Using Property Tables in the Book

Water exists as a liquid, as a vapor, and as a mixture of liquid and vapor for many of the cycles that are useful in thermodynamics. You should be able to look up properties for liquid, vapors, liquid-vapor mixtures using the book.

Consider heating liquid water inside a piston at 1 atm. From Figure 1 below, we see that at State 1: Initially we have liquid water at room temperature (78 F)and 1 atm. State 2: As we continue to heat the water, some of the water boils (changes to a vapor), and our piston has a mixture of liquid and vapor as noted by the quality value (x). Its important to note that as the water changes from a liquid to a vapor, the temperature and pressure remain constant. With a pressure of 1 atm, water boils at 212 F. This temperature is the saturation temperature of water at 1 atm. The temperature will stay constant until all liquid has become vapor (i.e. a quality of x=1). State 3: All of the water has become vapor or steam and as we continue heating, the temperature has risen to 300 F. We call this a superheated vapor.

P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm

Water (Liquid) T = 50 F P = 1 atm

Water (Liquid-Vapor) T = 212 F P = 1 atm X= 0.3

Water (Vapor) T = 300 F P = 1 atm

1
Figure 1

Figure 2 below shows a T-V diagram of the heating of liquid water in a piston process described above. As the water continues to be heated, it will travel from state 1 to state 2 to state 3 along a line of constant pressure.

800

600

Compressed Liquid 400 A-5

T [F]

Two-Phase A-2 A-3

Superheat A-4 3

200

1 atm 1

0 5x 10-4

10-2

10-1

100 v [ft /lbm ]

3

101

102

103

4x 103

Figure 2

As the water is heated, the water goes through the compressed liquid, two-phase, and superheat regions. State 1: We are in the Compressed Liquid (also called the Sub-Cooled Liquid) region; in other words we have liquid water. State 2: Were are somewhere in the two phase region; in other words the water has become a mixture of liquid and vapor. Note that the temperature does not change in the two phase region until we have only vapor remaining. State 3: We have reached the superheat region where all of the water has become vapor and the temperature now rises as we continue to heat the water. During the heating of water from state 1 to 2 to 3, the volume of the piston increases (as shown by increasing piston height in Figure 1), making this an expansion process. This expansion process occurs because the mass is constant and the specific volume increases from state 1 to 2 to 3 (see Figure 2). There are tables in your text for property values in each of the regions: compressed liquid (A-5, A-5E), two-phase (A-2, A-2E and A-3, A-3E), and superheat (A-4, A-4E). You must be able to draw a T-v (or Pv) diagram to determine which region each of your states is in before you will know which book property table to use. All of the property tables with an E (A-2E, A-3E, A-4E, A-5E) are in English units and the tables without the E are in SI units (A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5)

Finding Internal Energy and Specific Volume

Subcooled liquid
A subcooled liquid is the most difficult to find using the book, even though you are just looking up properties for liquid water. The reason for this is that the book only has property values for the two-phase region and for high-pressure compressed liquids. Most of the water values you want will be for liquids that are not at high pressure, so you will need to interpolate between a water value from the two-phase table, and a water value from the compressed liquid table to find the best answer.
500 psi
sat. liquid 14.696 psi DONT USE!

Compressed Liquid
400

300
T [F]
212

Two-Phase

200
Table A-5E 500 psi 50 F

Not Found in Tables 50 F 14.696 psi Interpolate

14.696 psi
Table A-2E sat. liquid 50 F

100

50 F
0 2x 10-3 10-2 v [ft /lbm]
3

0.1780 psi
State 1

6x 10-2

Figure 3

Example: In Figure 3 you see that at state 1 (green), you have compressed liquid at T=50 F, P = 1 atm (14.96psi). To find internal energy, you can interpolate between the two points on the T-v diagram for which you have table values, shown in blue in Figure 3 above. Finding properties for a saturated liquid in the two-phase region Using the two-phase tables, properties for saturated liquid at 50 F can be found. You can look up properties in the two-phase region based on either the temperature (Table A-2E) or the pressure (Table A3E), because both are constant in the two-phase region. In this example, you want to find saturated liquid at 50 F, so you will use the temperature table (A-2E). Note: do not assume sat. liquid at 1 atm/14.696psi as this would be at 212 F and would have different properties (shown in red).

From the two-phase table (Figure 4 below), you also find that the saturation pressure at 50 F is 0.1780 psi (shown in red), meaning that water will boil at 50 F if the pressure is 0.1780 psi. From the table A-2E (two-phase) of the text you can find the internal energy and specific volume of sat. liquid at 50 F. (Note: Make sure you do not use sat. liquid at 14.696 psi)

Figure 4 (Table A-2E of Moran and Shapiro)

Finding a compressed liquid Similarly, using the compressed liquid table (A-5E) of the text, properties can be found at (50 F, 500 psi).

