Exactness :

DE looks l!ke
Mxdx+Mydy = O
-

for Ply x) ,
= <2
(tw!ce d!ff!ble) we have
Yxy =
Myx
nere

th!s !s what we use to cluckof the DE

!s exact not
or

(y(x) x)
.

For F(x) 4 =

= Stotal den!vat!ve)

F(x) =
0
,
then F(x= ⑪ !s a solut!on for CER .

4(y(x) x) c
=>

2 6
.
.

Does there ex!st a Y(x, y) tw!ce d!ff!ble , so that

Cxy2 bxxy) + +

( xy =

4x +

My y'
.

Tx My
=
(xy2 +

bxzy)y [(xxy) x 2) x
11 12

bx2
(xty)2x
2
2x2
2xy 1 x x
2xy
=
+ +
+ +
.

b =
3
2
4x xy 3x2y Yy x3
yx2
= =

+ +

↓
Y(y
Yy
=
,
x)

x2y
=

2y2 x3y f(y)

+
x3
+

f((y)
+

-
<
 f(y) =
0
f(y) =

court .

↑(x , y) =
- +

x3y +
c

S :
S(xy2 bxxy) (x+y)xy'dx
=
+ = 0 dx

- +

x3y+ c)
=

c!2 -> !mpl!c n .

2 6
. .

exerc!se
->

"MAKING EXACT
M(x y) ,
A DE .

M
Ny 0
-M(x y)
=
+

M UNY'
+

4x Ty exact >(uM)y (MN) =

myM+ mMy
=

MxN + Ny

E y
If me assume
M
=

M(y)
->

My
=
=

r
0
Mx
=

⑧
becomes :

MM +MMy D MNx =
+

M!M p(Nx-My)=

not Senergy fre e =--

Nx-My
-

M M Ancofy

If My depends only on
y , tull-f! dy
2 .
6

exact >(uM)y (MN) =

myM+ mMy
=

MxN + MNy
M y

0
)
Mxy) : Call
xy
=v
nx
=

8
Myby N
=
x
* becomes : M

mMy= MN +
M
+

=Mx

m!(xM yN) -
=

M(Nx My) -

fac of ~

!f 3-fucofu sta l!ke

xy
v =

yer!
Assume
t !s a
fuc of v =

xy

Say du

/
xM-ya
en (M) =

Adr =

e
e
26
. .

-> exerc!se

⑮ (3x2y 2xy + +

y3)y=(x +y2) 2
x

3 x2 + 2X "2x =>
not exact .

Le
M(x)
+ =

[(3x2y +

2xy +

y3)p(x))y [(x2 xyz)m(x)] =

(3x2 +
2x +

3y2)m(x) =

(2x)m(x) +
(x2 +y2)f(x)

(3x2 yxxx 3y2)M(x)

+ -
+
=

(xx +y2)m!(x)

3x2 3y2 M! then M!s

+

3
= -

xyz π !ndeed
=

M
=

p(x)

(3dx =

( dx
3x c
en(m)
=

e*Y . =
er -
M
= e
3x

3x 3x
e
2xy y3)
-+
+

-xy2)y1
+
e = 0

Yx
<Yy
Y(x,y) =

ex(x2y z) f(x) + +
 4x =

3e(x2y z) ex(zxy) +
+
+

f(x)

=>
f(x) =

0 =

f(x) =

4(x, y) =

ex(x2y z) +
+

a .

(4 court) =

ex(x2y 3) - coust
+ .

⑧ 2 H!nt :
My) = e2 .

-
soln
>
: xe2
-eny =
d
-

y!-asol! !en
M!ss
.

!
prob

y
=

y , (t) +

y =

y! -

I
y 22 +z
+ +

y -

* =

91
+

92(y, +
) +

q3(y I)2 +

91
-
+

q2y,
--
+

22 +

934, 293+
-
+

2 293+ ([vY)
-
=
+

v =

(92 293y)r
+
-

93
M!ss
:

Probo

I
y =
y
+
=
,

⑭593 I

v
(t)r 1 => v 1
=
=
-
- -

=> = v =
-

t +
2
I
t
y
+
=> -
=

c t

---

Ist order DE :

⑳ l!near ->
M(x) !ntegrat!ng factor
· nonl!near : ·

Separable -> (Alxdx= SBly)dy

↑
· exact -> F!nd Ist .

4xdx+Yydy
=
0

↑ sol :

Y =
constant

· not exact - Make the DE exact & solve .

