, February 7, 1867, yeas 6,

nays 15.
Maryland—Senate, March 23, 1867, yeas 4, nays 13; House,
March 23, 1867, yeas 12, nays 45.
Kentucky—Senate, January 8, 1867, yeas 7, nays 24; House,
January 8, 1867, yeas 26, nays 62.

Not acted—Three States.

Iowa, California, Nebraska.

 INSURRECTIONARY STATES.

Rejected—Ten States.

Virginia—Senate, January 9, 1867, unanimously; House, January

9, 1867, 1 for amendment.
North Carolina—Senate, December 13, 1866, yeas 1, nays 44;
House, December 13, 1866, yeas 10, nays 93.
South Carolina—Senate —— ——; House, December 20, 1866,
yeas 1, nays 95.
Georgia—Senate, November 9, 1866, yeas 0, nays 36; House,
November 9, 1866, yeas 2, nays 131.
Florida—Senate, December 3, 1866, yeas 0, nays 20; House,
December 1, 1866, yeas 0, nays 49.
Alabama—Senate, December 7, 1866, yeas 2, nays 27; House,
December 7, 1866, yeas 8, nays 69.
Mississippi—Senate, January 30, 1867, yeas 0, nays 27; House,
January 25, 1867, yeas 0, nays 88.
Louisiana—Senate, February 5, 1867, unanimously; House,
February 6, 1867, unanimously.
Texas—Senate, —— ——; House, October 13, 1866, yeas 5, nays
67.
Arkansas—Senate, December 15, 1866, yeas 1, nays 24; House,
December 17, 1866, yeas 2, nays 68.
The passage of the 14th Amendment and of the Reconstruction
Acts, was followed by Presidential proclamations dated August 20,
1866, declaring the insurrection at an end in Texas, and civil
authority existing throughout the whole of the United States.

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1864.

The Republican National Convention met at Baltimore, June 7th,

1864, and renominated President Lincoln unanimously, save the vote
of Missouri, which was cast for Gen. Grant. Hannibal Hamlin, the old
Vice-President, was not renominated, because of a desire to give part
of the ticket to the Union men of the South, who pressed Senator
Andrew Johnson of Tennessee. “Parson” Brownlow made a strong
appeal in his behalf, and by his eloquence captured a majority of the
Convention.
The Democratic National Convention met at Chicago, August 29th,
1864, and nominated General George B. McClellan, of New Jersey,
for President, and George H. Pendleton, of Ohio, for Vice-President.
General McClellan was made available for the Democratic
nomination through certain political letters which he had written on
points of difference between himself and the Lincoln administration.
Two of these letters are sufficient to show his own and the views of
the party which nominated him, in the canvass which followed:
 Gen. McClellan’s Letters.

On Political Administration, July 7, 1862.

Headquarters Army of the Potomac,

Camp near Harrison’s Landing, Va., July 7, 1862.

