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INDEX

UNIT VIII : BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

1. Human Health and Disease - 3-12

2. Strategies for Enhancement in Food - 13-21

Production

3. Microbes in Human Welfare - 21-28

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HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE

1. Health does not simply mean absence of disease or physical fitness. It
could be defined as complete physical, mental, and social well being.
Health is affected by:
(i) genetic disorders (ii) Infections(iii) Life style including food and water.
2. When the functioning of one or more organs or systems of the body is
adversely affected, characterised by appearance of various signs and
symptoms i.e. we have disease.
3. Disease can be broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious.
4. Disease which can easly transmitted from one person to another are
called infectious disease. (Common Cold, AIDS etc.)
5. Among non-infectious disease, cancer is major cause of death.
6. Disease causing organism are called pathogen. Most parasite are therefore
pathogen as they cause harm to host by living in (or on) them.
7. Pathogen have to adopt to life within the environment of the host of surviving
in the stomach at low pH and resisting various digestive enzymes.
8. Typhoid : Cause by bacteria, Salmonella typhi, Enter in small intestine
through food and water contaminated with them. (2020)[NCERT-146]
Symptoms : sustain high fever (39o to 40oC), weakness, stomach pain,
constipation, Headache, loss of apeptite etc.
Intestinal perforation and death may occure in severe case.
• Typhoid fever could be confirmed by widal test
(2012, 2019, 2020)[NCERT-247]
9. Pneumonia : Bacteria like Streptococcus preumoniae and
Haemophilus Influenzae are responsible, which infect the alveali of lungs.
(2020, 2021)[NCERT-247]
Alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problem in respiration.
Symptoms : Fever, chills, cough. Headache, severe case - lips and
nails turn gray to bluish in colour
• Healthy person acquire the infection by inhaling the droplet/aerosols
released by an infected person or sharing glasses and utensils with an
infected person. (2011)[NCERT-247]
10. Common Cold : Rhino viruses represent the group of viruses which
cause one of the most infectious human ailments - Common cold
(2011)[NCERT-247]
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• They infect nose and respiratory passage but not lungs.
(2012)[NCERT-247]
Symptoms : nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness,
cough headache etc. which usually last for 3 - 7 days.
• Droplet resulting from cough or sneezes of infected person are either
inhaled directly or transmitted through contaminated object can cause
infection in a healthy person.
11. Malaria : Cause by different species of plasmodium (P. vivax, P. malaria
P. falciparum). P. falciparum is most serious and be fatal.
(2020)[NCERT-247]
• Plasmodium enter in human body as sporozoits (infectious form) through
the bite of infected female Anapheles mosquito. (2020)[NCERT-247]
• Rupture of RBCs is associated with release of a toxic substance,
Haemozoin, which is responsible for the chill and high fever.
(2010)[NCERT-247]
• Parasites multiply within the mosquito body to form sparozoites that are
stored in their slivary gland. (2012, 2011) [NCERT-247]
• Malarial parasite require two host – human and mosquitoes to complete
its life cycle, the female Anapheles mosquito is vector.
• Fertilisation and development take place in mosquito’s gut.
12. Amoebiosis (amoebic dysentery) : Cause by a protozoa Entamoeba
histalytica which is found in large Intestine of human.
(2021)[NCERT-248]
Symptoms: Constipation, abdominal pain, cramp, stool with Excess
Mucus and blood clots.
• House fly act as mechanical carrier and serve to transmit the parasite
from faeces of infected person to food and food products.
13. Ascariasis: Cause by intestinal parasite, Ascaris.
Symptoms: Internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anemia and blockage
of intestinal passage.
• Egg of parasite are excreted along with faces of infected persons which
contaminate soil, water, plants etc. (2013)[NCERT-249]
14. Elephantiosis or filariosis : Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi),
the filarial worm cause slowly developing chronic inflammation of the
organ in which they live for many years. Usually lymphatic vessels of
lower limbs. (2013, 2020, 2021)[NCERT-249]

