Critical Thinking Assignment

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1. Sign up for a free account on Figma.
2. Visit
https://www.figma.com/resources/learn-design/storyboard/
and use the sample file to get started.
3. When completed, press the “Share” button in the top right,
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 Issue: Water shortage in Karachi

Causes:
1. Lack of Infrastructure
2. Lack of water purification capacity.
3. Lack of rainwater collection.
4. Population growth past supply ability and growing.
5. Mismanagement of water between rural and urban areas.
6. Lack of government policies against profiteering from the
water supply. “Water mafia”.
7. Lack of funding.
8. Lack of education about efficient water usage.
9. Water pollution.
10. Overuse of water by industries.

Solutions:

1. There are two kinds of water shortage, water scarcity, and

produced shortage. Whereas Karachi is understood to have
a water scarcity issue, another major part of the water
shortages faced by its citizens is a produced shortage.
Produced shortage of a resource is when politics, greed, or
mismanagement amongst people causes the shortage to
seem much worse than it is.
This effect is more commonly known in Karachi as the
“Water Mafia” where a person or a group of people siphon or
cut off access to water in some neighborhoods so that they
may supply it instead, either for monetary, or political gains.
This practice can lead to huge instability in the quality of life
in different areas of the city, transforming water from a
necessity provided by the government into a commodity to
be paid for as such. Examples of this in Karachi are districts
like Lyari and Korangi where local gangs have taken control
of the distribution infrastructure and dictate who gets water
and when they get it. In certain districts, this practice has
proven to be so lucrative that it has become a business with
water tankers being filled and providing water to other
neighboring districts as well. This inflicts extra financial
burdens on the citizens alongside constant mental stress.
Furthermore, the water these people provide is not regulated
nor are the containers used to store and transport this water,
which could have disastrous consequences as people might
get supplied contaminated water. Such practices thrive in no
short part due to governmental corruption and complicit
officials that have eased the policing of these issues for a
share in their profits.
To prevent more people from partaking in such practices,
there could be flow meters installed in the pipes at a set
intervals. These flow meters can be monitored constantly
and if there is a consistent fall-off in flow of water in a certain
area, it can be marked for further investigation by police or
plumbers. There should also be a widespread reporting
system that is monitored regularly where people can report
issues in their water supply and if enough people from a
certain district complain, it can be investigated. However,
 none of this will be effective in solving the problem without
major governmental redress to root out the people complicit
with these “Water Mafia”’s and strict policing of laws and
policies already in place. (Storyboard link
https://www.figma.com/file/Xx6fOmGIApNoJsIlaThDWO/CT-
Assignment?node-id=0%3A1&t=UKqZL6ocQgYGOftu1)
(Addressing cause 6)(Shayan Junaid).
2. Introduction:
Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, faces a chronic water
shortage, with many areas experiencing frequent water
outages and rationing. One way to mitigate this problem is
through rainwater harvesting, which involves collecting
rainwater for non-potable uses. However, rainwater
harvesting has not been widely adopted in Karachi, primarily
due to a lack of infrastructure and awareness.
Causes
1)Infrastructure:
Many buildings in Karachi do not have proper rainwater
harvesting systems in place, which leads to a significant
amount of rainwater going to waste. This is partly due to the
lack of regulations and incentives for building owners to
invest in rainwater harvesting infrastructure. In addition,
Karachi's urban landscape presents unique challenges for
rainwater harvesting, such as the high density of buildings
and limited space for storage tanks.

2)Awareness:
Another reason for the lack of rainwater collection in Karachi
is the low level of awareness about rainwater harvesting
techniques and their benefits. Many people in Karachi are
not familiar with the concept of rainwater harvesting and how
it can help address the city's water crisis. As a result, they do
not prioritize rainwater harvesting or seek out information on
how to implement it.

