Chapter 11 Simpson's Rule

Part 6 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION MAT 575
Chapter 11
Simpson’s
Rule
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 State Simpson 1/3 and 3/8 rules
 Identify and apply Simpson 1/3 and 3/8 rules
 Determine error involved in Simpson 1/3 and 3/8 rules
11.1 Introduction
Notice that in Riemann sum the area under a curve is being approximated by
a constant function y = c while trapezoidal rule used a linear function
y = ax + b (Figure 11.1).
y y
y1 y1
y2 y0 y2
y0 y3 y3
y4
y4
h h h h h h h h
a b x a b x
Figure 11.1
Is it possible to do the approximation by using a quadratic function,
y  ax2  bx  c or a polynomial of higher order? Hence, in Chapter 11 the
167
b
discussion will be focusing on estimating a definite integral  f ( x ) dx with a
a
polynomial or a curve.
11.2 Simpson’s 1/3 Rule

b
Suppose that the area represented by  f ( x ) dx is divided by the ordinates
a
y 0 , y1, y 2 into two subintervals each of width h as shown in Figure 11.2. A

particular parabola can be found passing through the three points with the
same coordinates.
y = f(x)
0 a b
Figure 11.2
Simpson’s Rule uses the area under that parabola as an approximation for
the value of the area under the curve y = f(x) i.e.
b x1  h
 f ( x) dx   ax
2
 bx  c dx 1
a x1  h
If y = ax 2 + bx + c is the parabola through the ordinates as shown, then

(x1 - h, y0 ), (x1, y1), (x1  h, y2 ) are on this parabola
i.e.
y0  a(x1 - h)2  b(x1 - h)  c (2)

y1  ax12  bx1  c (3)
2
y 2  a(x1  h)  b(x1  h) (4)
Now the area in Figure 11.2 is approximated with the quadratic function
y  ax2  bx  c
168
0 a b
Figure 11.3
   
x1  h
2
 ax  bx  c dx 
a
x1  h3  x1  h3  b x1  h2  x1  h2
x1  h 3 2
 cx1  h  x1  h
which simplifies to
x1 h
2
 ax  bx  c dx 
h
3
  
2a x1  h2  x1  hx1  h  x1  h2  3b2x1  6c 
x1 h
Then, using (2), (3) and (4) we find that

x1 h
2
 ax  bx  c dx 
h
y0  4y1  y2 
x1 h 3
From (1),
b h
 f ( x) dx  (y0  4y1  y2 )
a 3
This argument can be extended to another two subintervals also of width h.
y = f(x)
0 a b
Figure 11.4
The area under the parabola through y 0 , y1, y 2 is
h
(y + 4y1 + y 2 )
3 0
and the area under the parabola through y 2 , y 3 , y 4 is
169
h
(y + 4y 3 + y 4 )
3 2
i.e. 5 ordinates (or 4 subintervals), Simpson’s 1/3 rule is
b h
 f ( x ) dx  (y0  4y1  2y2  4y3  y 4 ) .
a 3
0 a b
Figure 11.5
This argument can be extended to cover any even number of subintervals (or
any odd number of ordinates). Hence, Simpson’s rule with (2k + 1) ordinates
is
b h
 f ( x) dx  (y0  4y1  2y2  4y3  ...  2y2k -2  4y2k -1  y2k )
a 3
Note that the use of Simpson’s rule requires an odd number of ordinates. For
easy computation, the ordinates used can be arranged in the form
b h 2k 2k -2
 f ( x) dx  (y0  y2k  4 ∑ y2r -1  ...  2 ∑ y2r )
a 3 r 1 r 1
Steps – Simpson’s 1/3 Rule

 Identify the interval [a, b]
 Identify the function f(x)
 Identify the step size or number of subintervals h, n
 Apply the Simpson 1/3 rule
h 2k 2k - 2
S1 / 3  (y0  y 2k  4 ∑ y 2r -1  ...  2 ∑ y 2r )
3 r 1 r 1
Example 1
Use Simpson’s rule with five ordinates to find an approximate value for

 sin d
0
170
x^2
Solution
10
5 x^2
0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
 Identify the interval; [a, b]

[0, π]
 Identify the function; f(θ)
f ( )  sin
 Identify the step size or number of subintervals; h or n
n4
and
ba
h
n
 0 
 