Mr. President:—You have been fully informed that the rebel army
is in the front, with the purpose of overwhelming us by attacking our
positions or reducing us by blocking our river communications. I
cannot but regard our condition as critical, and I earnestly desire, in
view of possible contingencies, to lay before your excellency, for your
private consideration, my general views concerning the existing state
of the rebellion, although they do not strictly relate to the situation of
this army, or strictly come within the scope of my official duties.
These views amount to convictions, and are deeply impressed upon
my mind and heart. Our cause must never be abandoned; it is the
cause of free institutions and self-government. The Constitution and
the Union must be preserved, whatever may be the cost in time,
treasure, and blood. If secession is successful, other dissolutions are
clearly to be seen in the future. Let neither military disaster, political
faction, nor foreign war shake your settled purpose to enforce the
equal operation of the laws of the United States upon the people of
every State.
The time has come when the government must determine upon a
civil and military policy, covering the whole ground of our national
trouble.
The responsibility of determining, declaring, and supporting such
civil and military policy, and of directing the whole course of national
affairs in regard to the rebellion, must now be assumed and exercised
by you, or our cause will be lost. The Constitution gives you power,
even for the present terrible exigency.
 This rebellion has assumed the character of a war; as such it
should be regarded, and it should be conducted upon the highest
principles known to Christian civilization. It should not be a war
looking to the subjugation of the people of any State, in any event. It
should not be at all a war upon population, but against armed forces
and political organizations. Neither confiscation of property, political
executions of persons, territorial organization of States, or forcible
abolition of slavery, should be contemplated for a moment.
In prosecuting the war, all private property and unarmed persons
should be strictly protected, subject only to the necessity of military
operations; all private property taken for military use should be paid
or receipted for; pillage and waste should be treated as high crimes;
all unnecessary trespass sternly prohibited, and offensive demeanor
by the military towards citizens promptly rebuked. Military arrests
should not be tolerated, except in places where active hostilities
exist; and oaths, not required by enactments, constitutionally made,
should be neither demanded nor received.
Military government should be confined to the preservation of
public order and the protection of political right. Military power
should not be allowed to interfere with the relations of servitude,
either by supporting or impairing the authority of the master, except
for repressing disorder, as in other cases. Slaves, contraband under
the act of Congress, seeking military protection, should receive it.
The right of the government to appropriate permanently to its own
service claims to slave labor should be asserted, and the right of the
owner to compensation therefor should be recognized. This principle
might be extended, upon grounds of military necessity and security,
to all the slaves of a particular State, thus working manumission in
such State; and in Missouri, perhaps in Western Virginia also, and
possibly even in Maryland, the expediency of such a measure is only
a question of time. A system of policy thus constitutional, and
pervaded by the influences of Christianity and freedom, would
receive the support of almost all truly loyal men, would deeply
impress the rebel masses and all foreign nations, and it might be
humbly hoped that it would commend itself to the favor of the
Almighty.
Unless the principles governing the future conduct of our struggle
shall be made known and approved, the effort to obtain requisite
forces will be almost hopeless. A declaration of radical views,
especially upon slavery, will rapidly disintegrate our present armies.
The policy of the government must be supported by concentrations
of military power. The national forces should not be dispersed in
expeditions, posts of occupation, and numerous armies, but should
be mainly collected into masses, and brought to bear upon the
armies of the Confederate States. Those armies thoroughly defeated,
the political structure which they support would soon cease to exist.
In carrying out any system of policy which you may form, you will
require a commander-in-chief of the army, one who possesses your
confidence, understands your views, and who is competent to
execute your orders by directing the military forces of the nation to
the accomplishment of the objects by you proposed. I do not ask that
place for myself. I am willing to serve you in such position as you
may assign me, and I will do so as faithfully as ever subordinate
served superior.
I may be on the brink of eternity; and as I hope forgiveness from
my Maker, I have written this letter with sincerity towards you and
from love for my country.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

George B. McClellan,
Major-General Commanding.

His Excellency A. Lincoln, President.

IN FAVOR OF the ELECTION OF GEORGE W.

WOODWARD AS GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Orange, New Jersey, October 12, 1863.

Dear Sir:—My attention has been called to an article in the

Philadelphia Press, asserting that I had written to the managers of a
Democratic meeting at Allentown, disapproving the objects of the
meeting, and that if I voted or spoke it would be in favor of Governor
Curtin, and I am informed that similar assertions have been made
throughout the State.
 It has been my earnest endeavor heretofore to avoid participation
in party politics. I had determined to adhere to this course, but it is
obvious that I cannot longer maintain silence under such
misrepresentations. I therefore request you to deny that I have
written any such letter, or entertained any such views as those
attributed to me in the Philadelphia Press, and I desire to state
clearly and distinctly, that having some days ago had a full
conversation with Judge Woodward, I find that our views agree, and
I regard his election as Governor of Pennsylvania called for by the
interests of the nation.
I understand Judge Woodward to be in favor of the prosecution of
the war with all the means at the command of the loyal States, until
the military power of the rebellion is destroyed. I understand him to
be of the opinion that while the war is urged with all possible
decision and energy, the policy directing it should be in consonance
with the principles of humanity and civilization, working no injury to
private rights and property not demanded by military necessity and
recognized by military law among civilized nations.
And, finally, I understand him to agree with me in the opinion that
the sole great objects of this war are the restoration of the unity of
the nation, the preservation of the Constitution, and the supremacy
of the laws of the country. Believing our opinions entirely agree upon
these points, I would, were it in my power, give to Judge Woodward
my voice and vote.
I am, very respectfully, yours,

George B. McClellan.