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• Pathogen are transmitted to a healthy person through bite by female
mosquito vectors.
15. Ringworm: Many fungi belonging to genera Microsporum,
Trichophyton and Epidermophyton responsible for ringworm.
Symptoms : appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various part of body
such as skin, nails, scalp.
• Heat and moisture help these fungi to grow
16. Public hygiene include proper of waste and excreta, periodic cleaning
and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools and tanks these
measures are particularly essential where infectious agents are
transmitted through food and water such as typhoid, amoebiasis and
ascariasis.
17. In case of air born disease (Pneumonia, common cold) in addition to
above measures, close contact with infected persons or their belongings
should be avoided.
18. Fishes like Gambusia in pond feed on mosquito larvae.
19. Vector born disease : Dengu and Chickungunya (Ades mosquito)
20. To prevent these disease door and window should be provided with wire
mesh.
21. Immunity: Overall ability of host to fight the disease-causing organism
conferred by immune system is called Immunity.
Immunity 2 type:
[A] Innate Immunity: non specific type of defence, present at the time of
Birth.
Innate Immunity consists of 4 type of barriers
1. Physical barriers – Skin in our body in main barrier that prevent Entry of
microorganism.
2. Mucus coating of the epithelium, lining of respiratory gastrointestinal
and urogenital tracts also help in trapping microbes entering in body.
3. Physiological barrier : Acid in stomach, saliva in mouth, tears from
eyes - all prevent microbial growth.
4. Cellular barrier: Certain type of leukocyte (WBC) of our body like
polymarpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-Neutrophils) and monocytes and
natural killer (type of lymphocyte) in blood as well as macrophase in
tissue can phagocytose and destroy microbes.
5. Cytokine barriers: Virus infected cell secrete proteins called interferons
which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
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[B] Acquired Immunity : Pathogen specific, characterised by memory.