Solution:

Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting: This involves collecting

rainwater from rooftops and storing it in tanks or
underground reservoirs. The collected water can be used for
non-potable purposes, such as irrigation, washing, and
cleaning.
Rainwater harvesting can offer numerous benefits for
Karachi, including:
Reducing dependence on freshwater sources: By collecting
rainwater for non-potable uses, rainwater harvesting can
reduce the strain on Karachi's freshwater sources, which are
already limited and overexploited.
Improving water quality: Rainwater is generally cleaner than
groundwater or surface water, as it does not come into
contact with pollutants in the soil or waterways. By collecting
and using rainwater, rainwater harvesting can help improve
water quality and reduce the risk of waterborne diseases.
Mitigating the effects of climate change: Climate change is
expected to lead to more frequent and severe droughts in
many parts of the world, making water conservation
measures increasingly important. Rainwater harvesting can
help mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing
freshwater use and increasing the availability of water for
non-potable uses.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the lack of infrastructure and awareness about
rainwater harvesting techniques are major barriers to its
adoption in Karachi. By investing in rainwater harvesting
infrastructure and raising awareness about its benefits,
Karachi can better manage its water resources and alleviate
its chronic water shortage. This will require coordinated
efforts from policymakers, building owners, and the general
public to promote rainwater harvesting as a viable and
sustainable solution to the city's water crisis.
Argument Form
Premise 1: Rooftop rainwater harvesting involves collecting
rainwater from rooftops.
Premise 2: The collected water can be stored in tanks or
underground reservoirs.
Premise 3: The collected water is not suitable for drinking.
Premise 4: The collected water can be used for non-potable
purposes such as irrigation, washing, and cleaning.
Conclusion: Therefore, rooftop rainwater harvesting is a
useful way to conserve water resources and reduce
dependence on freshwater sources for non-potable uses.
Complex Argument
Rooftop rainwater harvesting involves collecting rainwater
from rooftops. The collected water can be stored in tanks or
underground reservoirs. The collected water is not suitable
for drinking. The collected water can be used for non-potable
 purposes such as irrigation, washing, and cleaning.
Therefore, rooftop rainwater harvesting is a useful way to
conserve water resources and reduce dependence on
freshwater sources for non-potable uses.

(FigmaLink)https://www.figma.com/file/YsgyaggfQiF5bAD
MArS1wm/Untitled?node-
id=1%3A31&t=OYi8ltw1fQDXjN2m-1(Addressing cause 3)
(Syed Muhammad Irtaza)

3. The first thing to do is raise awareness about this issue and

how our shortcomings result in wasting a lot of water. We
can raise awareness through commercials, social media,
etc. Workshops should be arranged and the people of
Karachi should be encouraged to participate. All things
considered, we need to ensure that proper measures are
taken and that this issue is not taken lightly by both the
people and the government. (Addressing cause 8) (Hamad
Akram)(Storyboard link:
https://www.canva.com/design/DAFeXVpfe8E/LyZCaT6dO0
Rfttpvt8rtyg/view?
utm_content=DAFeXVpfe8E&utm_campaign=designshare&
utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton)

4. Cause: “Water Pollution”

Water pollution is a major cause of freshwater scarcity which
is mainly a result of improper human practices. At the
foremost level, people must be educated about their actions
leading to the contamination of freshwater bodies. Such as
dumping of waste into rivers and sea water which can be
avoided. Hosting cleaning drives along the river banks and
 beaches is another alternative to ensure cleanliness. Even
the industries that dump waste should install wastewater
treatment plants in order to remove the intoxications that the
waste carries. (Addressing cause 9) (Maaz Ahmed)
Argument Form:
Premise1 - Water Pollution is a major reason for the
upbringing of fresh water scarcity.
Premise2 - Ignorant human behavior and improper activities
have led towards water pollution in Karachi.
Conclusion - Therefore many people living in Karachi are
deprived of the blessing of fresh water.
Complex Argument:
Water Pollution is a major reason for the upbringing of fresh
water scarcity. Ignorant human behavior and improper
activities have led towards water pollution in Karachi.
Therefore many people living in Karachi are deprived of the
blessing of fresh water.
StoryBoard Link:
https://www.canva.com/design/DAFeW8OeIwk/
udT9eVI5Do6MPpF2HWYJSA/watch?
utm_content=DAFeW8OeIwk&utm_campaign=designshare&
utm_medium=link&utm_source=publishsharelink
5. Problem:
One of the primary concerns is that the water is being
wasted considerably by both factories and households and
isn't getting reused, it's just entering into the ocean again
generating water pollution and decreasing water supply to
the houses and factories. A 2019 WWF analysis estimates
 that Karachi produces 475 million gallons of wastewater per
day (MGD), of which 420 MGD (88%) is untreated.
According to this data, a significant proportion of sewage
water is left untreated and eventually makes its way to the
ocean. The worst part is that there are already 3 to 5 water
cleaning plants that aren’t in operation due to lack of funds.
Solution:
Suppose the Sindh government hires proper authorities in
charge of those plants and provides them funds by looking at
the current water shortage issue, a significant amount of
sewage water can be treated and reused, easing Karachi's
water shortage issue. Additionally, by supplying treated
sewage water to large factories in the Korangi Industrial
Area, less demand will be placed on the city's current water
supply. With the resumption of sewage treatment facilities,
the load of water pollution on the marine environment will be
greatly reduced. (Addressing Causes 2 & 10) (Deedan Sajid)
StoryBoard
(https://www.canva.com/design/DAFeW-X1_f0/VkzGhpewP
BpsxKkX3FaeKg/edit?utm_content=DAFeW-
X1_f0&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&ut
m_source=sharebutton)

