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9) Suppose an economist tells you that, on average, people in Canada have too much personal debt. This
is an example of a(n) statement.
A) autonomous
B) positive
C) normative
D) independent
E) induced
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 2.1. positive and normative statements
Skill: Applied
Learning Obj.: 2-1 Distinguish between positive and normative statements.
User2: Qualitative
10) Which of the following statements belongs more properly in the field of normative economics than
positive economics?
A) An increase in the minimum wage leads to more unemployment.
B) The price of one Canadian dollar is $0.85 U.S.
C) When a drought occurs, the price of vegetables tends to rise.
D) Canadian governments should provide assistance to the auto industry.
E) Technological change has reduced the cost of cell phone service.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: 2.1. positive and normative statements
Skill: Applied
Learning Obj.: 2-1 Distinguish between positive and normative statements.
User2: Qualitative
3
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
11) Which of the following best describes the relationship between positive and normative statements in
economics?
A) Normative statements are those with which all economists agree; positive statements may give rise to
some disagreement.
B) Positive and normative statements are alternate ways of describing the desirability of certain economic
policies.
C) Normative statements evaluate the desirability of certain economic changes; positive statements do
not.
D) Neither positive nor normative statements are concerned with the desirability of certain economic
changes.
E) Economists generally agree with each other regardless of whether a question is positive or normative.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: 2.1. positive and normative statements
Skill: Applied
Learning Obj.: 2-1 Distinguish between positive and normative statements.
User2: Qualitative
12) A theory
A) enables one to predict the future with certainty.
B) is designed to explain and predict what we observe.
C) is used to impose order on the world.
D) can only be tested with a controlled experiment.
E) assumes definitions for variables.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: 2.1. positive and normative statements
Skill: Recall
Learning Obj.: 2-1 Distinguish between positive and normative statements.
User2: Qualitative
13) An assertion about the desirability of reducing unemployment by lowering payroll taxes is most
likely
A) a theory.
B) a testable proposition.
C) a hypothesis.
D) a normative statement.
E) a positive statement.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: 2.1. positive and normative statements
Skill: Applied
Learning Obj.: 2-1 Distinguish between positive and normative statements.
User2: Qualitative
4
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
2.2 Building and Testing Economic Theories
2) Choose the statement that best describes how endogenous variables differ from exogenous variables.
A) An endogenous variable is explained within the theory, while an exogenous variable influences the
endogenous variables but is determined outside the theory.
B) An endogenous variable is a flow, while an exogenous variable is a stock.
C) An endogenous variable is explained outside the theory and influences an exogenous variable while
an exogenous variable is explained within the theory.
D) An exogenous variable is a function of the endogenous variable, and both are flow variables.
E) An endogenous variable is a function of the exogenous variable, and both are stock variables.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: 2.2a. economic theories
Skill: Applied
Learning Obj.: 2-2 Explain why and how economists use theories to help them understand the economy.
User2: Qualitative
3) Suppose there is a theory that several things influence the price of fish in Halifax, one of which is the
weather during the fishing season. When examining the determinants of the price of fish, the weather is
A) an endogenous variable, as it influences the price of fish.
B) an exogenous variable, as it is determined outside the theory.
C) a stock, as it influences the quantity of fish caught.
D) an act of God and, therefore, has no legitimate connection with the theory.
E) an endogenous variable, as it is determined within the theory.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: 2.2a. economic theories
Skill: Applied
Learning Obj.: 2-2 Explain why and how economists use theories to help them understand the economy.
User2: Qualitative
5
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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BARLEY MOW TEA HOUSE AND GARDENS, ISLINGTON
The Barley Mow Tea House and Gardens were on the west side
of Frog Lane, now Popham Road, Islington. They are first mentioned
in 1786.[158] About 1799, the Barley Mow was kept as a public-
house by a man named Tate, and George Morland lived there for
several months, indulging in drinking and low company, but finding
time to paint some good pictures which he generally sold for small
sums. He often borrowed for sketching purposes old harness and
saddles from a farm-house opposite, and was wont “to send after
any rustic-looking character” to obtain a sitting. The Barley Mow has
been used as a public-house to the present time, and is now No. 31,
Popham Road, but it has been modernised, or rebuilt, and the
garden has disappeared.
[Nelson’s Islington, 128, 197; Cromwell’s Islington, p. 194, ff.;
Lewis’s Islington, 154, ff.; Walford, ii. 262; Morning Herald, 22 April,
1786.]
CANONBURY HOUSE TEA GARDENS
VIEWS.
Exterior of Canonbury Tavern (north view), a small engraving
published in 1819 by R. Ackermann (W. Coll.); Crace, Cat. p. 602, No.
174.
COPENHAGEN HOUSE
VIEWS.
1. Copenhagen House, Islington, as it appeared in 1737, sepia
drawing by Bernard Lens. Crace, Cat. p. 604, No. 191.
2. South-east view of Copenhagen House, printed for R. Sayer and
J. Bennett, 20 March, 1783 (W. Coll.); the woodcut in Lewis’s
Islington, p. 283, is derived from this.
3. Copenhagen House, Islington. J. Swaine del. 1793; J. Swaine,
sculp. 1854. Woodcut (W. Coll.).
4. There are several views of Copenhagen House in the nineteenth
century, see e.g. Hone’s Every Day Book, i. 858; Cromwell’s Islington,
p. 204; Crace, Cat. p. 605, Nos. 194, 196 (views of 1853).