1. When our body encounters a pathogen for first time it produce a response
called Primary response which is of low Intensity.
[NEET-2022][NCERT-152]
2. Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified
secondary or anamestic response.
[NEET-2022][NCERT-152]
3. Primary and secondary response are carried out with the help of two
special types of lymphocytes presents in our blood i.e. B & T
lymphocytes.
4. B lymphocyte produce army of protein in response to pathogen in our
blood to fight with them (while T-lymphocyte not secrete antibody but
help B cell to produce them) called Antibody.
5. Each Antibody molecule has four peptide chain two small called light
chain and two longer called heavy chain (represented as H2L2).
6. Antibody found in blood and response is called as humaral Immune
response .
7. T-lymphocyte mediate Cell-Mediated Immunity.
8. The body is above to differentiate self and nonself and the cell-mediated
immune response is responsible for graft - rejection.
(2015, 2017,2019)[NCERT-152]
22. When host is Exposed to antigen (living or dead microbes, other protein)
antibody produced in host this type of Immunity - Active Immunity.
23. When ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect the body against
foreign agent it is called Passive Immunity.
• Yellowish fluid colostrum secreted by mother during initial few days of
lactation (IgA Antibody), foetus also receive some antibody from their
mother through placenta are Example of Passive Immunity.
(2015,2019)[NCERT-152]
24. Principle of immunisation or vaccination is based on property of memory
or immune system.
• In vaccination prepration of protein of pathogen or inactivated/weakend
pathogen (vaccine) are introduced into body, the antibody produced in
body against antigen neutrilise pathogenic agent during actual Infection.
• In case of tetanus, snakebite quick immune response hence preformed
antibodies give this type of immunisation called passive Immunisation.
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• Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the production of antigenic
polypeptide of pathogen in bacteria or yeast.
• Hepatitis B Vaccine produced from yeast.
25. The exaggerated response of immune system to certain antigens present
in environment is called allergy. Antibody produced are of IgE type.
• Common Examples of allergens are mites in dust, pollen, animal dander.
• Symptoms of allergic reactions include sneezing, watery eye, running
nose difficulty in breathing.
• Allergy is due to release of chemical (histamine, serotonin) from mast
cell.
• Drugs to reduce symptom of allergy – Anti histamine, adrenalin and
steroids.
• More children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma
due to sensitivity to the environment. (2007)[NCERT-153]
26. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based
an ability to differentiate foreign organism (e.g. pathogen) from self cells.
• Sometime due to genetic and other unknown reasons, body attacks
self-cell. This result in damage to the body and is called auto-Immune
disease. Ex-Rheumatoid arthritis. (2022, 2016, 2018)[NCERT-153]
27. Immune System: It consist of lymphoid organ, tissue, cell and soluble
molecule like antibody.
28. Lymphoid organs: These are organs where origin and/or maturation
and proliferation of lymphocyte occure.
• Primary lymphoid organs : (Bone Marrow and Thymus) where in mature
lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-senstive lymphocytes.
• Secondary lymphoid organ like (spleen, lymph node, tonsils, payer’s
patches of small intestine and appendix) which then proliferate to
become effector cell.
• Bone marrow is main lymphoid organ where all blood cell including
lymphocyte are produced.
• Thymus is lobed organ located near the heat and beneath the breast
bone.
• Both bone marrow and thymus provide micro-environment for development
and maturation of T-lymphocyte.
• Spleen is a large bean shaped organ.
• Spleen mainly contain lymphocyte and phagocyte and act as filter of
blood by tropping blood-born micro-organism.
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• Spleen has a large reservoir of erythrocytes.
• Antigens trapped in lymph node (small solid structure located at different
point of lymphatic system) are responsible for activation of lymphocyte
present there and cause the immune response.
• Lymphoid tissue located within the lining of major tract (respiratory,
digestive, and urogenital tracts) called Mucosa Associated Lymphoid
Tissue (MALT). It constitute about 50% of lymphoid tissue of human
Body. (2017)[NCERT-154]
29. AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) : It is not a Congenital
disease, first reported in 1981.
• AIDS is caused by Human Immuno deficiency virus (HIV) a member of a
group of virus called retrovirus. (Have envelop enclosing RNA genome)
• There is always a time lag between the infection and appearance of AIDS
symptoms. This period may vary few month to many year (5-10 years).
• After getting into the body of person the virus enters into macrophoges
where RNA genome of virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of
Enzyme Reverse transcriptase. (2016)[NCERT-154]
• These viral DNA get incorporated into host cell’s DNA and directs the
infected cell to produce virus particles.
• Macrophages act like HIV factory simultaneously HIV enter into helper
T-lymphocyte (TH) replicate and produce progeny virus.
• The progeny virus released in blood attack other helper T-lymphocytes.
Progressive decrease in TH of infected person cause bouts of fever
diarrhoea and weight loss. (2010, 2014, 2015)[NCERT-154]
• Widely used diagnostic test for AIDS is Enzyme linked immuno-sarbent
assay (ELISA)
• Treatment of AIDS with anti-retroviral drug is partially Effective.
• NACO (National AIDS Control Organisation), NGOs (non-governmental
organisations).
30. Cancer: In our body, cell growth and differentiation is highly controlled
and regulated. In cancer cells, there is breakdown of these regulatory
mechanism.
• Normal Cell show a property called Contact inhibition by virtue of which
contact with other cell inhibits their uncontrolled growth cancer cell appear
to lost this property. (2012, 2016)[NCERT-157]
• As a result this cancerous cell rest continue to divide give rise to mass of
cell called tumor.
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31. Tumors are two type:
(A)Benign tumor : Normaly remain confined to their original location
and do not spread to other part of body cause little damage.
(B)Malignant tumor : A mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or
human cell, these cell grow very rapidly, invading and damaging the
surrounding normal tissue.
• As these cell actively divide and grow they also starve the normal cell by
competing for vital nutrients. Cell sloughed from such tumors reach distant
site by blood wherever they get lodged in body they start a new tumor,
this property called metastasis most feared property of malignant tumor.
32. Cause of Cancer – by physical, chemical, biological agent called
carcinogens which cause cancer.
[Ionising Radiation  X-ray and Gamma ray,,
Non-ionising Radiation  UV-rays]  Cause DNA damage leading to
neoplastic transformation.
• Cancer caujsing virus called oncogenic virus have gene called viral
oncogene.
• Several genes called cellular oncogene (C-onc) or proto oncogene have
been identified in normal cell which when activated under certain condition
could leads to oncogenic transformation of cells.
33. Technique like radiogrtaphy (use of X-ray), CT computed tomography
and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) are very useful to detect cancer
of internal organs.
• Computed tomography use x-ray to generate 3D image of intarnal object.
• MRI use strong magnetic field and non-ionising radiations to occurately
detect pathological and physiological change in living tissue.
(2010)[NCERT-157]
• Anntibodies against cancer-specific antigens are also used for detection
of certain cancer.
34. Common approaches for treatment of cancer are surgery, radiation therapy
and immunotherapy.
• In radiotherapy tumor cell are irradiated lethally, taking proper care of
normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass.
• Chemotherapeutic drug are used to kill cancerous cell. Some are specific
for particular tumors.
• Most cancers are treated by combination of surgery, radiotherapy and
distruction by immune system.
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• Biological response modifiers such as  -interferon which activate