6. (Lack of education about efficient water usage.)

Karachi’s water supply and sewage system needs
immediate attention from the government and adequate
planning to accommodate the rapidly increasing population
and urbanization of the city to avoid a severe crisis in the
future, The lack of education about efficient water usage in
Karachi can have serious consequences, including water
scarcity, increased demand on water resources, and
 environmental degradation. To address this issue, here are
some potential solutions:
1. Educational programs: The first step towards efficient water
usage is education. Government organizations, non-profit
organizations, and private institutions can develop and
implement educational programs that teach people about the
importance of water conservation and efficient usage.
2. Awareness campaigns: Awareness campaigns can be used
to raise public awareness about the issue and encourage
people to conserve water. This can include public service
announcements, billboards, and social media campaigns.
3. Implementation of water-saving technologies: Technologies
such as low-flow showerheads, water-efficient toilets, and
rainwater harvesting systems can significantly reduce water
consumption. These technologies can be made available to
the public at subsidized rates to encourage their adoption.
4. Water pricing policies: Water pricing policies that charge
higher rates for excessive water usage can help discourage
wasteful water consumption.
5. Water management infrastructure: Improving the water
management infrastructure in Karachi can help reduce water
wastage and ensure efficient distribution of water resources.
6. Community participation: Encouraging community
participation in water conservation efforts can also be an
effective strategy. This can include organizing community
clean-up campaigns, establishing community gardens, and
implementing water recycling projects. (Hoondraj)
Story board link:
https://www.figma.com/file/LFYflWaV8Nl1lQdI7OFOeD/Untitl
ed?node-id=0%3A1&t=XFcpnjp0TJiAgbb2-1
7. In order to solve the lack of funding for projects related to
water shortage, It is important for both the federal and the
provincial governments to make this a high-priority issue.
According to the budget for the year 2022-23, about 3.1
billion rupees were allocated for new mega schemes in
Karachi, of which around 1.25 Billion rupees were spent in
order to tackle the issue of water shortage. The government
should increase the budget allocated to new mega projects
and also increase the number of projects. The provincial
government can also focus on maintaining the current
projects currently underway and then focus all the remaining
money allocated in the budget on this issue.
For a more long-term solution, it is imperative that the City
government has more power over the management and
allocation of the budget, so that they may tackle this issue.
(Addressing Cause 7)(Saad Siddiqui)
Reference:
BUDGET 2022-23: Rs15.37bn kept for six new, 18 ongoing
Karachi ‘mega schemes’ - Newspaper - DAWN.COM

Storyboard Link:
https://www.figma.com/file/GXigwtYWoqpNiM2VZ45pMT/
Diagram---Storyboard-Design-Exercise-(Copy)?node-
id=0%3A1&t=uHpunTeHm4Uk6oVL-1)

8. we can install 6-inch and 8-inch pipes, running from the

sides of the park to the wells, so that the rainwater from the
 sides would fall into the wells. In this way, rainwater does not
accumulate on the sides of the park and we will be able to
save up to millions of gallons of water in the wells and
borings on the sides will be recharged for six months, in a
single rain spell. (Addressing cause 3)(Ahmed Khan)