4 4
 Apply the Simpson 1/3 rule
i i sin coef coef*yi

0 θ0 = 0 y0 = 0.0000 1 0.0000
1  y1 = 0.8409 4 3.3636
θ1 =
4
2 2 y2 = 1.0000 2 2.0000
θ2 =
4
3 3 y3 = 0.8409 4 3.3636
θ3 =
4
4 θ4 =  y4 = 0.0000 1 0.0000

 sin d  S1/ 3 2.2848
0
171
h
S1 / 3  (y0  4y1  2y2  4y3  y 4 )
3

 8.7272
12
 2.2848
Example 2
1 1
Estimate the integral  dx to 3 decimal places using five ordinates by
2
0 1 x
applying :
(a) trapezoidal rule

(b) Simpson’s rule
Solution

[0, 1]
 Identify function
1
f ( x) 
1  x2
 Identify the step size or number of subintervals; h or n
n4
and
ba
h
n
1 0
  0.25
4
(a) Apply the trapezoidal rule
coef x
x f(x) coef
f(x)
0.0000 1.0000 1 1.0000
0.2500 0.9412 2 1.8824
0.5000 0.8000 2 1.6000
0.7500 0.6400 2 1.2800
1.0000 0.5000 1 0.5000
6.2624
172
1

1
dx 
h
f0  2f1  2f2  2f3  f4 
0 1 x2 2

0.25
6.2624
2
 0.7828  0.783
(b) Simpson’s 1/3 rule
x f(x) coef coef x f(x)
0.0000 1.0000 1 1.0000
0.2500 0.9412 4 3.7647
0.5000 0.8000 2 1.6000
0.7500 0.6400 4 2.5600
1.0000 0.5000 1 0.5000
9.4247
1

1
dx 
h
f0  4f1  2f2  4f3  f4 
0 1 x2 3

0.25
9.4247
3
 0.7854  0.785
The exact solution correct to 3 decimal places is 0.785.
Example 3
The following points were found empirically.
x 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9
y 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.1
3 .9
Use the Simpson’s 1/3 rule to estimate  y dx .
2 .1
Solution
Note that the interval is [2.1, 3.9] while the step size; h = 0.3 and the
number of ordinates are 7. Therefore,
3.9
 y dx 
0.3
2.5  42.8  3.3  3.9  2(3.0  3.6)  4.1
2.1 3
 6.39
173
Warm up exercise

2 1
Consider the definite integral  dx and divide the interval into 6
0 1  cos x
subintervals.
(i) Identify the interval.
(ii) Identify the step size.
(iii) Identify the function.
(iv) Approximate the definite integral above using Simpson’s 1/3 rule with
7 ordinates.
11.3 Error Analysis

Similar to Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule also incurred error in its
approximation. Below is the discussion regarding the computation of error
b
involved in using the Simpson 1/3 rule to estimate  f ( x ) dx .
a
Error in Simpson’s 1/3 Rule Approximations
A single-segment application of Simpson’s 1/3 rule has an approximate

truncation error of
1 5 ( 4) ba
Ea   h f ( ) ; h
90 2
An estimate for the local truncation error for the multiple-application of the
Simpson’s rule is given by
( b  a )5 ( 4 )
Ea   f ()
180n 4
where  lies somewhere in the interval from a to b and f ( 4) ( ) is the average

value of the fourth derivative.
b
f
( 4)
( x ) dx
f ( 4 ) ()  a
ba
174
Theorem
Suppose that f iv ( x) exists on [a,b]. Then for n a positive integer,
b
 f ( x ) dx  Sn  En
a
where
h  2k 2k - 2 

S1/ 3  f(x )  f(x )  4 ∑ f(x )  ...  2 ∑ f(x )
3  
0 2k 2r -1 2r
r 1 r 1 
and the error En is given by
( b  a )5 ( 4 )
En   f ()
180n 4
for some point  in [a, b].
Notice that the exponent here is 4, while it was 2 for the trapezoid rule. This
tells us that for a fixed n, Simpson's rule should give us approximately twice
as many decimal places correct.
Steps – Error Analysis

 Identify the interval; [a, b]
 Identify the given information; Ea , h, n
 Identify the function; f(x)
 Find the fourth derivatives; f 4 ( x )
 Compute the average value of the fourth derivatives;
b
4
 f ( x ) dx
f 4 ( )  a
ba
 Compute the approximated error;
( b  a )5 ( 4 )
Ea   f ()
180n 4
Example 4
Simpson’s 1/3 rule with 4 subintervals is used to approximate the integral
1 1
 dx , determine:
0 1  x
(a) the estimated error.