their immune system and help destraying the tumor.
35. Opioids : The drug which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our
central nervos system and gastrointestinal tract.
• Heroin commonly called smack is chemically diacetylmarphine which
is while, better crystalline compound, obtain by acetylation of morphinal
which is extracted from latex of poppy plant Papaver somni-
ferum. (2018, 2019)[NCERT-158]
• Heroin is depressant and slows down body functions taken by snorting
and injections.
36. Cannabinoids - group of chemicals which interact with cannabinoid
receptars present principally in the brain.
• Natural cannabinoids are obtain from inflorerescences of plant Cannabis
sativa.
• The flower tops, leaves and resins of cannabis plant use in various
combination to produce marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja.
• They effects on cardio vascular system of body and taken by inhalation
and oral ingestion.
37. Coca alkaloid or cocain : obtain from coca plant Erythroxylum coca
native to south america. It interferes with transport of neurotransmitter
dopamine.
• Cocaine commonly called coke or crack is usually shorted.
• It has a potent stimulating action on CNS, produce sense of Euphoria
and increased energy. Its excessive dose causes hallucination.
• Other well known plant with hallucinogenic properties are Atropa
Belladona and Datura. (2014)[NCERT-159]
38. Drug like barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines and other similar
drug that are normally used as medicine to help patients cope with mental
illnesses like depression and insomnia.
39. Marphine is a very effective sedative and pain killer and is very useful in
patients who have undergone surgery.
40. Tobacco contain a large number of chemical substance including nicotins,
an alkaloid. Nicotine stimulate adrenal gland to release adrenaline and
nor-adrenaline into blood circulation both of which raise blood pressure
and increase heart rate.
41. Smoking increase carbon monoxide (CO) content in blood and reduce
the concentration of Haembound oxygen. This cause oxygen deficiency
in the body.
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42. Smoking is associated with increased incidence and increase heart rate.
43. Adolescence means both a period and process during which a child
become mature in term of his/her attitude and beliefs for effective
participation in society. (period between 12-18 years of age)
44. Adolescence is a bridge linking childhood and adulthood.
45. The most important thing, which one fails to realise is the inherent addictive
nature of alcohol and drugs.
46. Addiction is a psychological attachment to certain effects such as
Euphoria and temparary feeling of well-being associated with drugs and
alcohols.
47. With repeated use of drugs, the tolerance level of receptors present in
our body increases. Consequently the receptors respond only to higher
doses of drugs or alcohol leading to greater intake and addiction.
48. Withdrawl syndrome : if regular dose of drugs / alcohol is abruptly
discontinued then this is characterised by anxiety, shakiness, nausea
and sweating.
49. Those who lake drugs intravenously (direct injection into the vein using a
needle and syringe) are more likely to acquire serious infections like
AIDS and Hepatitis B.
• Both AIDS and Hepatitis B infections are chronic infections and ultimately
fetal and both can be transmitted through sexual contact or infected
blood.
• Use of alcohol during aldolescence may also have long-term effect. It
could lead to heavy drinking in adulthood. The chronic use of drug and
alcohol damage nervous system and liver (cirrhosis).
(2012)[NCERT-162]
• Side effect of the use of anabolic steroids in female include masculinisatic
(feature like male), increased aggressiveness, mood swing, depression,
abnormal menstrual cycle, Excessive hair growth on face and body,
Enlargement of clitoris, dupening of voice.
• In male it include acne, increased aggressiveness, mood swings
depression, reduction of size of testicles, decreased sperm production
premature baldness, enlargement of prostate gland.

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STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION

1. Biological principles as applied to animal husbandry and plant breeding
have major role in our efforts to increase food production.
2. Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising
livestock. Animal husbandry deals with care and breeding of livestock
like buffaloes, cow, pigs, horse, cattle etc. that are useful to human.
3. Fisheries include rearing, catching, selling, etc.. of fish, molluscs (shell-
fish) and crustaceans (prawns, crabs, etc.)
4. It is estimated that more then 70 percent of world livestock population
is in India and China. However, it is surprising to note that the contribution
to the world farm produce is only 25% the productivity per unit is very
low.
5. In dairy form management, we deal with process and system that increase
yield and improve quality of milk.
• Milk yield primarly dependent on the quality of breeds in the farm.
• Selection of good breeds having high yielding potential (under the
climatic condition of the area), combined with resistance to diseases
in very important
6. Poultry is the class of domesticated fowl (birds) used for food or for their
eggs. They typically include chicken and ducks and some times turkey
and geese.
• Ward poultry is often used to refer to the meet of only these birds but
in a more general sense it may refer to the meet of other birds too.
7. Breed: A group of animals related by descent and similar in most
characters like general appearance, feature, size, configuration etc.
8. When breeding is between animal of same breed it is called inbreeding
while crosses between different breeds are called outbreeding.
9. Inbreeding: Mating of more closely related individual within the same
breed for 4 - 6 generation, superior male and superior female of the same
breed are identified and mated in pair. (NEET- 2017)[NCERT-167]
• Superior male – Which give rise to superior progeny as compare to
those of other male.
• Superior female – In case of cattle, is the cow or buffalo that produce
more milk per lactation.
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• Inbreeding increases homozygosity. Thus inbreeding is necessary if