9. The creation of new and improved water supply

infrastructure is one possible solution to this issue. This can
be accomplished by boosting financing for building and
repairing pipelines and water treatment facilities. Moreover,
efforts should be taken to enforce laws and punish
individuals who commit theft, unauthorized water
connections, and pipeline leaks.
https://www.figma.com/file/Wacz48lyVK8hf8YyuODiK3/
Untitled?node-id=0%3A1&t=qQIlPSlI8hkRyJ3F-1
(Addressing cause 1 - Mirha Hussain)

10. Population growth beyond the ability of water supply is

indeed a major cause of water shortages. As Karachi's
population continues to grow, there is an increasing demand
for water resources. Here are some solutions that can
address this problem:
Water conservation:
Encouraging people to conserve water through education
campaigns, incentives, and regulations can help to reduce
demand and conserve water resources.
Sustainable water management:
Governments and water authorities can adopt sustainable
water management practices to ensure that water resources
are used efficiently and sustainably. This can include
measures such as the use of recycled water, the
implementation of water-saving technologies, and the
promotion of efficient irrigation practices.
Water infrastructure development:
Investing in water infrastructure, such as dams, reservoirs,
and water treatment plants, can help to increase water
supply and provide access to safe and clean water.
Population control measures:
Addressing population growth through measures such as
family planning and education can help to reduce the
demand for water resources.
Collaborative approach:
Addressing the problem of water shortages requires a
collaborative approach involving all stakeholders, including
governments, civil society, the private sector, and
individuals. Collaboration can help to identify and implement
sustainable and innovative solutions to water scarcity.
In conclusion, addressing the problem of water shortages
requires a multi-faceted approach that involves water
conservation, sustainable water management, water
infrastructure development, population control measures,
and collaboration among stakeholders. By implementing
these solutions, we can ensure that there is enough water
for present and future generations. (addressing cause 4 )(M.
Hunain Asif)
11. Water shortage is a significant issue in Karachi, and it
has been a long-standing problem for the city.Karachi has
expanded in a largely unplanned fashion over the last
several decades. There is corruption, inefficiency, and
political interference, so it’s an organization rooted in a
number of problems. Instead of starting by fixing the pipes,
we need to fix the institution that fixes the pipes.
What we can do for this cause:
● Increase RegulationAnd Monitoring:The government
should increase regulation and monitoring of water
supply and sanitation services to ensure that they are
meeting quality standards and are accessible to all
residents of Karachi.
● Increase Investment:The government should allocate
more funds to improve the infrastructure in Karachi.
● Improve Water Management:The government should
work on improving water management by reducing
water loss through leakage and theft.
● Increase Public Awareness:The government should
work on increasing public awareness about the
importance of water conservation, and encourage
people to use water wisely.
(Addressing Cause 1)(Shafay)(StoryBoard Link
https://www.figma.com/file/y6GZIM1rYZBVbIaeIvoHDd/
Pani?nod
e-id=0%3A1&t=GnFyDI3lZJbKiaIU-1)

12. The solar-powered water purification system is the

perfect solution for anyone who wants water filtration for
clean drinking water every day from reusable resources. It’s
 easy to use and a purification system the size of a
microwave oven can yield up to 3 gallons of purified drinking
water on a sunny day. While scalability can be an issue as
the initial costs are high, it's a good system for an
emergency situation. For funding, you can use the internet
and social media to gain awareness and use crowdfunding
sites like GoFundMe. GoFundMe is a free crowdfunding
platform built primarily to raise financial support for
individuals, charitable causes, and community projects.
(Addressing causes 2 and 7) (Abdul Rehman Abdul Wahid)
(Storyboard link
https://www.canva.com/design/DAFeXEp9N2o/FtN22o39OY
dXTdBGADfcvg/view?
utm_content=DAFeXEp9N2o&utm_campaign=designshare&
utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton)

13. Introduction
Population growth is indeed one of the major causes of
water shortage in Karachi, as the city's water supply
infrastructure is not able to keep pace with the growing
demand. Here are some possible solutions to address this
issue:

1. Increase water supply: The government of Pakistan can

invest in building new dams and reservoirs to increase the
supply of water to Karachi. Additionally, rainwater harvesting
and water recycling can be implemented to make the most of
available resources.

2. Reduce water losses: A significant amount of water is lost

through leaks in the distribution system, illegal connections,
 and inefficient water use. The government can invest in
repairing and upgrading the water distribution system to
reduce losses and promote water conservation.

