LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION

Status: Available offline Paleontology

● The study of fossils
Earth Science formations and recordings
● is the study of our Earth,
its life-supporting Seismology
properties, materials, and ● The study of earthquakes
geologic processes existence
occurring in its layers; and
important natural changes Volcanology
in its overall environment. ● The study of basic and
It is interrelated with special features of
other sciences: Geology, volcanoes
Oceanography,
Meteorology, and Meteorology
Astronomy. ● The study involves
primarily the atmosphere,
BRANCHES weather events, and
variables that affect
Geology weather conditions such
● Study of solid Earth, the as pressure and
rocks of which it is temperature.
composed, and the
processes by which they Oceanography
change. ● Also known as
oceanology-study of
Mineralogy oceans and seas.
● The study of all kinds of
minerals that are useful. Astronomy
● The study of celestial
Petrology objects such as stars,
● Study of different kinds of galaxies, planets, moons,
rocks
 asteroids, comets, and as iron, copper, and
nebulae. uranium.
5. It helps predict the state
Cosmology of the atmosphere for a
● The study of the universe future time and a given
as a whole. location through weather
forecasting.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING
EARTH SCIENCE

LESSON 2: THE ORIGIN OF THE

1. It gives an understanding
UNIVERSE
of global climate changes,
potential global warming,
Cosmology
and related biosphere
● A branch of science that
concerns
deals with the study of the
2. It gives awareness of
Universe.
natural hazards in order to
enact safe building codes
THE BIG BANG TIMELINE
and warning systems that
are used to prevent loss of
● Approximately 13.8 billion
property or life.
years ago there was an
3. It gives both relative and
expansion, and from that
absolute dates to
expansion, all things came
geological events. Use
to be.
these dates to find the
● It says that the universe
rates at which processes
started as a hot and
occur.
infinitely dense particle
4. It helps locate and
● From a small singularity
manage the Earth's
that brutally erupted
natural resources, such as
around 13.7 billion years
petroleum and coal, as
ago.
well as mineral resources
which include metals such
ST
1
 ● The cosmos goes through
a superfast “inflation”
4
expanding from the size of
an atom to that of a
grapefruit in a tiny
fraction of a second.
● the appearance of the
four known fundamental
forces (electromagnetism,
weak nuclear force, strong
nuclear force, and
5
gravity).
nd
2 form
● Post-inflation, the
Universe is a seething, hot
soup of electrons, quarks,
and other particles.
● Quarks - The most basic
building block of the
universe.
6
rd
3 ●
● A rapidly cooling cosmos
permits quarks to clump
into protons and
neutrons.
● Hadron Epoch - The
universe was cool enough
to allow quarks to
combine to form hadrons.
(e.g. protons and
neutrons).
th
● Still too hot to form into
atoms, charged electrons
and protons prevent light
from shining: the universe
is a superhot fog.
th
● Electrons combine with
protons and neutrons to
atoms, mostly
hydrogen and helium.
Light can finally shine
● LEPTON EPOCH &
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS,
Protons, and neutrons
fused to form nuclei.
th
Gravity makes hydrogen
and helium gas coalesce
to form the giant clouds
that will become galaxies;
smaller clumps of gas
collapse to form the first
stars.
● Also called “ the matter
Era” Stellar Epoch – The
stage where the first star
was born.

th
7
● As galaxies cluster
together under gravity,
the first stars die and
spew heavy elements into
space; those will
eventually turn into new
stars and planets.
● Hydrogen and helium
atoms scattered the
universe with atomic
clouds that are filled with
small pockets of gas that
had enough gravity to
cause atoms to collect.
LESSON 3: THE SOLAR SYSTEM
● The solar system is the
astronomical name for the
Sun and the collection of
planets, comets, and
other objects moving
around it.
● The earth moves around
the sun in an oval-shaped,
or “elliptical” orbit
● The other planes in the
solar system also move
around the sun in elliptical
orbits.
● The biggest objects that
go around the Sun are
called planets. Most of the
planets have moons that
orbit around them.
TERRESTRIAL INNER PLANETS
● The closest planets to the
sun and all have a rocky
surface
● Mercury, Venus, Earth,
and Mars
Mercury
● Greek named Hermes
messenger of Greek Gods
● The closest planet to the
sun
● Has no moon
Venus
● Greek named Aphrodite
● The hottest planet
● Has no moon
● Earth’s twin
Earth
● Blue planet
● Temperature extremes of
day and night are
conducive to life
● Has one moon
Mars ● Greek named Ouranos,
● Greek named Ares- God of the father of Cronus
war ● Cold planet
● Olympus Mons- the
largest volcano on the Neptune
planet, referring to Mount ● Greek named Poseidon-
Olympus or Olympos in The God of the Seas
Greek, the mountain of ● Has 8 moons -Triton is the
the gods in Greek largest moon
mythology.
● The red planet OTHER MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR
● Two moons ( Phobos and SYSTEMS
Deimos)
Asteroids
JOVIAN PLANETS ● Small rocky bodies
● Ceres-largest asteroid
● They are all bigger than
the Earth and are mostly Meteoroids
made up of gas. ● Streaking light which lasts
● Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, for a few second
and Neptune ● Shooting star
● Meteor - traveling through
Jupiter the atmosphere ( Shooting
● The biggest planet star/Falling Star)
● Greek name Dias/Zeus ● Meteorite - when it
reaches the ground
Saturn
● Greek named Cronus, the Comets
father of Zeus ● A small body of rocks, ice,
● 23 moons: Titan- the and gases that orbit the
largest moon sun is composed of a
nucleus called a coma.
Uranus ● Kuiper belt- an area
outside the orbit of Pluto

