100 stcTroN 11: Fluid Mechanics Solving for Ap, gives (5.29, and since Ap, = 41, /(DL), (5.21) Substituting from Eq. (5.21) into Eq. (5.6) gives lon 16 (sy DVp_ Re Equation (5.20) is the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. One of its uses is in the ey. perimental measurement of viscosity, by measuring the pressure drop and volume. ric flow rate through a tube of known length and diameter. From the flow rate, Vis calculated by Eq. (4.9) and jis calculated by Eq. (5.20). In practice, corrections fo kinetic energy and entrance effects are necessary. Laminar flow of non-newtonian liquids Because of the difference in the relation between shear stress and velocity gra dient, the shape of the velocity profile for non-newtonian liquids differs from that of a newtonian liquid. In the more complicated situations of non-newtonian flow, the shape of the profile is determined experimentally. For the simpler cases such as the power law model [Eq. (3.7)] or the Bingham model [Eq. (3.6)], the same methods used for determining the flow parameters of a newtonian fluid can be used for not- newtonian fluids in these categories, For fluids following the power law model, the velocity variation with radits follows the formula Vit En ay a= (ds,)" starve 6m rwK 1+1/n’ Velocity profiles defined by Eq. (5.23) when n' = 0.5 (a pseudoplastic fui nf = 1.0 (a newtonian fluid), and n’ = 2.0 (a ditatant fluid) are shown in Fig. 54!" all cases K” is assumed to be the same. The curve for the dilatant fluid is narrower more pointed than a true parabola; that for the Pseudoplastic fluid is blunter flatter. The pressure difference for the flow of a power law fluid is found by the me!” ods used in deriving Eq. (5.20) for a newtonian fluid. The result is * Ap. = ott)" ve 6) fa : ds to Eq. (5.20) f : uation (5.24) correspon 4 'or a newtonian fluid. a “The behavior of fluids following the Bingham Plastic flow model is somevils more complicated. The general shape of the curve of w vere s is sho" |CHAPTER 5: Incompressible Flow in Pipes and Channels 101 4 aot FIGURE 5.4 ] ] Velocity profiles in the laminar flow 26 ' 3 Ee of newtonian and non-newtonian 24+" liquids. feted seudoplostic: | n =0.5 10 ty P. 9 010203 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 080910 Fig. 5.5a. In the central portion of the tube there is no velocity variation with the radius, and the velocity gradient is confined to an annular space between the central portion and tube wall. The center portion is moving in plug flow. In this region the shear stress that would be generated in other types of flow is too small to overcome the threshold shear ty. The shear diagram is shown in Fig. 5.5b. For the velocity Variation in the annular space between the tube wall and the plug, the following ‘equation applies: 1 r lw zi wisi lrysar)| Se lilihen)i= ay (5.25) here K is a constant, The boundary between the plug and the remaining fluid is found by differentiating Eq. (5.25) and setting the velocity gradient equal to zero, ot "More simply by reading the value from Fig. 5.5b. The result is no Or (5.26) + Tw The velocity in the central core 1, the speed at which the plug is moving, is found bby substituting the value of r, from Eq. (5.26) for r in Eq. (5.25) and rearranging, This gives (5.27)102. section | 1: Fluid Mechanics | Pipe wall | t of pipe s region 0 Velocity, u (0) Pipe wall Pipe wall Sheor stress, + —> (b) FIGURE 5.5 (a) Velocity profile. (b) Shear diagram for Bingham plastic flow. An interesting observation with some non-newtonian mixtures® is that at high Sa OT ae sancare-elocity boundary condition atthe wall multiphase fluids such as suspensions and fiber-filled polymers, this effet ® believed to be the result of a thin layer near the wall that is depleted of particu or fibers and thus has a lower viscosity than the bulk of the fluid. This gives arance of a “slip” at the wall. Empirical formu era pjccount for such wall effects." las are often used in the Ii Laminar flow in an annulus of i local velocity g . 7 a The relation between ity and radial position for the laminar f a newtonian fluid through an annular space may be found by the same me™ s