Hon. Charles J. Biddle.

The views of Mr. Lincoln were well known; they were felt in the
general conduct of the war. The Republicans adopted as one of their
maxims the words of their candidate, “that it was dangerous to swap
horses while crossing a stream.” The campaign was exciting, and was
watched by both armies with interest and anxiety. In this election, by
virtue of an act of Congress, the soldiers in the field were permitted
to vote, and a large majority of every branch of the service sustained
the Administration, though two years before General McClellan had
been the idol of the Army of the Potomac. Lincoln and Johnson
received 212 electoral votes, against 21 for McClellan and Pendleton.
 Lincoln’s Second Administration.

In President Lincoln’s second inaugural address, delivered on the

4th of March, 1865, he spoke the following words, since oft quoted as
typical of the kindly disposition of the man believed by his party to
be the greatest President since Washington: “With malice toward
none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us
to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind
up the Nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the
battle, and for his widow and orphans—to do all which may achieve a
just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”
Lincoln could well afford to show that generosity which never
comes more properly than from the hands of the victor. His policy
was about to end in a great triumph. In less than five weeks later on
General Lee had surrendered the main army of the South to General
Grant at Appomattox, on terms at once magnanimous and so briefly
stated that they won the admiration of both armies, for the rebels
had been permitted to retain their horses and side arms, and to go at
once to their homes, not to be disturbed by United States authority
so long as they observed their paroles and the laws in force where
they resided. Lee’s surrender was rapidly followed by that of all
Southern troops.
Next came a grave political work—the actual reconstruction of the
States lately in rebellion. This work gave renewed freshness to the
leading political issues incident to the war, and likewise gave rise to
new issues. It was claimed at once that Lincoln had a reconstruction
policy of his own, because of his anxiety for the prompt admission of
Louisiana and Arkansas, but it had certainly never taken definite
shape, nor was there time to get such a policy in shape, between the
surrender of Lee and his own assassination. On the night of the 15th
of April, six days after the surrender, J. Wilkes Booth shot him while
sitting in a box in Ford’s theatre. The nation stood appalled at the
deed. No man was ever more sincerely mourned in all sections and
by all classes. The Southern leaders thought that this rash act had
lost to them a life which had never been harsh, and while firm, was
ever generous. The North had looked upon him as “Father
Abraham,” and all who viewed the result of the shooting from
sectional or partisan standpoints, thought his policy of “keeping with
the people,” would have shielded every proper interest. No public
man ever felt less “pride of opinion” than Lincoln, and we do believe,
had he lived, that he would have shaped events, as he did during the
war, to the best interests of the victors, but without unnecessary
agitation or harshness. All attempts of writers to evolve from his
proclamation a reconstruction policy, applicable to peace, have been
vain and impotent. He had none which would not have changed with
changing circumstances. A “policy” in an executive office is too often
but another name for executive egotism, and Lincoln was almost
absolutely free from that weakness.
On the morning of Mr. Lincoln’s death, indeed within the same
hour (and very properly so under the circumstances), the Vice-
President Andrew Johnson was inaugurated as President. The
excitement was painfully high, and the new President, in speeches,
interviews and proclamations if possible added to it. From evidence
in the Bureau of Military Justice he thought the assassination of
Lincoln, and the attempted assassination of Secretary Seward had
been procured by Jefferson Davis, Clement C. Clay, Jacob
Thompson, Geo. N. Saunders, Beverly Tucker, Wm. C. Cleary, and
“other rebels and traitors harbored in Canada.” The evidence,
however, fully drawn out in the trial of the co-conspirators of J.
Wilkes Booth, showed that the scheme was hair-brained, and from
no responsible political source. The proclamation, however, gave
keenness to the search for the fugitive Davis, and he was soon
captured while making his way through Georgia to the Florida coast
with the intention of escaping from the country. He was imprisoned
in Fortress Monroe, and an indictment for treason was found against
him, but he remained a close prisoner for nearly two years, until
times when political policies had been changed or modified. Horace
Greeley was one of his bondsmen. By this time there was grave doubt
whether he could be legally convicted,[32] “now that the charge of
inciting Wilkes Booth’s crime had been tacitly abandoned. Mr.
Webster (in his Bunker Hill oration) had only given clearer
expression to the American doctrine, that, after a revolt has levied a
regular army, and fought therewith a pitched battle, its champions,
even though utterly defeated, cannot be tried and convicted as
traitors. This may be an extreme statement; but surely a rebellion
which has for years maintained great armies, levied taxes and
conscriptions, negotiated loans, fought scores of sanguinary battles
with alternate successes and reverses, and exchanged tens of
thousands of prisoners of war, can hardly fail to have achieved
thereby the position and the rights of a lawful belligerent.” This view,
as then presented by Greeley, was accepted by President Johnson,
who from intemperate denunciation had become the friend of his old
friends in the South. Greeley’s view was not generally accepted by the
North, though most of the leading men of both parties hoped the
responsibility of a trial would be avoided by the escape and flight of
the prisoner. But he was confident by this time, and sought a trial.
He was never tried, and the best reason for the fact is given in Judge
Underwood’s testimony before a Congressional Committee (and the
Judge was a Republican) “that no conviction was possible, except by
packing a jury.”
 Andrew Johnson.