3. Promote water conservation: The residents of Karachi can

also play a role in conserving water by adopting water-
saving measures in their homes and businesses, such as
fixing leaky faucets and using water-efficient appliances.

4. Educate the public: Public awareness campaigns can be

launched to educate the residents of Karachi about the
importance of water conservation and the role they can play
in addressing the city's water shortage.(Addressing cause 4 )
(musaid ullah
khan)https://www.figma.com/file/hN5muyU10M25eJdEE7tTu
i/Untitled?node-id=0%3A1&t=hzPjtPHcbXsRvOaG-1

14. Introduction:
With two-thirds of the earth's surface covered by water. It is
evidently clear that water is one of the most important
elements responsible for life on earth. It is not only vital for
the sustenance of life but equally essential for
socioeconomic development. The global freshwater shortage
and food security issues related to teeming billions of
population necessitated the shifting of fresh water from
agriculture to other more pressing uses. The city is facing
the worst ever crisis of water shortage for the last many
years, as water available for any use has become
increasingly scarce.
Source of supply:
There are two sources of water supply in Karachi:
i) The River Indus supplies 1200 cusecs daily equal to 645
MGD
ii) The Hub dam supplies about 50 MGD.
Home to almost 20 million people, Karachi is Pakistan's
largest city, its financial hub, and (until recently) its only
coastal city. Currently, only half of the city's needs are met—
the city has 550 million gallons per day, but the population
size requires 1.1 billion gallons per day.
The Hub dam supply is rain-fed so it fluctuates between
about 30 - 75 MGD. The total water supply to Karachi is 695
MGD.
WATER CRISIS IN AREAS OF KARACHI:
Sources say that in various areas of Karachi like:
● North Karachi
● New Karachi
● Orangi Town
● Gulshan Iqbal
● Liaquat Abad
● Manzoor Colony
● Mehmood Abad
 and other regions, citizens are facing severe water
shortages. Water scarcity is being met in various areas due
to the lack of water in the system.

HOW CITIZENS HANDLE THE SHORTFALL WATER:

Due to the over-expansion of the city, not all its citizens are
linked to the KWSB supply line.
Alternative sources of water have been created by the
citizens.
● Personally installed tube wells
● Bore wells
● Small-scale water providers
● Illegal hydrants
● Bottled water suppliers
Unfortunately, this water supply is unlawful as it is not
regulated through the KWSB and it contributes a significant
percentage to the non-revenue water (i.e. water used from
the KWSB source but for which it gets no income – only loss
in the water supply). (Hina Shoukat)(Addressing cause)
(Storyboard Link
https://www.figma.com/file/X6LcrWwq8BQwclj5AsxjGV/Untitl
ed?node-id=0-1&t=a4DmnH6e5FSiS1N1-0)

15. PROJECTS:
The Karachi Water Project (KWP) is an interdisciplinary research group engaged
in investigating approaches to improve water management in Karachi. The
group, headed by Dr. Hassaan F. Khan, strives to develop technological and
policy-based solutions to Karachi’s water challenges.
https://www.karachiwaterproject.com/

Towards a sustainable and equitable water pricing strategy for KarachiThe Karachi
Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB) is stuck in a vicious cycle: low revenue
collection restricts its ability to maintain and expand the water system; the
resultant poor performance hinders any effort to increase revenues from
consumers.

Major reasons for low revenue include high non-revenue water due to theft and
leakage, low bill collection rates and tariffs for piped water that don’t account for
actual usage. There’s also extreme inequity in water costs; on the one hand,
there are communities that are suffering from acute water scarcity while also
paying large sums out of their monthly income on water, on the other hand, there
are neighborhoods that receive reliable piped water supply at a minimal or no
charge. In this environment, KWSB needs help with improving its service
delivery, and a pricing strategy that is not only equitable and inclusive—in terms
of its billing structure for different income groups—but also sustainable in the
long run—in terms of revenue sufficiency. This research study uses a
combination of willingness-to-pay (WTP) surveys and economic models to
explore the effectiveness of various water pricing strategies. Using long-term
budgetary valuations for KWSB under different objectives and tariff regimes, we
will devise a portfolio of water pricing strategies adapted for various contexts
across Karachi.

https://www.karachiwaterproject.com/projects/toward-sustainable/

Water security through a political-ecological lens: A case study of Lyari Township

In traditional water resource management, studies to estimate the reliability
of water supply tend to remain “apolitical”, i.e., there is little to no mention
of power asymmetries that create differential bargaining power in unequal
societies.