PARTS OF THE COMETS
1) COMA
● The glowing head
2) NUCLEUS
● Inside the coma
3) TAIL
● Points way from the sun in
a slightly curved manner
4) SUN
● A glowing ball of the gas-
like material
● The principal source of
heat
● In the center of the Solar
System.
● It is our source of radiant
energy which reaches us
in the form of sunlight.
● It is 4.6 billion years old.
● Greek named Helios
THE SUN’S ATMOSPHERE
1) Photosphere
● The visible surface of the
Sun.
● Not a solid but rather a
layer of gas
● The layer from which light
is given off.
2) Chromosphere
● Also known as Color
Sphere.
● It is 3,000 to 5,000
kilometers deep with a
temperature rises from
6,000 °C to 20,000 °C
● Visible during solar
eclipses.
3) Corona
● The largest layer of the
sun
● Can only be seen during a
solar eclipse
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUN
Center of the solar system
● 73% Hydrogen, 25%
Helium, and 2% other
gases
● It is a huge size ball that
has a very high amount of
thermal energy.
● It is the powerhouse of
the solar system and one
of the reasons for the
 survival of many species
on earth.
● It is a massive star that
looks small from the
earth's surface because it
is at a very long distance
from the earth.
LESSON 4: OUR EARTH
 Earth is the only planet to
be named in English. The
word ‘Earth’ is Old English
word for “land“
 Earth belongs to the Milky
Way Galaxy
 Earth is the only planet to
sustain life
 The true shape of the
Earth is called an Oblate
Spheroid. – The term
"Oblate" refers to its
slightly oblong
appearance.
 The term "Spheroid"
means that it is almost a
sphere, but not quite. –
The Earths shape is only
very slightly oblate.
 Earth is a system
composed of subsystems.
 Earth system is essentially
a closed system. It
receives energy from the
sun and sends back some
of this energy to space.
 A closed system is a
system in which there is
only an exchange of
energy but no exchange of
matter.
EARTH SUBSYSTEMS
1. ATMOSPHERE
 Atmosphere (atmos
means “air”) includes all
the gases surrounding the
planet.
 Among all planets, only
Earth has the combination
of gases to support life.
  It provides us air that we
breathe
 The present atmosphere is
composed of 78%
nitrogen (N), 21% oxygen
(O2), 1% argon, and trace
amount of other gases.
 The atmosphere consists
of five (5) layers, and
responsible for Earth’s
weather.
3. GEOPHERE
2.HYDROSPHERE
 The subsystem that
features all the various
types of water, which
make our planet unique,
belong to the hydrosphere
(hydro means “water”).
 Water is one amongst the
most important
substances without water,
life wouldn't be possible.
 Of all the water that exists
on our planet, roughly
97% is saltwater and less
than 3% is freshwater.
 Earth’s land is part of the
subsystem geosphere (geo
means “earth”).
 The Earth’s geosphere,
sometimes also called the
Lithosphere (litho = stone
or rock),
 the portion of the planet
that features rocks and
minerals particularly in
crust and layer. We
depend upon the
Geosphere to produce
natural resources and an
area to grow food.
Volcanoes, mountain
 ranges, deserts, and other
natural resource are all a
part of the Geosphere.
4. BIOSPHERE
 It includes all life on earth.
 Most life is on the surface.
On water, air, or land.
 All organism was depend
on the physical
environment for the
basics of life.
EARTH’S INTERNAL STRUCTURE
1. CRUST
 It was the thinnest and
the outermost layer of the
earth. It is also the surface
of the Earth.
 It was also divided into
two regions the
Continental Crust and the
Oceanic crust.
 Continental Crust
 Mainly made up of Silicon,
Oxygen, Aluminum,
Calcium, Sodium, and
Potassium.
 Found under land masses.
 Made of less dense rocks.
 Its thickness is about 35-
40 km
 Exceeds up to 70 km into
the mountain regions.
 Oceanic Crust
 Found under the ocean
floor.
 Its thickness is around 7-
10 km.
 Made of dense rocks.
 Heavier and younger than
the continental crust.
2. MANTLE
 Found under the crust.
  OUTER CORE
 Measures about 2900
kilometers from the earth  Made up of liquid Iron and
surface. Nickel.

