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Philosophical Investigations 42:2 April 2019
ISSN 0190-0536
Abstract
The paper focuses on the role of relativistic ideas in Wittgenstein’s
philosophy. In particular, it focuses on On Certainty (1969), where in
(305), Wittgenstein explicitly invokes Einstein’s theory of relativity:
“Here once more there is needed a step like the one taken in relativity
theory.” The aim of the paper is to establish a connection between
Wittgenstein and Einstein that is both theoretically and exegetically
sound. In particular, the paper argues that Wittgenstein’s reaction to
scepticism closely resembles Einstein’s reaction to the ether.
I. Introduction
1. (321) is dated 12.3.51, and it succeeds almost immediately (305), which is dated
10.3.51. There is no entry in 11.3.51.
2. Accordingly, Antony Kenny writes: “There can also, we may note, be change in the
other direction—as is shown by the proposition ‘no man has ever been on the moon’
which Wittgenstein notoriously gave as an example of something that stands fast for us. ‘If
we are thinking within our system, then it is certain that no one has ever been on the
moon. Not merely is nothing of the sort ever seriously reported to us by reasonable peo-
ple, but our whole system of physics forbids us to believe it’ (OC 208). Nowadays, of
course, it is a matter of straightforward empirical inquiry to ascertain how many men have
been on the moon.” (2008: 151)
3. In The Blue Book (1958: 18), Wittgenstein argues that the craving for generality is
one of the sources of metaphysics.
- Neither the ether nor the sceptical hypothesis can be grounded in any
empirical evidence: the ether, for Einstein, and the sceptical hypothesis,
for Wittgenstein, are the result of an idle theoretical commitment.
- Lorentz and Moore take an empirical approach: for Lorentz, the speed
of light is a mere empirical datum. For Moore, propositions like
‘There are physical objects’ are straightforwardly empirical.
- Both Einstein and Wittgenstein seek a solution to their problems by
elevating mere empirical data to the role of a priori postulates. So, for
Einstein, the fixity of the speed of light becomes an assumption of his
theory of relativity; while, for Wittgenstein, mere empirical proposi-
tions such as ‘There are physical objects’ became assumptions that are
generally presupposed in all empirical inquiries.
III. Conclusion
References