we want to evolve a pureline in any animal. Inbreeding expose harmful
recessive gene that are eliminated by selection.
(NEET- 2019)[NCERT-167]
• It also help in accumulation of superior gene and elimination of less
descrable gene.
• Continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding usually reduces
fertility and even productivity. This is called inbreeding depression.
10. Out-breeding: Breeding of unrelated animal which may be between
individual of same breed but having no common ancestors for 4 - 6
generation (out-crossing) or between different breeds (cross-breeding) or
different species (inter-specific hybridisation).
(a) Out Crossing : Best breeding method for animal that are below average
in productivity in milk production, growth rate in beef cattle. A single
outcross often help to over come inbreeding dipression.
(NEET- 2015)[NCERT-168]
(b) Cross breeding: Superior male of one breed are mated with superior
female of another breed. Cross breeding allows the disirable quantities
of two different breed to be combined.
• Parogeny may be subjected to some form of inbreeding and selection
to develop new stable breed that may be superior to existing breeds.
• Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing
Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams. (NEET- 2020) [NCERT-168]
(c) Interspecific hybridisation: Male and female animal of two different
related species are mated. (NEET- 2016) [NCERT-168]
11. Controlled breeding Experiment are carried out by using artificial
insemination.
• Often success rate of crossing mature male and female animal is
fairly low even through artificial insemination is carried out.
12. MOET (Multiple Ovulation Embryo TransferTechnology): In this
method a cow is administered hormone with FSH like activity, to induce
follicular maturation and super ovulation – insted of one egg which they
normally yield per cycle they produce 6 - 8 eggs.
(NEET- 2021)[NCERT-168]
• The animal is either mated with elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The fertilised eggs at 8-32 cells stage are recovered non-surgically
and transferred to surrogate mothers. (NEET- 2021)[NCERT-169]

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13. Bee-keeping or apiculture is the maintenance of hives of honey bees
for the production of honey. There are several species of honey bees
which can be reared bu most common species is Apis Indica.
• Honey bee also produce beewax use in preparation of cosmetics and
polishes of different kind.
• Bees are pollinators of many of our crop species such as sunflower
Brassica, apple and pear. Keeping beehives in crop field during
flowering period increase polination efficiency and improve yield.
14. Fisheries: An industry devoted to catching, processing or selling of fish,
shellfish or other aquatic animal.
Fresh water fishes : Catla, Rohu, Common Carp
Marine fished that are eaten : Hilsa, sordines, Mackerel and Pomferts.
• Through aquaculture and pisciculture we have been able to increase
the production of aquatic plants and animals both fresh water and
marine.
15. Plant Breeding : Plant breeding as a technology has helped increase
yields to a very large Extent.
Green Revolution: Responsible for our country to not merely meet the
national requirements in food production but also helped us to export it.
16. Green revolution was dependent to a large extent on plant Breeding
technique for development of high-yielding and disease resistant varieties
in wheat, rice, maize etc.
17. Plant breeding is purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to
create desired plant type that are better suited for cultivation, give better
yields and are disease resistant.
• Conventional plant breeding has been practiced for thousand of year,
since the beginning of human civilisation recorded evidence of plant
breeding dates back to 9000–11000 years ago.
18. Classical Plant Breeding: Involve crossing or hybridisation of pure lines,
followed by artificial selection to produce plant with disirable traits of
higher yield, nutrition and resistance to disease.
19. Plant breeding programmes are carried out in a systematic way :-
(i) Collection of genetic variability: Genetic variability is the root of
any breeding programme.
Entire Collection (of plant/seeds) having all diverse allele for all gene
in a given crop is called germplasm collection.
(NEET-2011, 2013)[NCERT-171]

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(ii) Evaluation and selection of parents : Germplasm is evaluated so