Water security requires not only ensuring water availability but also
ensuring citizens’ “access” to the water supply. In Karachi’s context, the
myopic focus on increasing water supplies often fails to consider social
inequalities that render large portions of the population water insecure.
This study assesses water scarcity using a political-ecological lens,
through a case study of Lyari, a low-income and multiethnic township
situated at the tail-end of the city’s water supply infrastructure and
suffering from acute water scarcity. By employing a mixed-methods
approach, we combine household surveys (selected through purposive
sampling), interviews with relevant stakeholders, and participant
observations to investigate tangible and intangible factors that influence
the households’ ability to purchase, access, and consume a safe and
adequate volume of water for domestic purposes.

https://www.karachiwaterproject.com/projects/water-justice/

Rethinking the Network

Rapid urbanization in Karachi’s low-income settlements has resulted in a growing

‘infrastructural deficit’ that challenges citizens’ access to water. A diverse range
of off-grid modes of water provisioning makes service delivery possible for many
disadvantaged neighborhoods. This study explores the heterogenous nature of
alternative modes of water that go beyond the piped network and analyses them
from a socio-technical perspective. The objective is to capture the processes
undergirding these diverse arrangements and highlight the unfolding constraints.
This is a qualitative study situated in a low-income settlement, Lyari.

https://www.karachiwaterproject.com/projects/alternate-networks

Quantifying household water use and its determinants in low-income water-scarce

households.

Water discourse in Karachi revolves around the theme of scarcity. KWSB

projects a demand of over 1200 million gallons a day (MGD) for Karachi. With the
current water supply of around 550 MGD, most of Karachi's water problems are
reduced to that of a "shortage" of water. However, the KWSB projections of water
demand are not based on actual usage locally; instead, the projections are based
on a uniform and exaggerated assumed per capita demand that is not
representative of household usage in Karachi. In this study, we conduct
household surveys in the low-income township of Lyari to understand how and
how much water households use for their daily activities. A better understanding
of actual water demands in the city can help lead to better-targeted water
infrastructure investments and policies.

https://www.karachiwaterproject.com/projects/water-demand/

K-IV water project:

The Greater Karachi Bulk Water Supply Scheme K-IV was initiated to supply of
bulk water to the mega city of Karachi from its source at Keenjhar Lake located at
Thatta District of Sindh Province. Salient Features.

K-IV water project (Urdu: ‫وبہ‬YY‫انی کے منص‬YY‫ور پ‬YY‫)کے ف‬, abbreviated as K-IV, is a
pending water supply project from the last 19 years being jointly developed
by the provincial and federal governments in Karachi, Pakistan, to augment the
city's daily water supply. The estimated cost was approximately Rs.25.5 billion
 PKR, which now increased to 150 billion PKR, while the project is designed to
provide 650 million gallons of water daily to Karachi in three phases. The new
water supply will be extracted from Keenjhar Lake through three water canals.
The project was slated for completion in mid-2019. K-IV water project is part of
the Karachi Bulk Water Supply Project
The responsibility for the implementation of the K4 project was handed over to
WAPDA by the federal government in October 2020. The WAPDA vows to
complete the K4 project in a minimum time of two years so that the citizens of
Karachi can benefit from it. Like many other projects for Karachi, this project is
once again delayed till October 2023.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-IV_water_project#:~:text=The%20estimated
%20cost%20was%20approximately,to%20Karachi%20in%20three%20phases.
Conclusion:

water scarcity has become an alarming issue day by day. If we do not take the
problem of water scarcity seriously now, our future generations are going to
suffer severely and may even have to buy this necessity at a high cost
(Storyboard Link
https://www.figma.com/file/Qp1o1mmMaht49GXhCdG2iP/Un
titled?node-id=0-1&t=QpjCAr09mJy3l8kQ-0)
(Muqadus Masood)(Addressing Cause 1)

16. The water shortage in Karachi is a complex issue that

requires a versatile approach to address. While lack of
funding is a major challenge, there are several solutions that
can be considered:
SOLUTION:
● One potential solution to the funding problem is to seek
international aid from organizations such as the World Bank
or the Asian Development Bank. These organizations could
provide financing for water infrastructure projects in Karachi.