On the 29th of April, 1865, President Johnson issued a

proclamation removing all restrictions upon internal, domestic and
coastwise and commercial intercourse in all Southern States east of
the Mississippi; the blockade was removed May 22, and on May 29 a
proclamation of amnesty was issued, with fourteen classes excepted
therefrom, and the requirement of an “iron-clad oath” from those
accepting its provisions. Proclamations rapidly followed in shaping
the lately rebellious States to the conditions of peace and restoration
to the Union. These States were required to hold conventions, repeal
secession ordinances, accept the abolition of slavery, repudiate
Southern war debts, provide for Congressional representation, and
elect new State Officers and Legislatures. The several constitutional
amendments were of course to be ratified by the vote of the people.
These conditions were eventually all complied with, some of the
States being more tardy than others. The irreconcilables charged
upon the Military officers, the Freedmen’s Bureau, and the stern
application of the reconstruction acts, these results, and many of
them showed a political hostility which, after the election of the new
Legislatures, took shape in what were in the North at the time
denounced as

“THE BLACK CODES.”

These were passed by all of the eleven States in the rebellion. The
codes varied in severity, according to the views of the Legislatures,
and for a time they seriously interfered with the recognition of the
States, the Republicans charging that the design was to restore
slavery under new forms. In South Carolina Gen’l Sickles issued
military orders, as late as January 17, 1866, against the enforcement
of such laws.
 To assure the rights, of the freedmen the 14th amendment of the
Constitution was passed by Congress, June 18th, 1866. President
Johnson opposed it, refused to sign, but said he would submit it to
the several States. This was done, and it was accepted by the required
three-fourths, January 28th, 1868. This had the effect to do away
with many of the “black codes,” and the States which desired
readmission to the Union had to finally give them up. Since
reconstruction, and the political ousting of what were called the
“carpet-bag governments,” some of the States, notably Georgia, has
passed class laws, which treat colored criminals differently from
white, under what are now known as the “conduct laws.” Terms of
sentence are served out, in any part of the State, under the control of
public and private contractors, and “vagrants” are subjected to
sentences which it is believed would be less extended under a system
of confinement.
 Johnson’s Policy.

While President Johnson’s policy did not materially check

reconstruction, it encouraged Southern politicians to political effort,
and with their well known tact they were not long in gaining the
ascendancy in nearly every State. This ascendancy excited the fears
and jealousies of the North, and the Republicans announced as their
object and platform “that all the results of the war” should be secured
before Southern reconstruction and representation in Congress
should be completed. On this they were almost solidly united in
Congress, but Horace Greeley trained an independent sentiment
which favored complete amnesty to the South. President Johnson
sought to utilize this sentiment, and to divide the Republican party
through his policy, which now looked to the same ends. He had said
to a delegation introduced by Gov. Oliver P. Morton, April 21, 1865:
“Your slavery is dead, but I did not murder it. As Macbeth said to
Banquo’s bloody ghost:
‘Never shake thy gory locks at me;
Thou canst not say I did it.’