as to identify plants with desirable combination of characters.
(iii) Cross hybridisation among selected parents: The desired
characters have very often to be combined from two different plant.
• This is possible by crossing hybridising the two parents to produce
hybrids that genetically combine the desired characters in one plants.
(iv) Selection and testing of superior recombinants: This step consist
of selecting, among the progeny of hybrids, those plants that have
desired character combination.
• This step yields plants that are superior to both of the parents (very
often more than one superior progeny plant may become available)
• These are self-pollinated for several generations till they reach a stage
of uniformity (Homozygosity) so that characters will not segregate in
the progeny. (NEET- 2016)[NCERT-171]
(v) Testing, release and commercialisation of new cultivers:
The evaluation is done by growing these in the research field and
recording these in the research field and recording their performance
under ideal fertiliser application, irrigation and other crop management
practice.
• Evaluation in research field done by testing the material informers
field for at least three growing seasons at several locations in the
country representing all the agroclimatic zone where the crops is
usually grown.
20. Agriculture accounts for approximately 33% of India’s GDP and employs
nearly 62% of population.
21. Green revolution phase: The development of several high yielding
varieties of wheat and rice in the mid 1960s as a result of various plant
breeding technique led to dramatic increase in food production in our
country.
22. Wheat Production Rice Production
1960 
 2000 1960 
 2000
11 million tonnes 75 million tonnes 35 
 89.5 million tonnes
• This was due to development of semi-dwarf varieties of wheat and rice
23. Nobel laureate Norman E. Barlaug at International Center for wheat
and maize improvement in Mexico, developed semi-darf wheat.
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24. In 1963 several varieties such as sonalika and Kalyan sona which were
high yielding and disease resistant were introduced all over the wheat-
growing belt of India.
25. Semi-dwarf rice varieties were derived from IR-8 (developed at International
Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Philippines and Taichung Native-1
(from Taiwan).
26. Later better yielding semi-dwarf varieties Jaya and Ratna were developed
in India. (NEET- 2011) [NCERT-173]
27. Saccharum barberi was ariginally grown in North India but had poor
sugar content and yield.
• Tropical cane grown in South India Saccharum officinarum had thicker
stem and high sugar content but did not grow well in North India.
• These two species were successfully crossed to get sugar cane
varieties combining the desirable qualities of high yield, thick stems,
high sugar and ability to grow in the sugar cane area of North India.
28. Millets: Hybrid Maize, Jowar and Bajra have been successfully developed
in India.
29. Resistance of host plant is the ability to prevent pathogen from crossing
disease and is determined by genetic constitution of host plant.
30. Some crop varieties bred by hybridisation and selection
Crop Variety Resistance to diseases
Wheat Himgiri Leaf and stripe rust,
hill bunt (NEET- 2011)[NCERT-174]
Brassica Pusa swarnim White rust
(Karan Rai)
Cauliflower Pusa shubhra Black rot and Curl
Pusa snowball K-1 blight black rot
Cowpea Pusa Komal Bacterial blight
Chilli Pusa sadabahar Chilly mosacic virus, Tobacco,
Mosaic virus and leaf curl.
31. Conventional breeding is often constrained by the availability of limited
number of disease resistance gene that are present and Identified in
various Crop varieties or wild relatives.
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32. It is possible to induce mutations artificially through use of chemicals or
radiations (like gamma radiations) and selecting and using the plants
that have desirable character as a source in breeding-this process is
called Mutation breeding (NEET- 2011)[NCERT-174]
Ex- Munga bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and Powdery Mildew
33. Resistance to yellow mosaic virus in Bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus)
was transferred from wild species and resulted in new variety of A.
esculentus called Prabhani Kranti.
34. Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests:
• Hairy leaves in several plants are associated with resistance to insect
pests e.g. resistance to jassids in cotton and cereal leaf beetle in
wheat.
• In wheat solid stem leads to non-preference by stem swafly and smooth
leaved and rector-less cotton varieties do not attract bollworms.
• High aspartic acid, low nitrogen and sugar content in maize leads to
resistance to maize stem borers.
35. Crop Varieties bred by hybridisation and selection for Insect Pest
Resistance:
Crop Variety Insect Pests
Brassica Pusa Gaurav Aphids
(Rapeseed Musturd)
Flat Bean Pusa Sem 2, Jassids, aphids and fruit
Pusa Sem 3 borer
Okra (Bhindi) Pusa swani Shoot and fruit borer.
Pusa-A-4
36. More than 840 million people in the world do not have adequate food to
meet their daily food and nutritional requirement.
37. Biofortification: Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and
minerals, or higher protein and healthier fats.
(NEET-2010, 2021)[NCERT-176]
• Breeding for improved nutritional quality is undertaken with the
objectives of improving: - [NEET-2022] [NCERT-176]
(i) Preotein Content and quality
(ii) Oil content and quality
(iii) Vitamin content
(iv) Micronutrient and Mineral Content.

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38. In 2000 maize hybrid – have twice amount of amino acid Lysine and
Tryptophan compared to existing maize hybrid were developed.
• Wheat Variety (Atlas-66): have high protein content has been used
as a donar for improving cultivated wheat.
• Iron-fortified rice: Five time much iron than common varieties.
39. Indian, Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi also released
several vegetable crop that are rich in Vitamin and Minerals eg.