 Mainly made up of  Its temperature reaches

elements Silicon, Oxygen, 2000 degrees Celsius.
Iron, Magnesium.
 It was melted

3. CORE Geosphere
 Its composition is Iron and
Nickel alloy.  The solid portion of the
earth that includes the
 It can be found under the lithosphere, the
mantle. outermost layer which is
composed of the crust and
 It was divided into two the upper mantle.
layers:

 INNER CORE

 Made up of solid Iron and

Nickel.

 Its temperature reaches

5000 degrees Celsius.  Petrology
 is a science that deals with
 It was solidified as a result the origin, history,
of pressure freezing. occurrence, structure,
chemical composition, and
classification of rocks.

 ROCK
 naturally occurring
aggregate or combination
of minerals such as fossils
and glass.
 is natural, solid, non-
living- material made of
one or more minerals.
 natural building blocks of
the Earth’s lithosphere
TYPES OF ROCKS
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS
 are formed from the
solidification of molten
rock material called
magma.
Examples: Granite, basalt,
obsidian, andesite, porphyry,
diorite
 Molten magma is
composed of elements
and gases: oxygen (46%),
silicon (26%), aluminium
(8%), iron (6%), calcium
(4%), potassium (3%),
sodium(3%), and
magnesium(3%).
 When molten rock
reaches the surface, it is
called the lava.
TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
1. Intrusive igneous rocks- form
when magma cools slowly below
the Earth's surface. Most intrusive
rocks have large, well-formed
crystals.
Examples include granite, gabbro,
diorite and dunite.
2. Extrusive igneous rocks form
when magma reaches the Earth's
surface a volcano and cools
quickly. Most extrusive (volcanic)
rocks have small crystals.
Examples include basalt, rhyolite,
andesite, and obsidian.
IMPORTANCE
 Contains fossils that are
evidence in geologic past.
  Coal, petroleum and been subjected to intense
natural gas are major temperature and pressure
energy source. through millions of years.
Examples: Granite, Gneiss. Biotite,
2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Schist

-Rocks formed from the ROCK CYLE

sedimentation and compaction of
particles from other rocks; usually
layered

MINERALOGY
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

 is the study of the

1. Clastic sedimentary rocks form
composition, crystal
by weathering processes which
structure, physical and
break down rocks into pebble,
optical properties of
sand, or clay particles by exposure
minerals.
to wind, ice, and water.
Example: Sandstone,
Minerals
Conglomerate, Breccia, Shale

2. non-Clastic sedimentary rocks  Naturally occurring

form from chemical reactions,
chiefly in the ocean.  Inorganic substance
Examples: Limestone, Rock Salt,
Rock Gypsum, Chert  Building blocks of rocks

Essential Characteristics of
3. METAMORHPIC ROCKS
Minerals
 Rocks formed from other
types of rocks that have
1. Luster- refers to the general
appearance of a mineral surface in  Quartz
reflected light  Feldspar
 Mica
2. Cleavage- refers to the property  yroxene
of minerals to break along definite  Amphibole
plane surfaces  Olivine

3. Color- refers to the color of a

freshly broken surface of a mineral

4. Magnetism- refers to the

property of being attracted to or
repelled by a magnet
5. Hardness- refers to resistance
to abrasion or scratching based on
the Moh’s scale

6. Fracture- refers to the property

of minerals to break irregularly
when they do not yield to
cleavage or parting surfaces.

7. Crystal Habit - refers to the

visible shape exhibited by the
minerals

8. Streak- Refers to the color of

the finely formed powder
produced by rubbing the mineral
against a steak plate or unglazed
porcelain tile

Rocks-Forming Minerals