(b) the absolute error.
(c) the percentage error.
175
Solution
(a)
[0, 1]
 Identify the given information.
n4
 Identify the function
 1  x 1
1
f ( x) 
1 x
 Compute the fourth derivatives; f iv ( x)
f ' ( x )  1  x 2 f ' ' ' ( x )  61  x 4

f ' ' x   21  x 3 f iv x   241  x 5
 Compute the average value of the fourth derivatives;
b
iv
 f ( x ) dx
f iv ( )  a
ba
1
 241  x 
5
dx
0
1
1
 6 

4
 1  x   0
6
   6   5.625
24
 Compute the approximated error;
(b  a)5 ( 4 )
Ea   f ()
180n 4
(1  0)5
  5.625
180( 4)4
 1.2207 x 10 4
 0.1221x 10  3
Based on the error analysis it showed that the approximation is accurate

up to 3 decimal places.
176
(b) Approximate by applying Simpson’s 1/3 rule

coef x
x f(x) coef f(x)
0.0000 1.0000 1 1.0000
0.2500 0.8000 4 3.2000
0.5000 0.6667 2 1.3333
0.7500 0.5714 4 2.2857
1.0000 0.5000 1 0.5000
8.3190
S1/ 3 
1
8.3190
12
 0.6933
Exact definite integral is
1 1
 dx  ln 2  0.6931
0 1  x
Absolute error  exact  approximate

 0.0002
(c)
exact  approximate
% error 
exact
0.0002
 x100
0.6931
 0.0289
Example 5
41
The approximation for the integral  dx by Simpson’s rule is accurate to
1x
within 0.005. How large must n be?
Solution
The interval for the definite integral is [1, 4] and the approximated error is
1
at least 0.005 while the function is f ( x )  . Hence,
x
f ' ( x )   x 2 f ''' ( x )  6x 4

f '' ( x )  2 x  3 f iv ( x )  24x 5
177
and
b
iv
 f ( x ) dx
f iv ( )  a
ba
4
 24x 
5
dx
 1
3
4
 6 
 4
 x  1

3
6
  6 
4
 4
3
 1.9922
In order to achieve the required accuracy the number of subintervals
needed are
(b  a)5 ( 4 )
f (  )  0.005
180n 4
( 4  1)5
n4  1.9922
180(0.005)
 537.85
n  4.8159
Since Simpson’s 1/3 rule requires even number of subintervals then at

least 6 subintervals are needed to obtain an accuracy of 0.005.
Example 6
1 2
If the Simpson’s 1/3 rule is to be used to compute  e  x dx with an error
0
of at most 0.5 x 10-4, how many points are needed?
Solution
Note that the interval for the definite integral f ( x )  e  x is [0, 1] and the
2
estimated error is 0.5 x 10-4. To determine the number of points needed,

let’s do the error analysis.
f ' ( x )  2xe  x f '' ( x )  2e  x  4 x 2e  x

2 2 2
178
f ''' ( x )  12xe  x  8 x 3e  x f iv ( x )  12e  x  48x 2e  x  16x 4e  x

2 2 2 2 2
1
f iv ( )  12xe  x  8 x 3 e  x 
2 2
 0

 12e 1  8e 1  0 
 1.4715
(1  0)5 ( 4 )
f ( )  0.5 x 10  4
4
180n
n 4  163.5
n  3.5759
Therefore at least 5 points are needed to obtain an error of at most
0.5  104.
Warm up exercise
3
Assume  ln x dx is being estimated by Simpson’s 1/3 rule with 5 ordinates.
1
(i) Identify the interval and the step size.
(ii) Determine f(x), f ''' ( x ) and f iv ( x ) .