“Slavery is dead, and you must pardon me if I do not mourn over

its dead body; you can bury it out of sight. In restoring the State,
leave out that disturbing and dangerous element, and use only those
parts of the machinery which will move in harmony.
“But in calling a convention to restore the State, who shall restore
and re-establish it? Shall the man who gave his influence and his
means to destroy the Government? Is he to participate in the great
work of reorganization? Shall he who brought this misery upon the
State be permitted to control its destinies? If this be so, then all this
precious blood of our brave soldiers and officers so freely poured out
will have been wantonly spilled. All the glorious victories won by our
noble armies will go for nought, and all the battle-fields which have
been sown with dead heroes during the rebellion will have been
made memorable in vain.”
In a speech at Washington, Feb. 22nd, 1866, Johnson said:
“The Government has stretched forth its strong arm, and with its
physical power it has put down treason in the field. That is, the
section of country that arrayed itself against the Government has
been conquered by the force of the Government itself. Now, what had
we said to those people? We said, ‘No compromise; we can settle this
question with the South in eight and forty hours.’
“I have said it again and again, and I repeat it now, ‘disband your
armies, acknowledge the supremacy of the Constitution of the United
States, give obedience to the law, and the whole question is settled.’
“What has been done since? Their armies have been disbanded.
They come now to meet us in a spirit of magnanimity and say, ‘We
were mistaken; we made the effort to carry out the doctrine of
secession and dissolve this Union, and having traced this thing to its
logical and physical results, we now acknowledge the flag of our
country, and promise obedience to the Constitution and the
supremacy of the law.’
“I say, then, when you comply with the Constitution, when you
yield to the law, when you acknowledge allegiance to the
Government—I say let the door of the Union be opened, and the
relation be restored to those that had erred and had strayed from the
fold of our fathers.”
It is not partisanship to say that Johnson’s views had undergone a
change. He did not admit this in his speeches, but the fact was
accepted in all sections, and the leaders of parties took position
accordingly—nearly all of the Republicans against him, nearly all of
the Democrats for him. So radical had this difference become that he
vetoed nearly all of the political bills passed by the Republicans from
1866 until the end of his administration, but such was the
Republican preponderance in both Houses of Congress that they
passed them over his head by the necessary two-thirds vote. He
vetoed the several Freedmen’s Bureau Bills, the Civil Rights Bill, that
for the admission of Nebraska and Colorado, the Bill to permit
Colored Suffrage in the District of Columbia, one of the
Reconstruction Bills, and finally made a direct issue with the powers
of Congress by his veto of the Civil Tenure Bill, March 2, 1867, the
substance of which is shown in the third section, as follows:
Sec. 3. That the President shall have power to fill all vacancies
which may happen during the recess of the Senate, by reason of
death or resignation, by granting commissions which shall expire at
the end of their next session thereafter. And if no appointment, by
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall be made to such
office so vacant or temporarily filled as aforesaid during such next
session of the Senate, such office shall remain in abeyance without
any salary, fees, or emoluments attached thereto, until the same shall
be filled by appointment thereto, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate; and during such time all the powers and duties
belonging to such office shall be exercised by such other officer as
may by law exercise such powers and duties in case of a vacancy in
such office.
The bill originally passed the Senate by 22 to 10—all of the nays
Democrats save Van Winkle and Willey. It passed the House by 112
to 41—all of the yeas Republicans; all of the nays Democrats save
Hawkins, Latham and Whaley. The Senate passed it over the veto by
35 to 11—a strict party vote; the House by 138 to 40—a strict party
vote, except Latham (Rep.) who voted nay.
The refusal of the President to enforce this act, and his attempted
removal of Secretary Stanton from the Cabinet when against the wish
of the Senate, led to the effort to impeach him. Stanton resisted the
President, and General Grant took an active part in sustaining the
War Secretary. He in fact publicly advised him to “stick,” and his
attitude showed that in the great political battle which must follow,
they would surely have the support of the army and its great
commander.
 Impeachment Trial of Andrew Johnson.