Vitamin A enriched 
 Carrots, spinach, pumpkin

Vitamin C enriched  Bitter gourds, bathua, mustard, tomato

Iron and Calcium  Spinach and Bathua

Protein enriched beans  Broad, lablab, French and garden peas.
40. More than 25% of human population is suffering from hunger animal and
human nutrition is Single Cell Protein (SCP)
• Blue-green algae like Spirulina can be grown easily on material like
waste water from potato processing plants (contain starch) straw,
molasses to produce large quantities and can serve as food rich in
protein, mineral, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins.
• Such utilisation also reduce environmental pollution.
41. Certain bacterial species like Methylophilus methylotrophus because
of its high rate of biomass production and growth can be expected to
produce 25 tonnes of protein (NEET-2012)[NCERT-176]
42. Tissue Culture:
• Whole plant could be regenerated from explant i.e. any part of plant
taken out and grown in a test tube under sterile conditions in special
nutrient media.
• This capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant is called
totipotency. (NEET- 2021)[NCERT-177]
• Nutrient medium must provide a carbon source such as sucrose and
also inorganic salts, vitamin, growth regulators (auxin, cytokinins).
• This method of producing thousands of plant through tissue culture is
called micropropagation. Each of these plants will be genetically
identical to the original plant from which they were grown i.e. they are
somaclones (NEET-2013, 2015) [NCERT-177]
• Many important food plant like tomato, banana, apple etc. have
been produced on commercial scale using this method.
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43. Even if plant is infected with a virus, the meristem (apical and axillary) is
free of virus. Hence are can remove the meristem and grow it in vitro to
obtain virus-free plants. (NEET-2012, 2014, 2021)[NCERT-177]
44. Isolated single cell from plants after digesting their cell wall that have
been isolated naked protoplasts (surrounded by plasma membrane) from
two different varieties of plant (each have desirable character) can be
fuse to get hybrid protoplast. (NEET-2015)[NCERT-177]
45. These hybrid protoplast which can be further grown to form a new plant
these hybrid called somatic hybrid while process is somatic
hybridisation.
46. Protoplast of tomato is fused with that of potato and then they are grown
to form new hybrid plant combining tomato and potato resulting in
formation of pomato; unfortunately this plant did not have all desired
combination of characterstics for its commercial utilisation.

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• Which page has the maximum

186, 184 = 2 Pages
53.8 % QUESTIONS

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MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

1. Microbes are present everywhere – in soil, water, Air, inside our bodies &
that of other animals & plants. Even where no other life form would exist.
2. Microbes are diverse – Protozoa, Bacteria, Fungi & microscopic animal
& Plant.
3. Microbes like Bacteria & many Fungi can be grown on nutritive media to
from colonies that can be seen with the naked eyes.
4. Bacteria Magnification
Red shaped 1500 X
Spherical shaped 1500 X
Rod shaped Bacteria (Showing feagella) 50,000 X
TMV (Rod shaped) 1.00,000 – 1,50,000 X

Bacteria
5. Milk Curd
Lactobacillus

6. Lactobacillus (Lactic acid Bacteria) grow in milk & convert it to curd

7. During growth, the LAB produce acids the coagulate & Partially digest
the milk protein.
8. Curd, improves its nutritional quality by increasing vitamin
B-12 (NEET-2018)[NCERT-181]
9. In our stomach too, LAB play very beneficial role in checking disease
causing microbes.
10. Dough: used for making food such as Dosa & Idli (Fermented by
Bacteria)
11. The Puffed up appearance of dough is due to the production of CO2 gas.
12. A number of traditional drinks & foods are also made by fermentation by
microbes.
13. Today: Traditional Drink, Southern India, made by fermenting sap from
palm.
14. Microbes are also used to ferment fish, soyabean & Bamboo-shoot to
make foods.
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15. Propionibacterium sharmanii

• Bacteria
• Large holes in swisscheese are due to production of CO2.
16. Roquefort cheese are ripened by growing a specific Fungi on them.
which gives them a particular flavour.
17. Saccharomyces cervisial (yeast) called Backer’s / Brewer’s yeast.
used to make Bread, Beer, Wine, Rum, Wjhisky, Brandy.
18. Production on an industrial scale, requirs growing microbes in very large
vessels called fermentors.
19. Alcoholic Drinks:
• With Distillation : Whisky, Brandy, Rum
• Without Distillation: Wine & Beer
20. Antibiotics: Most significant discovery of 20th century.
• Produced by microbes.
• Chemical substances, which are produced by some microbes &
kill or retard the growth of other (disease-causing) microbes.
21. Discovered by Alexamder Fleming while working on Staphylococci
bacteria.
22. Antibiotics are Penicillin by Fungi Penicillium notatum
23. Full potential explored by Ernest chain & Howard Florey.
24. Used to treat American soldiers in World WarII
25. Fleming, chain & Florey awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945, for this
discovery
26. Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly disease
such as plague, whooping cough (Kalikhasi), Diphtheria (Gal-ghotu),
Leprosy (Kusht rog)
• Aspergillus riger (Fungi) – Citric acid
Acetobacter aceti (Bacteria) – Acetic acid
Clostridium butylicum (Bacteria)– Butyric acid
Lactobacillus (Bacteria) – Lactic acid
[NEET-2021, 2020, 2019, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2013, 2012] [NCERT-183]
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27. Commercial production of Ethanol–yeast (Saccharomyces