(iii) Compute the approximated error.
The theorem below can be used to determine the bound of maximum error
b
when Simpson’s 1/3 rule is applied to approximate a definite integral  f ( x ) dx .
a
Theorem
If f iv ( x) is continuous in [a, b], then the error in the Simpson’s 1/3 rule ES
satisfies
Mb  a5
Es  ,
180n4
where M is the largest value of f iv ( x ) in [a, b].
179
11.4 Simpson’s 3/8 rule

Simpson’s 3/8 rule is also known as 3/8 Newton-Cotes formula (or Newton-
Cotes for n=3). In Simpson’s 1/3 rule, we are supposed to divide a given
interval into 2 smaller or even number of subintervals. Meanwhile, 3/8
Simpson’s rule requires that the interval given be divided into three or multiple
of three subintervals i.e. number of subintervals = 3, 6, 7, 9, …, 3k (k = 1, 2,
3, …). Thus the number of ordinates needed is 3k + 1 (minimum 4). The
formula for 3/8 Simpson’s rule is given by
b 3h
 f ( x ) dx  (y0  3y1  3y2  2y3  3y 4  3y5  2y6
a 8
 ...  2y3k -3  3y3k - 2  3y3k -1  y3k )
Steps – Simpson’s 3/8 Rule

 Identify the function; f(x)
 Identify the step size or number of subintervals; h, n
 Apply the Simpson 3/8 rule
b 3h
 f ( x ) dx  (y0  3y1  3y2  2y3  3y4  3y5  2y6
a 8
 ...  2y3k -3  3y3k - 2  3y3k -1  y3k )
Example 7
0.9 1
Estimate  dx to 4 decimal places using Simpson’s 3/8 with 4
0 1  x2
ordinates.
Solution
 Identify the interval;
[0, 0.9]
 Identify the function;
1
f ( x) 
1  x2
180
 Identify the step size or number of subintervals;

n  3 and h  0 .3
 Apply the Simpson 3/8 rule
0 .9 3h
 f ( x ) dx  (y0  3y1  3y2  y3 )
0 8

3(0.3)
6.5107
8
 0.7325
x f(x) coef coef*f(x)

0.0 1.0000 1 1.0000
0.3 0.9174 3 2.7523
0.6 0.7353 3 2.2059
0.9 0.5525 1 0.5525
6.5107
Example 8
1
x
Apply Simpson’s 3/8 rule to estimate e  cos 4x dx using six
0
subintervals.
Solution
The interval of the definite integral is [0, 1] with f ( x)  ex  cos 4x .

Applying the Simpson’s 3/8 rule with 6 subintervals yields:
x f(x) coef coef*f(x)

0 2.0000 1 2.0000
1/6 1.6324 3 4.8971
1/3 0.9518 3 2.8553
1/2 0.1904 2 0.3808
2/3 -0.3759 3 -1.1277
5/6 -0.5471 3 -1.6412
1 -0.2858 1 -0.2858
7.0785
181
3h
S3 / 8  (y0  3y1  3y2  2y3  3y 4  3y5  y 6 )
8
 1
3 
   7.0785
6
8
 0.4424
Example 9
A tree trunk is 120 meter long. At a distance x meter from one end, its
sectional area A is given in square meter by the following table at intervals
of 20 meters:
L 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
A 120 124 128 130 132 136 144
Find the approximate volume of the tree trunk.
Solution
From calculus course it is stated that :
b
Volume   Area( x) dx
a
In this problem the area are given in tabulated values instead of a function.
The interval is given from 0 to 120 meters. Hence, the volume of the tree
trunk estimated with Simpson’s 3/8 rule is
L A(L) coef coef*A(L)

0 120 1 120
20 124 3 372
40 128 3 384
60 130 2 260
80 132 3 396
100 136 3 408
120 144 1 144
2084
120
Volume   Area(L ) dL
0

3(20)
2084  15630 m3
8
182
 Warm up exercise
2 1
Consider the definite integral  dx and divide the interval into 6
0 1  cos x
subintervals.
(i) Identify the interval.
(ii) Identify the step size.
(iii) Identify the function.
(iv) Approximate the definite integral above using Simpson’s 1/3 rule with
7 ordinates.
Surprisingly, the Simpson’s 3/8 rule is often less accurate than 1/3 rule.
11.5 Error Analysis