[33]
The events which led to the impeachment of President Johnson,
may be briefly stated as follows: On the 21st of February, 1868, the
President issued an order to Mr. Stanton, removing him from office
as Secretary of War, and another to General Lorenzo Thomas,
Adjutant-General of the Army, appointing him Secretary of War ad
interim, directing the one to surrender and the other to receive, all
the books, papers, and public property belonging to the War
Department. As these orders fill an important place in the history of
the impeachment, we give them here. The order to Mr. Stanton
reads:
“By virtue of the power and authority vested in me as President by
the Constitution and laws of the United States, you are hereby
removed from office as Secretary for the Department of War, and
your functions as such will terminate upon the receipt of this
communication. You will transfer to Brevet Major-General Lorenzo
Thomas, Adjutant-General of the Army, who has this day been
authorized and empowered to act as Secretary of War ad interim, all
records, books, papers, and other public property now in your
custody and charge.”
The order to General Thomas reads:
“The Hon. Edwin M. Stanton having been this day removed from
office as Secretary for the Department of War, you are hereby
authorized and empowered to act as Secretary of War ad interim,
and will immediately enter upon the discharge of the duties
pertaining to that office. Mr. Stanton has been instructed to transfer
to you all the records, books, and other public property now in his
custody and charge.”
These orders having been officially communicated to the Senate,
that body, after an earnest debate, passed the following resolution:
 “Resolved, by the Senate of the United States, That under the
Constitution and laws of the United States the President has no
power to remove the Secretary of War and designate any other
officer to perform the duties of that office.”
The President, upon the 24th, sent a message to the Senate,
arguing at length that not only under the Constitution, but also
under the laws as now existing, he had the right of removing Mr.
Stanton and appointing another to fill his place. The point of his
argument is: That by a special proviso in the Tenure-of-Office Bill the
various Secretaries of Departments “shall hold their offices
respectively for and during the term of the President by whom they
may have been appointed, and for one month thereafter, subject to
removal by and with the advice of the Senate.” The President affirms
that Mr. Stanton was appointed not by him, but by his predecessor,
Mr. Lincoln, and held office only by the sufferance, not the
appointment, of the present Executive; and that therefore his tenure
is, by the express reading of the law excepted from the general
provision, that every person duly appointed to office, “by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate,” etc., shall be “entitled to hold
office until a successor shall have been in like manner appointed and
duly qualified, except as herein otherwise provided.” The essential
point of the President’s argument, therefore, is that, as Mr. Stanton
was not appointed by him, he had, under the Tenure-of-Office Bill,
the right at any time to remove him; the same right which his own
successor would have, no matter whether the incumbent had, by
sufferance, not by appointment of the existing Executive, held the
office for weeks or even years. “If,” says the President, “my successor
would have the power to remove Mr. Stanton, after permitting him
to remain a period of two weeks, because he was not appointed by
him, I who have tolerated Mr. Stanton for more than two years,
certainly have the same right to remove him, upon the same ground,
namely that he was not appointed by me but by my predecessor.”
In the meantime General Thomas presented himself at the War
Department and demanded to be placed in the position to which he
had been assigned by the President. Mr. Stanton refused to
surrender his post, and ordered General Thomas to proceed to the
apartment which belonged to him as Adjutant-General. This order
was not obeyed, and so the two claimants to the Secretaryship of War
held their ground. A sort of legal by-play then ensued. Mr. Stanton
entered a formal complaint before Judge Carter, Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, charging that General
Thomas had illegally exercised and attempted to exercise the duties
of Secretary of War; and had threatened to “forcibly remove the
complainant from the buildings and apartments of the Secretary of
War in the War Department, and forcibly take possession and
control thereof under his pretended appointment by the President of
the United States as Secretary of War ad interim;” and praying that
he might be arrested and held to answer this charge. General
Thomas was accordingly arrested, and held to bail in the sum of
$15,000 to appear before the court on the 24th. Appearing on that
day he was discharged from custody and bail; whereupon he entered
an action against Mr. Stanton for false imprisonment, laying his
damages at $150,000.
On the 22d of February the House Committee on Reconstruction,
through its Chairman, Mr. Stevens, presented a brief report, merely
stating the fact of the attempted removal by the President of Mr.
Stanton, and closing as follows:
“Upon the evidence collected by the Committee, which is hereafter
presented, and in virtue of the powers with which they have been
invested by the House, they are of the opinion that Andrew Johnson,
President of the United States, should be impeached of high crimes
and misdemeanors. They, therefore, recommend to the House the
adoption of the following resolution:
