Becoming a

Member of a
Society
 For an individual to become a
functional member of society, he or she
should have a meaningful interaction
with the various social structures and
institutions of society ---- that is, a
pattern of relationship among the basic
components of a social system.

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SOCIALIZATION 
• Lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and
necessary survival skills in society.

• It is considered as the central process of social life and is also a process of member
recruitment and replacement.

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SOCIALIZATION 
• Enables the person to gradually become a self – aware and knowledgeable human being,
and learn the ways, values, rules, and culture of his / her society.

• Greatly influenced by the context of his /her respective society, and the social groups
that he/she interact

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Three Goals of Socialization 
1. It teaches impulse control and helps individuals develop a
conscience.

2. It teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform

certain social roles

3. It cultivates shared sources of meaning and value

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ENCULTURATION 
Process of being socialized into a specific culture. Individuals learn
cultural symbols, norms, values, and language by observing and
interacting with family, friends, and the rest of society.

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Cultural Identity
It is one’s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or
culture.

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 Ethnic Identity 
The identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on the basis of a
presumed common genealogy or ancestry

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National Identity 
Is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all
humans divided into groups called nation.

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Religious Identity 
Is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an
individual involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals

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 Norms  

Is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an

individual involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals
Things that exist in society independent of individuals and
that shape our thoughts and behavior. 
The act of abiding rules.

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 Normative 
Refers to what we perceive as normal, or what we think
should be normal, regardless of whether it actually is.

Refers to beliefs that are expressed as directives or value of

the judgment

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 Values  
Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is
desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad
guidelines for social living.

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Status

Position in a social system 

Refers to a social position that a person
holds
Can be ascribed or achieved, given or
accomplished, respectively
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Ascribed status

A social position receives at birth or takes on

involuntarily later in life.

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Achieved Status

•Social position a person takes on voluntarily

that reflects personal identity and effort.

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 Role

Social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects

personal identity and effort.

A person who holds status and perform a role

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Role Strain

Conflict among the roles connected to two or more

statuses.

Results from the competing demands of two or more

roles.

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Role Manipulation

Through impression, management has to bear on the

formation of a person’s self-identity.

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 Relation between
Conformity, Deviance
and Social Control

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Conformity
involves the acceptance of the cultural
goals and means of attaining those goals.

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Deviance
is a behavior that violates the standards
of conduct or expectations or social norms
of a group or society. Alcoholics, gamblers,
sex deviants, drug addicts or latecomers in
the class are all classified as deviants or
deviant acts.
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 FORMS OF DEVIANCE

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Ritualism
is a concept developed by American sociologist
Robert K. Merton as a part of his structural strain
theory. It refers to the common practice of going
through the motions of daily life even though one
does not accept the goals or values that align with
those practices

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 Retreatism
is the attitude of being resigned to the
abandonment of an original goal or the means of
attaining it (as in political or cultural matters)

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 Rebellion
is a special case wherein the individual rejects
both the cultural goals and traditional means of
achieving them but actively attempts to replace
both elements of the society with different goals
and means.

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Innovation
involves the acceptance of the goals of a culture but
the rejection of the traditional and/or legitimate means of
attaining those goals. For example, a member of the
Mafia values wealth but employs alternative means of
attaining his wealth; in this example, the Mafia member’s
means would be deviant.

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Innovation
involves the acceptance of the goals of a culture but
the rejection of the traditional and/or legitimate means of
attaining those goals. For example, a member of the
Mafia values wealth but employs alternative means of
attaining his wealth; in this example, the Mafia member’s
means would be deviant.

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Social Control
involves teaching, persuading, and or forcing members
and non-members of a group to comply with and not
deviate from its norms and expectations.

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Gossip
for social control in natural and artificial societies. In
this work, we propose a theory of gossip as a means for
social control.

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Law
Social control entails rules of behavior that should be
followed by the members of society. Some of the rules of
conduct fall into the realm of good manners as the
culture defines them. Other rules of conduct are not
optional and are enforced by-laws

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Reward and Punishment
Informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable
behavior (i.e., deviance) and are varied from individual to individual,
group to group, and society to society. For example, at a Women's
Institute meeting, a disapproving look might convey the message
that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a criminal gang,
on the other hand, a stronger sanction applies in the case of
someone threatening to inform the police of illegal activity.

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 Social control by the use of reward is known as
positive reinforcement. In society and the laws and
regulations implemented by the government tend to
focus on punishment or enforcing negative reinforcement
to act as a deterrent as a means of social control.

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Human Dignity
refers to an individual or group's sense of self-respect
and self-worth, physical and psychological integrity and
empowerment.

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Bill of Rights
natural rights, civil rights, political rights, economic
rights as well as rights of the accused before, during and
after trial.

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Human rights
Are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our
nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic
origin, color, religion, language, or any other status.

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Common good
which benefits society as a whole, in contrast to the
private good of individuals and sections of society. In
effect, the notion of the common good is a denial that
society is and should be composed of atomized
individuals living in isolation from one another.

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