A single-segment application of Simpson’s 3/8 rule has an approximate
truncation error of
3 5 ( 4) ba
Ea   h f ( ) , h
80 3
An estimate for the local truncation error for the multiple-application of the
Simpson’s 3/8 rule is given by
(b  a)h 4 ( 4)
Ea   f ()
80
where
b
f
( 4)
( x ) dx
f ( 4 ) ()  a
ba
and  lies somewhere in the interval from a to b and f ( 4) ( ) is the average

value of the fourth derivative.
183
Theorem
Suppose that f iv ( x) exists on [a,b]. Then for n a positive integer,
b
 f ( x ) dx  Sn  En
a
where
3h
S3 / 8  (y0  3y1  3y2  2y3  3y 4  3y5  2y6
8
 ...  2y3k -3  3y3k - 2  3y3k -1  y 3k )
and the error En is given by
(b  a)h 4 ( 4)
Ea   f ()
80
for some point  in [a, b].
Steps – Error Analysis

 Identify the given information; Ea , h, n
 Find the fourth derivatives; f 4 ( x )
 Compute the average value of the fourth derivatives;
b
4
 f ( x ) dx
f 4 ( )  a
ba
 Compute the approximated error;
(b  a)h 4 ( 4)
Ea   f ()
80
Example 10
1.1
If Simpson’s 3/8 rule is to be used to compute  2 ln x  x dx with step size
0.2
h = 0.15, determine:
(a) the estimated error.
(b) the estimated subintervals.
(c) the estimated integral.
184
Solution
(a)
[0.2, 1]
 Identify the given information; h
h  0.15
 Find the fourth derivatives; f 4 ( x )
2 4
f ' (x)  1 f ' ' ' (x) 
x x3
2  12
f ' ' x   f iv x  
2
x x4
b
4
 f ( x ) dx
f 4 ( )  a
ba
1  12
 dx
x4
 0 .2
1  0 .2
1
1  4 

0.8  x 3  0.2
 620
(b  a)h 4 ( 4 )
Ea  f ()
80

1  0.20.154  620
80

0.80.154 620
80
 0.0031
 0.3 x10 2
Hence, it can be concluded that with h = 0.15, Simpson’s 3/8 rule is
accurate up to two decimal places.
185
(b) The estimate subintervals are

ba
n
h
0 .8

0.15
 5.3333
Since Simpson’s 3/8 rule is used then at least 6 subintervals are required.
Example 11
Find the minimum number of ordinates needed in order for the
4 2
approximation of the integral  dx by Simpson’s 3/8 accurate to within
1 x 1
0.005.
Solution

[1, 4]
 Identify the given information; Ea
Ea  0.005
 Find the fourth derivatives; f 4 ( x )
f ' ( x )  2x  12 f ' ' ' ( x )  12x  14

f ' ' x   4x  1 3 f iv x   48x  1 5

b
4
 f ( x ) dx
f 4 ( )  a
ba
4
 48x  1
5
dx
 1
4 1
4
  12 
 
 x  1 1
4
 0.7308
186
(b  a)h 4 ( 4 )
f ( )  0.005
80
4  1h 4 0.7308  0.005

80
0.00580
h4 
30.7308
h  0.1824
ba 3
n 
h 0.1824
 16.4473
Hence, 19 ordinates are needed to satisfy the required accuracy.
Example 12
1
If the Simpson’s 3/8 rule is to be used to compute  e x  cos 4x dx with
0
an error of at most 0.5 x 10-4, how many subintervals are needed?
Solution
Given x  0,1 , f ( x)  ex  cos 4x and error of at most 0.5 x 10-4. Hence,
f ' ( x)  ex  4 sin 4x f '' ( x)  ex  16 cos 4x
f ''' ( x)  ex  64 sin 4x f iv ( x)  ex  cos 4x
 
1
f iv ( x)   e  x  64 sin 4x 0  47.8032
(b  a)h 4 ( 4 )
f ( )  0.00005
80
1h4 47.8032  0.00005

80
h4 
0.0000580
47.8032
 8.3676 x 105
h  0.0956
ba
and n 
h
187
n 10.4603
In order to have an error of at most 0.5 x 10-4, 12 subintervals are required.
Example 13
Find the minimum number of ordinates needed in order for the

3
approximation of the integral  e x sin x dx by Simpson’s 3/8 accurate to
0
within 0.005.
Solution
 