○ Another solution to the funding problem is to establish

public-private partnerships. Private sector entities could
 invest in water infrastructure projects, while the
government could provide regulatory oversight and
ensure that the water supply is accessible to all
citizens.

○ Another solution is to raise public awareness and

campaign about the water shortage problem in Karachi.
This could help to build support for funding water
infrastructure projects and encourage citizens to take
action to conserve water.

○ Karachi has a large informal economy, which makes it

difficult to collect taxes from businesses and individuals.
So Improved tax collection could provide a much-
needed source of revenue for water infrastructure
projects. (Storyboard Link
https://www.figma.com/file/uag3ppurJqRvmmFNwBG7
Xo/Untitled?node-id=0-1&t=2XQ1jdtrGrCGiWnT-0)
(Shazil Amjad)(Addressing cause 7)

17. Effects:
Death
All life needs water; every 90 seconds, a child dies from
water-related illness and disease.
Poor education
Most schools in the worst affected areas do not have a toilet
or safe drinking water for students, which leaves students
 dehydrated and mentally incapable of achieving well in
school.
Societal impact
Improvements in society are halted due to a constant need
to find water; 5-6 hours every day is spent looking for water
on average.
Livestock problems
The lack of water leads to the impossibility of keeping
livestock, which in turn makes it even harder for people in
arid regions to find food and income.
Agricultural problems
No water means no crops. Previous regions with a good
amount of water have seen a decline in the groundwater,
and without water, they cannot grow crops. (Storyboard
Linkhttps://www.canva.com/design/DAFeT2A7W6w/Mn-
YYt_EXZgNNS_3j1WYAw/edit?
utm_content=DAFeT2A7W6w&utm_campaign=designshare
&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton )(Addressing
cause)(Arooba Ansar)

18. EFFECTS OF WATER CRISIS ON ENVIRONMENT:-

1:- Soil degradation: Lack of water can cause soil to become

dry and compact, making it difficult for plants to grow. This
can lead to erosion and loss of topsoil, which can affect the
quality of the soil in the long run.
 2:-Biodiversity Loss: Water scarcity can cause the
degradation of aquatic habitats and ecosystems, leading to a
decline in biodiversity. The reduction of water availability can
result in the drying of wetlands, rivers, and lakes, which can
be devastating for the plants and animals that depend on
them for their survival.

3:-Forest fires: Water scarcity can increase the risk of forest

fires, which can have a devastating impact on the
environment, as well as human settlements and
infrastructure.

4:--Air Pollution: Water scarcity can lead to an increase in air

pollution as people turn to burning fossil fuels to generate
electricity and power irrigation systems. This can result in the
release of harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, which can
have serious consequences for human health and the
environment.
STORYBOARD
LINK:-https://www.canva.com/design/DAFeglYnUJA/H2oY4
mPnRvN7VwxPVMieGA/edit?
utm_content=DAFeglYnUJA&utm_campaign=designshare&
utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton
(RAMISHA AZEEM)

19. The population of mega city Karachi is approx 4 Crore

and the key supplies of water to Karachi is from
1) Hub Dam = Approx 95 Cusecs
2) Indus River = Approx 1200 Cusecs
Karachi needs 2300 Cusecs on a daily basis but only gets
1200 cusecs.
In total Supply of 1200 Cusecs From KWSB following also
occurs.
1) Theft: Water is being stolen by mafias and others on
the main supply line.
2) Wastage: Due to the Old Infrastructure of the main
supply line there is a lot of leakage throughout the
whole supply line.
3) Tanker Mafia: This is the most common issue as the
end user did not get water and we used to hear that
there is a shortage of water but tankers are getting
water from all legal and illegal hydrants.
After all, this above occurs in Karachi nearly get 300-400
Cusecs daily which is then supplied to Posh areas of the City
and to the areas where Influential personalities live.
According to surveys Household water use varies depending
on the number of people in a house and their personal
needs. On average; A person uses 145 liters per day But
let's suppose per person needs 50 liters in Karachi for
everyday use Then according to this Karachi needs 400
crore liters daily but Karachi only gets 70 crore liters daily.
So according to the above calculations, 1.4 Cr People Get
water on a daily basis and 2.6 Cr People do not get water.
An Extra Supply of 130 Cr liters is needed Daily which can
only be solved if the K-4 Project is completed. (Addressing
Cause 1) (Noman Tariq) (StoryBoard
link(https://www.canva.com/design/DAFeexkisPA/MnCXvwS
9S4cgW8kxJQP-Zw/view?
 utm_content=DAFeexkisPA&utm_campaign=designshare&u
tm_medium=link&utm_source=publishsharelink)