Figure 5 (Table A-5E of Moran and Shapiro)

Compressed Liquid
400

500 psi

300
212 State 1 Not Found in Tables 50 F 14.696 psi Interpolate

Two-Phase

T [F]

200
Table A-5E 500 psi 50 F

14.696 psi
Table A-2E sat. liquid 50 F

100

50 F
0 2x 10-3 10-2 v [ft /lbm]
3

0.1780 psi
1

6x 10-2

Figure 6

The internal energy for state 1 is somewhere between the value you looked up in the compressed liquid table (A-5E), and the value for saturated liquid from the two-phase temperature table (A-2E). Now you can interpolate between these values to get a better answer for state 1.

Interpolating between points in your T-v diagram (Figure 6) you get internal energy at state 1 = 18.06 + [0.0296 * (18.02 18.06)] = 18.0588 Btu/lb Interpolating again, this time to obtain specific volume at state 1 = 0.01602 + [0.0286 * (0.015998 0.01602)] = 0.016019

Notice that the internal energy and specific volume dont change very much from state 1 to the saturated liquid value (Table 1 below)
Table 1

Compressed liquid 50 F 500 psi U (Btu/lb) v (ft^3/lb) 18.02

(state 1) 50 F 14.696 psi

Saturated liquid 50 F 0.1780 psi

0.015998

For water at low pressure, it is a common assumption in the book to just grab the internal energy and specific volume for saturated liquid at the same temperature

(same temp)

If compressed liquid data is not available, or the pressure is low enough, it is common practice to use sat liq. at the same temperature. There is not much energy added my increasing the pressure on a liquid, so this is usually a good assumption. Good approximation for any pressure, water doesnt compress much On homework done by hand, you would be expected to do this interpolation. For a test problem, it would be acceptable to use the above assumptions to save time.

Two Phase
If you have a mixture of liquid-vapor, you can find the total energy of the mixture using tables A-2 (for different temperatures)and A-3 (for different pressures). Likewise, you can use tables A-2E and A-3E if your working with English units.

800

State 2 600 212 F x = 0.3 P = 1 atm

Compressed Liquid 400 A-5

T [F]

Two-Phase A-2 A-3

Superheat A-4 3

200

1 atm

1
0 5x 10-4 10-2 10-1 100 v [ft /lbm ]
3

101

102

103

4x 103

Figure 7

Example: Figure 7 above shows the T-v diagram of the piston assembly example used previously. Now you want to consider the two-phase region at state 2. You have a quality of x = 0.3, a temperature of T = 212 F and a pressure of 1 atm. Now you can interpolate between saturated liquid and saturated vapor using tables A-2E or A-3E. At state 2 both the temperature of 212 F and the pressure of 1 atm (14.696 psi) are found directly in tables A-2E and A-3E respectively; therefore, you can use either of these tables without interpolating. If you had a state with an uneven temperature of 211.5 F and an uneven pressure of 14.3 psi, you could use either the temperature or pressure table, but you would have to interpolate between table values. In general, if you have a nice even two-phase pressure you will use the pressure table, and if you have a nice even two-phase temperature you will use the temperature table.

From Table A-3E you can find the internal energy of saturated liquid (uf) and the internal energy of saturated vapor (ug); you can also find specific volumes for sat. liquid (vf) and sat. vapor (vg). Note: the English units your book uses for pressure are psi; so you need to look for 14.696 psi = 1 atm.

Figure 8 (Table A-3E of Moran and Shapiro)

Now you can do a simple interpolation to find the total internal energy of the mixture at state 2; as well as the specific volume.

= 180.10 + [0.3*(1077.6 180.10)]= 449.35 btu/lb

= 0.01672 + [0.3*(26.80 0.01672)] = 8.0517 ft^3/lb

Superheat
Internal energy in Superheat depends on both temperature and pressure.

800

600

Compressed Liquid 400 A-5

T [F]

Two-Phase A-2 A-3

Superheat A-4 3

State 3 T = 300 F P = 1 atm

200

1 atm 1

0 5x 10-4

10-2

10-1

100 v [ft /lbm ]

3

101

102

103

4x 103

Figure 9

Example: Figure 9 above shows the T-v diagram of the piston assembly example used previously. Now you want to consider the superheat region at state 3. You have water vapor at T = 300 F, P = 1 atm (14.696 psi). You can use table A-4E of your text to find properties of superheated Water Vapor at state 3. In the superheat region, you always find your pressure first and then look up the temperature. In this case you will look at P = 14.7 psi and then look for T =300 F.

First find the pressure of 14.7 psi

Now find a temperature of 300F

Figure 10 (Table A-4E of Moran and Shapiro)

From Figure 10 above you can find internal energy and specific volume in the superheat region.

