ANSWERS ON QUESTION 1

Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes six stages of moral reasoning, which can be
organized into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Each level of
moral reasoning is characterized by specific moral principles. Here are four examples of moral
principles and how they apply in different life settings:

1. Respect for authority: This is a conventional moral principle that is based on the belief that individuals
should obey the laws and rules established by society. In a school setting, students are expected to
respect the authority of teachers and follow the school's code of conduct. In a workplace setting,
employees are expected to follow their supervisor's instructions and adhere to the company's policies
and procedures.

2. Justice and fairness: This is a post-conventional moral principle that is based on the belief that
individuals should be treated fairly and justly, regardless of their status or circumstances. In a court
setting, judges are expected to be impartial and make decisions based on the evidence presented, rather
than personal biases or prejudices. In a social justice setting, individuals may advocate for equal rights
and opportunities for marginalized groups.

3. Non-maleficence: This is a principle of medical ethics that is based on the belief that healthcare
providers have a duty to do no harm to their patients. In a medical setting, doctors and nurses are
expected to provide care that is safe and does not cause harm to the patient. This may involve adhering
to strict safety procedures, monitoring patients closely for adverse reactions, and providing appropriate
pain management.

4. Beneficence: This is another principle of medical ethics that is based on the belief that healthcare
providers have a duty to promote the well-being of their patients. In a medical setting, doctors and
nurses may provide treatments or interventions that are intended to improve the patient's health,
prevent disease, or alleviate suffering. This may involve providing medications, performing surgeries, or
offering counseling or support services.

ANSWERS ON QUESTION 2

Phinney (1992) theory of racial and ethnic development outlines 3 (three) stages in the

development of racial and ethnic identity. These are:

1. Unexamined ethnic identity,

2. Ethnic identity search Moratorium
3. Ethnic identity achievement
With the use of real life examples, give a succinct description of each stage.

1. Unexamined ethnic identity: This stage is characterized by a lack of awareness or exploration of one's
ethnic identity. People in this stage may adopt the beliefs and traditions of their ethnic group without
questioning them or considering other perspectives. For example, someone who grows up in a
predominantly Asian community and simply follows traditional cultural practices without questioning
why they do it, would be in the unexamined ethnic identity stage.

2. Ethnic identity search Moratorium: In this stage, individuals become more intentional and reflective
about their ethnic identity. They may actively seek out information about their racial/ethnic group,
compare their experiences to those of other groups, and explore different ways of expressing their
identity. An example of someone in this stage might be a college student who joins an ethnic student
organization and attends cultural events to learn more about their heritage.

3. Ethnic identity achievement: This stage is characterized by a strong sense of self-awareness and
comfort with one's ethnic identity. People in this stage have explored different aspects of their identity
and have formed a positive and secure sense of who they are in relation to their racial/ethnic group. An
example of someone in this stage might be someone who has integrated their cultural background into
their daily life, such as by speaking their native language at home, preparing traditional foods, and
participating in cultural celebrations.

ANSWERS ON QUESTION 3

3. Give a brief but succinct overview of Astin's Involvement Theory and discuss how students

involvement in college activities would impact them in the following areas

(a) Physical development

(b) Social development

(c) Spiritual development

(d) Intellectual development

(25 marks)

Astin's Involvement Theory suggests that the level and quality of a student's involvement in college
activities directly impact their overall educational experience and personal development. At its core, the
theory posits that the more a student is involved in their college community, the more likely they are to
achieve their academic and personal goals.

(a) Physical development: Involvement in physical activities such as sports, recreation, or other physical
fitness activities can positively impact physical development. Students who are involved in such activities
tend to have better health outcomes, lower levels of stress, and higher energy levels.
(b) Social development: Involvement in social activities such as clubs, organizations, and peer groups can
help students develop their interpersonal skills, build friendships, and create a sense of belonging on
campus. Social involvement can also increase a student's cultural understanding and appreciation of
diversity.

(c) Spiritual development: Involvement in religious or philosophical groups on campus can help students
explore and deepen their spiritual beliefs. Participation in service or volunteer activities can also
promote values-based development and provide opportunities for students to connect with others who
share similar beliefs.

(d) Intellectual development: Involvement in academic activities such as conferences, research projects,
or the creation of papers and presentations can help develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills,
as well as increase the depth and breadth of a student's knowledge. Additionally, involvement in
activities such as debate teams or community outreach programs can provide opportunities for students
to apply classroom learning in real-world situations.

Overall, Astin's Involvement Theory underscores the importance of a holistic approach to education that
fosters development across all aspects of a student's life. By promoting involvement in a variety of
activities, colleges and universities can help students become well-rounded individuals with a broad
range of skills and experiences.

ANSWERS ON QUESTION 4

According to Ghidiyal (2015), participation in sports or engaging in co-curricular activities plays an

important part in one's character/personality development. Apart from physical development identify
and describe any four other different aspects of development associated with involvement in sport at
tertial level

ANSWERS ON QUESTION 5

6 "Man is not what he thinks he is; he is what he hides" (Malraux: 2014). This assertion denotes
the need for self-discipline and self-control as important in developing oneself into a person of

integrity. Describe how one can use the University's programmed academic and social activities

to develop a personality and character which is beyond reproach.

(25 marks)

Self-discipline and self-control are critical in developing a person of integrity. At the University level, this
can be achieved through a structured approach to academic and social activities. This essay explores
how one can use the University's programmed academic and social activities to develop a personality
and character that is beyond reproach.

One way to develop a personality and character that is beyond reproach is by engaging with the
University's programmed academic activities. The academic environment provides multiple
opportunities for a student to develop themselves intellectually and ethically. Through the academic
curriculum, a student can learn critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills, which are
essential in developing integrity. A student can also choose to participate in research projects that
address ethical issues, such as social responsibility, justice, and human rights. By engaging in such
academic pursuits, a student can understand and appreciate the significance of ethics and integrity.

Furthermore, a student can participate in extracurricular activities aimed at developing integrity.

Universities have numerous student clubs, organizations, and associations that a student can join. These
clubs provide students with a platform to engage in community service, volunteer work, and other social
responsibility issues. Through these activities, a student can learn the value of giving back to society, and
develop empathy towards others. By engaging in such activities, a student can also learn teamwork,
leadership skills, and social skills that foster mutual respect and integrity.

Another way to develop integrity is through the University's programmed social activities. Social
relationships play a crucial role in shaping a person's character and personality. By participating in social
events such as concerts, art exhibitions, and sports events, a student can develop social skills and learn
how to interact with others in a respectful and ethical manner. Participation in these social events also
exposes a student to different cultures, traditions, and lifestyles, leading to a broader perspective of life
that fosters empathy and tolerance.

Lastly, the University provides avenues for students to take up positions of leadership. This can be
achieved through student council positions or even community service positions within the university.
By practicing effective leadership skills, a student develops integrity by being accountable, responsible,
and just in their actions. Leadership positions also provide a platform for a student to influence policies
that affect the welfare of the community, leading to the development of ethical leaders.
In conclusion, the University's programmed academic and social activities provide a structured and
holistic approach to developing integrity. By engaging in academic research, extracurricular activities,
social events, and leadership positions, a student can develop critical values that define integrity, such as
responsibility, accountability, teamwork, tolerance, and empathy. These qualities not only shape a
person's character and personality but also influence their future academic and career prospects.
Therefore, it is essential to take advantage of the numerous opportunities provided by a university to
cultivate a personality and character that is beyond reproach.