E M(x y)
3
Is there ,
S t
.
.

M . (DE) !s exact ?

noth!ng works : Is !t
homogeneous ?
true
-
!t
F() (
?
F(x y) =
=F
y
=

F(x = F(xx sy)

check
y)
:

, ,
-

!f homogeneous ,
v =

=> DEN !s
separable .
Solve

--
 tre S
2 8 z
S t
.
.

z(0) =
0

y
.
.

St =
t

If we let st-1 and

def!ne z =

y-2 .
then

S 0 = t 1 2 z 0
y
=
=
=
=
= = .

Now we wr!te the DEz(S) sat!sf!es :

(s) =

Ats) (S =

d 2) .
1 =
1
dt
=

+2
e

=
(s 17
+ +
[ 2)
+

So we have
dz
z
(Sx) (z 2)2 w!th IV z10) 0
=
=
=

Is
+
+
: .

-sen

2 .
8 .

(a) We'll use

Prt(t) =
Tc(an(s)+D ds .

Start w!th 0(t) = 0

, 4 (t) =
,
2 (4 . (s) +1) as = Taas= [25] 2t

92(t) =

12(1 ,
(s) +

1)ds =
Y4s +

2ds =

(252 +

25] =
2 2 27
--d
+
+

(2(d2(s) 4 45
93(t) 1)ds 45 2ds [5 25 +
2s]
+

= + +
= +
=

Note that
2t=Yz .
sIds and =2 -
(25) as
 So
for Bu ,
we w!ll
add
2
- as to 03 ,
and so on :

%1 =

27

42 =

2 t .
+
b!

93 =
2 . 2 .

1 42 +

%> =
2 2 . .

-1 43
2 +

1
45 =
2 2 . .
2 .

25 44 +
= 25 -

2 3 4 5
.
.
.
+
y
=

25 +

04
:

Or 24 du- Pz- b
+
=

. d!
,

=
2* +

Catcher (k 2) !
-
.... + 22
2
Y
+

2 -
-Et
---
# =
k -
2
# =

2 ↑" =

You mathemat!cal !nduct!on !t

J ... ?
can ese to
prove .

·
Bas!s
step :
d! -
S
·
Induct!ve
Step
:

Assume &r =, show

dun? Et" #!

Pun=Y2(du(s) +1) &s = 2 ,

"
+
2ds=
Tas+25
-as+ct-
I 2- 2
(j =
# +

1)) ke 1

= E + 25

j- -2

l!n
2
2t)
L
(1) l!m 2
-
+

1-1 =
-
# 1# !
=

2- 6

!
j =

1
I
=et-1
3. 1 .

2nd oralar l!near ODE "

y y=0
-

, ,
z
e- t
kom eqn.vn/cawoZ.coef
"

y y e
. .
=

yurt , y
'
- re!t ,
y
"
zart

"
y tay 'thy=
O
(rztarvbye.!t -
= o

-
+0
Î char.eqn.IO
solu 8dm
y CY ,
.

çyztczyz
.
,

← yüzey!
"

cfyhtay!tby.IO
"

4yd -

ayı
+
czlyö .
- . .

chyeqn.!r?t3rt2=0 r
,
= -2
rz= -1
← Dlrtz) d
d
yı -_
çeüyzçet
generalde :

y-eae-ZEtcze.l!
3. 1 .

Cha! rZtYrt3=0 ry -1
rz -3
eqn
.
: = :

d d

yzcze-3tgeneralsaln-!.y-ae-ttcze-stnsyk.ae?-3cze-3t
yı
-_
ç!t

↳: 1072 c. tez 2
y
=

ytl07
-7-4-34=-14--7/2
-1

-> !ya az -72

=
4
 Alt
sohntothe.lv#:y=-3ze-t+Eze-3t
t
3. I.

d!r : G- 2) ( rt 3) = 0 ¥2 ! r -3

rztr -6=0

y "ty
'
DE by -_ o
-

3.1 .

Onar ?
-2=0 → r, 2 l
eqn r r rz=
:
-
-_ -

c- z!l! d d

yze-cze-tgeueral-dm!y-aezttcze-tyl-2aezt-a.ae
çezt
yı
-

-
t

y 6) =D
}
Hz : çtcz =D
az
4=3
yko ) -2 24-4=2

29-234=2+2
-

az =

t
8dL y
:
atfett! e-
data lotta
du 0
-

HZ D= -2
-3=0