Given x  0,  , f ( x)  ex sin x and approximated error is 0.005. Hence,
 3
f ' ( x)  ex sin x  ex cos x f '' ( x)  2ex cos x
f ''' ( x)  2ex cos x  2ex sin x f iv ( x)  2ex sin x


f 4 (x) 
 x x
3 2e cos x  2e sin x 03 

  
3 3  
 2e  cos  sin   21
  3 3 
 
 3.9019
(b  a)h 4 ( 4 )
f ( )  0.005
80
  4
 h 3.9019
3  0.005
80
30.00580
h4 
3.9019
 0.0979
h  0.5594
ba 
h 
n 3n
n 1.872
Therefore, based on the error approximation 3 subintervals are needed.
188
The theorem below can be used to determine the bound of maximum error
when Simpson’s 3/8 rule is applied to approximate a definite integral
b
 f ( x ) dx .
a
Theorem
If f iv ( x) is continuous in [a, b], then the error in the Simpson’s 3/8 rule ES
satisfies
Mb  a5
Es  ,
180n4
where M is the largest value of f iv ( x ) in [a, b].
Warm up exercise
3
Assume  ln x dx is being estimated by Simpson’s 3/8 rule with 6 subintervals.
1
(i) Identify the interval and the step size.
(ii) Determine f iv ( x) and f iv ( x ) .

(iii) Compute the approximated error.
Exercise 11
1. Use the Simpson’s 1/3 rule to estimate the following definite integral with n
subintervals.

2 1 1 .6
x
(i)  dx ;n = 4 (d)  xe dx ; n = 6
0 1  cos x 1
20 x 3
(ii)  dx ; n = 10 (e)  2 ln x dx ; n =8
0 5 1
 sin t 2
(iii)  dt ;n=8 (f)  2x cos x dx ; n = 10
 t 0
189
2. The table indicates a relationship between two variables x and y.

x 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
y 1.94 2.19 2.46 2.75 3.06 3.39
1 .7
Assume y = f(x) where f is continuous, and approximate  f ( x ) dx using the
1 .2
Simpson’s 1/3 rule.
3. Refer to question (1), use the error estimate formula to approximate the error
if the given integral is approximated by Simpson’s 1/3 rule with the given
subintervals, n.
4. Consider the following definite integral with n subintervals, estimate :
(a) the definite integral using the Simpson’s 3/8 rule.
(b) the error accuracy.

2 1 1 .6
x
(i)  dx ;n = 3 (iv)  xe dx ; n = 6
0 1  cos x 1
18 x 3
(ii)  dx ;n=9 (v)  2 ln x dx ; n = 6
0 5 1
 sin t 2
(iii)  dt ;n=9 (vi)  2x cos x dx ; n = 12
 t 0
5. The arc length of the curve y = f(x) over the interval a  x  b is
b
length   1  ( f ' ( x ))2 dx
a
(a) Approximate the arc length of each function using Simpson’s 1/3 rule with
n = 10.
(b) Approximate the error accuracy.
(c) How many ordinates are needed to estimate the integral with an accuracy
of 0.5 x103 .
(i) f ( x)  x3 for 0  x  1

(ii) f ( x )  sin 2x for 0  x 
8
190
(iii) f ( x)  e2x for 0  x  0.5

6. Volume of Water in a Swimming Pool A rectangular swimming pool is 30 ft
wide and 50 ft long. The table below shows the depth h(x) of the water at 5-ft
intervals from one end of the pool to the other. Estimate the volume of water
in the pool using Simpson’s 1/3 Rule with n=10, applied to the integral
50
V =  30  h( x )dx .
0
Position (ft) Depth (ft) Position(ft) Depth (ft)

x h(x) x h(x)_ __
0 6.0 30 11.5
5 8.2 35 11.9
10 9.1 40 12.3
15 9.9 45 12.7
20 10.5 50 13.0
25 11.0
7. Use the Simpson’s 3/8 rule with n = 6 to estimate the area of the region under
the curve m( t )  50  2t 2 and above the t-axis.
(a) What is the exact area of this region?