Figure 11 (Table A-4E of Moran and Shapiro)

Enthalpy (Subcooled liquid)

Compressed Liquid
400

500 psi

300
212 State 1 Not Found in Tables 50 F 14.696 psi Interpolate

Two-Phase

T [F]

200
Table A-5E 500 psi 50 F

14.696 psi
Table A-2E sat. liquid 50 F

100

50 F
0 2x 10-3 10-2 v [ft /lbm]
3

0.1780 psi
1

6x 10-2

Figure 12

Example: In Figure 11 you see that at state 1 (green), you have compressed liquid at T=50 F, P = 1 atm (14.96psi). Just as you did to find internal energy, to find enthalpy you can interpolate between the two points on the T-v diagram for which you have table values, shown in blue in Figure 11 above.

The enthalpy for state 1 is somewhere between the value you looked up in the compressed liquid table (A5E), and the value for saturated liquid from the two-phase temperature table (A-2E). Now you can interpolate between these values to get a better answer for state 1.

Figure 13 Table A-2E of Moran and Shapiro

Figure 14 Table A-5E of Moran and Shapiro

Compressed Liquid
400

500 psi

300
212 State 1 Not Found in Tables 50 F 14.696 psi Interpolate

Two-Phase

T [F]

200
Table A-5E 500 psi 50 F

14.696 psi
Table A-2E sat. liquid 50 F

100

50 F
0 2x 10-3 10-2 v [ft /lbm]
3

0.1780 psi
1

6x 10-2

Figure 15

Interpolating between points in your T-v diagram (Figure 14) you get enthalpy at state 1

= 18.06 + [0.0296 * (19.50 18.06)] = 18.103 Btu/lb

Solving for enthalpy if you dont have compressed liquid data Enthalpy consists of stored energy and flow energy .

Both state 1 and saturated liquid have about the same stored energy . State 1 and saturated liquid are at different pressures, so they will have a different amount of flow energy . Since both states have the same stored energy, their enthalpy will only differ by the change in flow energy between these two points. The stored energy at state 1 It was shown that for the internal energy at state 1 and the internal energy for saturated liquid are about the same. It was also shown that the specific volumes are about the same.

With the assumption that , (and noting that can be looked up directly in the table) this becomes

Compressed Liquid
400

500 psi

300
212 State 1 Not Found in Tables 50 F 14.696 psi Interpolate

Two-Phase

T [F]

200

14.696 psi
Table A-2E sat. liquid 50 F

100

50 F
0 2x 10-3 10-2 v [ft /lbm]
3

0.1780 psi
1

6x 10-2

At state 1 you have a temperature Using Table A-2E from the book you can find

and a pressure of .

Figure 16 Table A-2E of Moran and Shapiro

When you multiply the pressure difference by the specific volume correct units of Btu/lb, so a unit conversion is needed.

, you will not get the

Interpolating 18.103 18.103

NOTE: For large enough pressures the internal energy for state 1 and for saturated liquid will differ. For high pressures, it is better to interpolate between values in the compressed liquid table.

Enthalpy(Two Phase)
800

State 2 600 212 F x = 0.3 P = 1 atm

Compressed Liquid 400 A-5

T [F]

Two-Phase A-2 A-3

Superheat A-4 3

200

1 atm

1
0 5x 10-4 10-2 10-1 100 v [ft /lbm ]
3

101

102

103

4x 103

Figure 17

Example: Figure 15 above shows the T-v diagram of the piston assembly example used previously. Now you want to re-consider the two-phase region at state 2. You have a quality of x = 0.3, a temperature of T = 212 F (sat. temperature), and a pressure of 1 atm. Just as you did for internal energy, to find enthalpy at state 2 you can interpolate between saturated liquid and saturated vapor using tables A-2E or A-3E.

Note that is , and can be used instead of subtracting

Figure 18 Table A-3E of Moran and Shapiro

Now you can do a simple interpolation to find the total enthalpy of the mixture at state 2.

= 180.15 + [0.3*(1150.5 180.15)]= 471.255 Btu/lb

Enthalpy (Superheat)
Enthalpy in Superheat depends on both temperature and pressure.

800

600

Compressed Liquid 400 A-5

T [F]

Two-Phase A-2 A-3

Superheat A-4 3

State 3 T = 300 F P = 1 atm

200

1 atm 1

5x 10-4

10-2

10-1

100 v [ft /lbm ]

3

101

102

103

4x 103

Figure 19

Example: Figure 9 above shows the T-v diagram of the piston assembly example used previously. Now you want to consider the superheat region at state 3. You have water vapor at T = 300 F, P = 1 atm (14.696 psi). You can use table A-4E of your text to find properties of superheated Water Vapor at state 3; look for your pressure 1 atm (14.696 psi) and then your temperature in the table.

Figure 20 (Table A-4E of Moran and Shapiro)

From Figure 10 above we find enthalpy in the superheat region at state 3,