20. The overuse of water by industries is a significant

contributing factor to the water shortage in Karachi. To
address this issue, several solutions can be implemented:
● Industries can adopt measures to reduce water
consumption and increase efficiency in their operations.
This can include reusing water, fixing leaks, using
water-efficient technologies, and implementing better
water management practices.
● The government can enforce water usage limits on
industries to ensure that they are not consuming more
water than necessary. This can be done through
regulations, monitoring, and penalties for non-
compliance.
● Industries can be encouraged to use alternative water
sources such as rainwater harvesting, treated
wastewater, and seawater desalination. This can
reduce the burden on freshwater resources and help
ensure a more sustainable water supply.
● Industries can implement water recycling and reuse
technologies to minimize their dependence on
freshwater sources. This will reduce the amount of
water they need to extract from the city's water supply.

21. Irtiza Bangash (02-134211-062)

Approximately 13% of the world’s population is expected to
face insufficient availability of drinking water by 2025,
according to World Health Organization estimates. Ensuring
universal access to water and sanitation is one of the United
Nation’s 17 sustainable development goals for 2030.
Among the most exciting solutions to the water scarcity
problem to emerge is the field of Atmospheric Water
Generation (AWG), more popularly known as “Water-from-
Air” technologies.

One Israeli company’s groundbreaking technology can

create fresh drinking-quality water from nothing but plain air.

First, Watergen’s built-in blower draws air from the

atmosphere into the system’s atmospheric water generator.
There, an internal filter cleanses the air by removing dust
and dirt. Once clean, the air is directed through the GENius
heat exchange and cooling process, and condensed into
water.

The water is then filtered again to remove impurities and add

minerals, resulting in fresh drinking-quality water. Once
produced, the water is continuously circulated in a built-in
reservoir to preserve its freshness.

The company’s large-scale generator can produce up to

5,000 liters of clean water every day, requiring no
infrastructure other than a standard electricity supply.
Its medium-scale generator can produce up to 900 liters of
clean water every day. The “Genny,” a plug-in home or office
generator, can produce up to 27 liters per day.

GEN-L
Generates up to 6000 liters a day.
 GEN-M PRO
Up to 900 liters a day.

GENNY
Up to 30 liters a day.

22 . Mismanagement of Water Between Rural and

Urban Areas
The major problems with the canal system of Pakistan
include:
• water shortage
•outdated infrastructure
• waterlogging and salinity
• and inequitable water distribution.
Solutions:
Modernizing and upgrading infrastructure: The canal system
requires significant investments in infrastructure, including
repairing and upgrading canals, distributaries, and other
components of the system. This will require both government
funding and private investment.

Improving water management: Improving the management

of water resources is critical to ensure that water is
distributed equitably and efficiently. This can be achieved
through better monitoring of water use, improving irrigation
techniques, and reducing water losses through the leakage.

Promoting water conservation: Encouraging farmers and

other users of the canal system to adopt water conservation
practices can help to reduce water usage and improve the
sustainability of the system. This can include promoting the
use of drought-resistant crops, improving irrigation methods,
and implementing water pricing policies that incentivize
conservation.

Addressing waterlogging and salinity: To address the

problem of waterlogging and salinity, it is necessary to
implement measures to lower the water table and reduce the
amount of saline water entering the system. This can be
achieved through the construction of drainage channels and
improved water management practices.

Ensuring equitable water distribution: Finally, it is essential to

ensure that water is distributed equitably among different
regions and users of the canal system. This will require
better management of water allocation, addressing issues of
corruption and political influence, and promoting
transparency in the decision-making process.

All Solutions that are mentioned above should be given

under IRSA.
(Abdul Mueed Paracha - 081)
StoryBoard Link:
https://www.figma.com/file/VHJ8kF5riE00dSHN1bZV8R/
Untitled?node-id=0%3A1&t=lxvac2HTBjXst8E5-1