cerevisiae) (NEET-2011, 2019, 2017, 2015, 1012) [NCERT-183]
28. Lipases (used in detergent formulation) – Remove oily strains.
29. Petinases & Proteases: Bottle Juice clearified.
30. Streptokinase (Streptococcus Bacteria)
(NEET-2019, 2016, 2015,2012) [NCERT-183]
• Modified by Genetic engineering
• Used as a Clot Busters
• Remove clot from the blood vesels of patients who undergone
myocardial infraction leading to heart attack.
31. Cyclosporin-A: Immunosuppressive agent in organ-trans plant
patients. (NEET-2022, 2019) [NCERT-183]
• Bioactive molecule
• Produced by Trichoderma Polysporum (Fungi)
32 Statins (yeast) : Monascus purpureus (NEET-2020, 2016, 2015, 2012)
• Blood-cholesterol lowering agent [NCERT-183]
• Acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for
synthesis of cholesterol.
Microbes in Sewage Treatment
33. Sewage is treated in sewage treatment plants (STPs) make it less
polluting.
34. Treatment is done by Heterotrophic microbes (Naturally present in
sewage)
35. Primary treatment (Physical removal)
Secondary treatment (Biological removal)
Primary treatment:
36. Filteration: Floating debaries removed (NEET-2017)[NCERT-184]
37. Sedimentation: Grid (Soil & Small Pebbles) rare removed.
38. All solids that settle from the primary sludge & the supernatant form are
the effluent.
39. Effluent from primary settling lank is taken for secondary treatment.
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Secondary Treatment (NEET-2020)[NCERT-184]

40. Primary Effluent  Large Areation tank  Secondary settling
tank  Araerobic sludge digestor..
41. Flocs: Masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form
mesh like structure.
42. BOD is a measure of organic matter present in the water. Greater the
BOD of waste water, more is its polluting potential.
(NEET-2012)[NCERT-184]
43. During the digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as CH4,
H2S & CO2. (NEET-2014)[NCERT-184]
44. Biogas: Mixture of gases (Predominantly CH4) produced by microbial
activity & which may be used as fuel (NEET-2012)[NCERT-184]
45. The ministry of Environment & Forests has initiated:
Ganga Action Plan & Yamuna Action Plan
to save these major rivers of our country from pollution.
Methanogenes (Methanobacterium)

Grow anaerobically on cellulosic material

Produce large amount of CO2 & H2 with CH4 (NEET-2015)[NCERT-185]
46. These bacteria are also present in the rumen (A part of stomach) of
cattle.
47. In Rumen, these bacteria help in the breakdown of cellulose & play an
important role in nutrition of cattle.
48. The Biogas plant consists of a concrete tank (10–15 feet deep) in which
bio-waste are collected & a slurry of dung is fed.
49. Biogas used as cooking & lighting
50. The technology of Biogas production was developed in India mainly due
to the efforts of:
IARI (Indian Agriculture Research Institute)
KVIC (Khadi & Village Industries Commission)

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51. Biocontrol: Use of Biological method for controlling plant disease &
pests.
52. Ladybird & Dragonflies are useful to get rid of Aphids & Mosquitoes.
53. Microbial Biocontrol agent that can be introduced in order to control
butterf ly caterpillars in the bacteria Bacillus thuringensis
(Bt) (NEET-2013)[NCERT-187]
54. Trichoderma
• Biological control agent, use in treatment of plant disease
• Free-living fungi
• Very common in root ecosystem
55. Baculoviruses: Pathogens that attack insects & other arthropods.
(NEET-2019, 2013)[NCERT-187]
• Biocontrol agents in Genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus
• Species-specific, Narrow spectrum insecticidal
• No negative impacts on plants, Mammals, Birds, Fish or even on
non-target insects.
• Specially desirable when benificial insects are being conserved to
aid in an overall Integrated Pest Management (IPM) OR when
an ecologically senstive area is being treated.
Organic Farming
• In which Biofertilisers are used
• Main source of Biofertilisers are Bacteria, Fungi & Cyanobacteria.
• Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the
soil:
Bacteria that use as Biofertilisers (NEET-2017, 2012)
  [NCERT-188]
Free-living Symbiotic
• Azotobacters • Frankia
• Beijrinckia • Rhizobium
• Rhodospirillum
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Mycorrhiza
• Symbiotic association between Fungi & Roots of higher Plants.
(NEET-2012)[NCERT-188]
• Many members of the Genus Glomus form Mycorrhiza.
• Fungi provide plants to phosphorus from soil, patyhogen resistance,
tolerance to salinity & drought & over all increase plant growth &
development.
• Plant provide to fungi – Sheltor & Carbon.
N2–fixing cyanobacteria or BGA (NEET-2012)[NCERT-188]
eg: Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria
• In Paddy field, cyanobacteria serve as an important biofertilisers.
• Cyanobacteria also add organic matter to the soil & increase
its fertility.

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:: IMPORTANT NOTES ::

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TEST FRANCHISES

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