(b) What is the smallest n that results in the value of this estimate?
8. Stocking a Fish Pond As the fish and game warden of your township, you are
responsible for stocking the town pond with fish before the fishing season.
The average depth of the pond is 20 feet. Using the scaled map, you
measure distances across the pond at 225-foot intervals, as shown in the
diagram.
(a) Use the Simpson’s 3/8 Rule to estimate the volume of the pond.
(b) You plan to start the season with one fish per 100 cubic feet. You intend to
have at least 25% of the opening day’ fish population left at the end of the
season. What is the maximum number of licenses the town can sell if the
average seasonal catch is 20 fish per license?
0 ft
860 ft
520 ft
800 ft
1000 ft
1140 ft
1160 ft
1110 ft
860 ft
0 ft
191
http://www.math.uky.edu/~rbrown/courses/ma114.f.03/lec16.pdf
http://www.maths.soton.ac.uk/emis/journals/JIPAM/v3n4/031_02_www.pdf
192

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Part 6 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION MAT 575

y  ax2  bx  c or a polynomial of higher order? Hence, in Chapter 11 the

11.2 Simpson’s 1/3 Rule

y 0 , y1, y 2 into two subintervals each of width h as shown in Figure 11.2. A

If y = ax 2 + bx + c is the parabola through the ordinates as shown, then

y0  a(x1 - h)2  b(x1 - h)  c (2)

Then, using (2), (3) and (4) we find that

This argument can be extended to another two subintervals also of width h.

Steps – Simpson’s 1/3 Rule

 Identify the interval; [a, b]

i i sin coef coef*yi

(a) trapezoidal rule

 Identify the interval; [a, b]

11.3 Error Analysis

Error in Simpson’s 1/3 Rule Approximations

A single-segment application of Simpson’s 1/3 rule has an approximate

where  lies somewhere in the interval from a to b and f ( 4) ( ) is the average

Steps – Error Analysis

(a) the estimated error.

 Compute the fourth derivatives; f iv ( x)

f ' ( x )  1  x 2 f ' ' ' ( x )  61  x 4

Based on the error analysis it showed that the approximation is accurate

(b) Approximate by applying Simpson’s 1/3 rule

Absolute error  exact  approximate

f ' ( x )   x 2 f ''' ( x )  6x 4

Since Simpson’s 1/3 rule requires even number of subintervals then at

estimated error is 0.5 x 10-4. To determine the number of points needed,

f ' ( x )  2xe  x f '' ( x )  2e  x  4 x 2e  x

f ''' ( x )  12xe  x  8 x 3e  x f iv ( x )  12e  x  48x 2e  x  16x 4e  x

(i) Identify the interval and the step size.

(ii) Determine f(x), f ''' ( x ) and f iv ( x ) .

where M is the largest value of f iv ( x ) in [a, b].

11.4 Simpson’s 3/8 rule

Steps – Simpson’s 3/8 Rule

 Identify the step size or number of subintervals;

x f(x) coef coef*f(x)

The interval of the definite integral is [0, 1] with f ( x)  ex  cos 4x .

x f(x) coef coef*f(x)

Find the approximate volume of the tree trunk.

L A(L) coef coef*A(L)

11.5 Error Analysis

and  lies somewhere in the interval from a to b and f ( 4) ( ) is the average

Steps – Error Analysis

 Find the fourth derivatives; f 4 ( x )

 Compute the approximated error;

(b) The estimate subintervals are

 Identify the interval; [a, b]

 Find the fourth derivatives; f 4 ( x )

f ' ( x )  2x  12 f ' ' ' ( x )  12x  14

 Compute the average value of the fourth derivatives;

 Compute the approximated error;

4  1h 4 0.7308  0.005

Hence, 19 ordinates are needed to satisfy the required accuracy.

f ' ( x)  ex  4 sin 4x f '' ( x)  ex  16 cos 4x

f ''' ( x)  ex  64 sin 4x f iv ( x)  ex  cos 4x

1h4 47.8032  0.00005

f ' ( x)  ex sin x  ex cos x f '' ( x)  2ex cos x

f ''' ( x)  2ex cos x  2ex sin x f iv ( x)  2ex sin x

where M is the largest value of f iv ( x ) in [a, b].

(i) Identify the interval and the step size.

(ii) Determine f iv ( x) and f iv ( x ) .

2. The table indicates a relationship between two variables x and y.

5. The arc length of the curve y = f(x) over the interval a  x  b is

(iii) f ( x)  e2x for 0  x  0.5

Chapter 11 Simpson's Rule

Chapter 11 Simpson's Rule