“Resolved, That Andrew Johnson, President of the United States
be impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors.”
After earnest debate, the question on the resolution was adopted,
on the 24th, by a vote of 126 to 47. A committee of two members—
Stevens and Bingham—were to notify the Senate of the action of the
House; and another committee of seven—Boutwell, Stevens,
Bingham, Wilson, Logan, Julian, and Ward—to prepare the articles
of impeachment. On the 25th (February) Mr. Stevens thus
announced to the Senate the action which had been taken by the
House:
“In obedience to the order of the House of Representatives we
have appeared before you, and in the name of the House of
Representatives and of all the people of the United States, we do
impeach Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, of high
crimes and misdemeanors in office. And we further inform the
Senate that the House of Representatives will in due time exhibit
particular articles of impeachment against him, to make good the
same; and in their name we demand that the Senate take due order
for the appearance of the said Andrew Johnson to answer to the said
impeachment.”
The Senate thereupon, by a unanimous vote, resolved that this
message from the House should be referred to a select Committee of
Seven, to be appointed by the chair, to consider the same and report
thereon. The Committee subsequently made a report laying down the
rules of procedure to be observed on the trial.
On the 29th of February the Committee of the House appointed for
that purpose presented the articles of impeachment which they had
drawn up. These, with slight modification, were accepted on the 2d
of March. They comprise nine articles, eight of which are based upon
the action of the President in ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton,
and the appointment of General Thomas as Secretary of War. The
general title to the impeachment is:
“Articles exhibited by the House of Representatives of the United
States, in the name of themselves and all the people of the United
States, against Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, as
maintenance and support of their impeachment against him for high
crimes and misdemeanors in office.”
Each of the articles commences with a preamble to the effect that
the President, “unmindful of the high duties of his office, of his oath
of office, and of the requirements of the Constitution that he should
take care that the laws be faithfully executed, did unlawfully and in
violation of the laws and Constitution of the United States, perform
the several acts specified in the articles respectively;” closing with the
declaration: “Whereby the said Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States, did then and there commit and was guilty of a high
misdemeanor in office.” The phraseology is somewhat varied. In
some cases the offense is designated as a “misdemeanor,” in others
as a “crime.” The whole closes thus:
“And the House of Representatives, by protestation, saving to
themselves the liberty of exhibiting at any time hereafter any further
articles or other accusation or impeachment against the said Andrew
Johnson, President of the United States, and also of replying to his
answers which he shall make to the articles herein preferred against
him, and of offering proof to the same and every part thereof, and to
all and every other article, accusation, or impeachment which shall
be exhibited by them as the case shall require, do demand that the
said Andrew Johnson may be put to answer the high crimes and
misdemeanors in office herein charged against him, and that such
proceedings, examinations, trials, and judgments may be thereupon
had and given as may be agreeable to law and justice.”
The following is a summary in brief of the points in the articles of
impeachment, legal and technical phraseology being omitted:
Article 1. Unlawfully ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton as
Secretary of War, in violation of the provisions of the Tenure-of-
Office Act.—Article 2. Unlawfully appointing General Lorenzo
Thomas as Secretary of War ad interim.—Article 3 is substantially
the same as Article 2, with the addition that there was at the time of
the appointment of General Thomas no vacancy in the office of
Secretary of War.—Article 4 charges the President with “conspiring
with one Lorenzo Thomas and other persons, to the House of
Representatives unknown,” to prevent, by intimidation and threats,
Mr. Stanton, the legally-appointed Secretary of War, from holding
that office.—Article 5 charges the President with conspiring with
General Thomas and others to hinder the execution of the Tenure-of-
Office Act; and, in pursuance of this conspiracy, attempting to
prevent Mr. Stanton from acting as Secretary of War.—Article 6
charges that the President conspired with General Thomas and
others to take forcible possession of the War Department.—Article 7
repeats the charge, in other terms, that the President conspired with
General Thomas and others to hinder the execution of the Tenure-of-
Office Act, and to prevent Mr. Stanton from executing the office of
Secretary of War.—Article 8 again charges the President with
conspiring with General Thomas and others to take possession of the
property in the War Department.—Article 9 charges that the
President called before him General Emory, who was in command of
the forces in the Department of Washington, and declared to him
that a law, passed on the 30th of June, 1867, directing that “all
orders and instructions relating to military operations, issued by the
President or Secretary of War, shall be issued through the General of