5. “The Grand Meeting of the Metropolitan Trades’ Unions in the
Copenhagen Fields on Monday, April 21, 1834.” Coloured engraving
by Geo. Dorrington (W. Coll.). This shows Copenhagen House and an
enormous concourse in the fields.
HIGHBURY BARN
Highbury Barn Tavern with its gardens is, like the Canonbury
House Tavern and gardens, rooted in a respectable antiquity, for it
stood on the site of Highbury Barn[172] which formed part of the farm
attached to the old country seat[173] of the Prior of the Knights of St.
John of Jerusalem.
Highbury Barn (the tavern) was originally a small cake and ale
house which was in existence at least as early as 1740[174]. It was
occasionally (about 1768) honoured by a visit from Oliver Goldsmith
on one of his Shoemaker’s holidays. Goldsmith and three or four of
his friends would leave his Temple chambers in the morning and
proceed by the City Road and through the fields to Highbury Barn,
where at one o’clock they enjoyed a dinner of two courses and
pastry, at the cost of tenpence a head including the waiter’s penny.
The company then to be met with at the inn consisted of Templars
and literary men, and a citizen or two retired from business. At about
six, Goldsmith and his party adjourned to the White Conduit House
for tea, and ended the day with supper at the Globe or Grecian.
The trade of the place greatly increased under the management
of Mr. Willoughby, who, dying in December 1785, was succeeded by
his son. The younger Willoughby (landlord 1785–1818?)[175] laid out
the gardens, bowling green and trap-ball ground.[176] A large barn
belonging to the neighbouring Highbury Farm (or Grange) was
incorporated with the premises and fitted up suitably for a Great
Room. Here a monthly assembly subscribed to in the neighbourhood
was held in the spring and winter and monster dinner-parties of clubs
and societies were accommodated. In 1800 a company of eight
hundred persons sat down to dinner, and seventy geese were to be
seen roasting on the fire. Three thousand people were
accommodated at the Licensed Victuallers’ Dinner in 1841.
About 1793 the garden commanded an extensive prospect, and
as late as 1842 Highbury could be described as “a beautifully
situated hamlet.”
HIGHBURY BARN IN 1792.
In 1818 the property was purchased by the former proprietor of
the Grove House, Camberwell, and Highbury Barn was much
resorted to as a Sunday tea-garden (circ. 1823–1830). The place
then passed (before 1835) into the hands of John Hinton (previously
landlord of the Eyre Arms, St. John’s Wood) who with his son
Archibald Hinton, ultimately the sole proprietor, gave new life to the
place and made Highbury Barn a kind of North London Cremorne.
By about 1854 the number of monster dinner-parties and bean-
feasts had much fallen off, and on Whit-Monday of that year Hinton
opened his establishment for musical entertainments with a
performance by the band of the Grenadier Guards.
A license for dancing was granted in October 1856, and in July
1858 a Leviathan dancing platform, with an orchestra at one end,
was erected in the grounds. It was open to the sky with the exception
of one side, which consisted of a roofed structure of ornamental
ironwork. The whole platform occupied four thousand feet. A
standard of gas lamps in the centre of the platform and lamps placed
round its railing lit up the place in the evening, when the gardens
were frequented by large masses of people. In a more secluded part
of the gardens was an avenue of trees, flanked by female statues,
each holding a globular gas lamp. About 1858 the admission was
sixpence, and at this time Highbury Barn was much frequented on
Sunday evenings, when little parties might be seen on the lawn
before the Barn or in the bowers and alcoves by its side. The
gardens occupied five acres.
Archibald Hinton gave up possession in 1860; and in 1861
Edward Giovanelli opened Highbury Barn, after having improved the
grounds and erected a spacious hall for a ball and supper room. In
1862 Miss Rebecca Isaacs and Vernon Rigby were the principal
singers, and Leotard the gymnast was engaged for the summer
season. On 20 May 1865 the Alexandra Theatre was opened in the
grounds, but the entertainments in the gardens were also continued.
“The splendid Illuminations” were boldly advertised, and Blondin
(1868), Natator the man-frog, and the Siamese Twins were engaged
(1869). The riotous behaviour, late at night, of many frequenters of
the gardens caused annoyance to the neighbours, who regularly
opposed the renewal of the license. In October 1870 the dancing
license was refused, and next season Mr. E. T. Smith took the place
of Giovanelli as manager, but the license being again refused in
October 1871, Highbury Barn was finally closed. The flowerbeds
became choked with grass and weeds, and nightshade luxuriated
around the dismantled orchestra. By the spring of 1883 the place
had been covered with buildings, and a large public-house, the
Highbury Tavern (No. 26, Highbury Park N.), on part of the old site,
alone commemorates this once popular resort.
[Nelson’s Islington; Cromwell’s Islington; Lewis’s Islington;
Tomlins’s Perambulation of Islington; Kearsley’s Strangers’ Guide;
Walford, ii. 273. ff.; Forster’s Life of Goldsmith, bk. iv. chap. 2; Picture
of London, 1802, 1823 and 1829; Ritchie’s Night-side of London
(1858); Era Almanack, 1871, pp. 3, 4; M. Williams’s Some London
Theatres, 1883, p. 33, ff.; newspaper cuttings and bills, W. Coll.]
VIEWS.
1. Highbury Barn (gabled buildings), an etching from a drawing by
B. Green, 1775 (W. Coll.).
2. Highbury Assembly House, near Islington, kept by Mr.
Willoughby, 1792, print published in 1792 by Sayer (W. Coll.; also
Crace. Cat. p. 603, No. 182).
3. “Highbury Barn, Islington,” engraving published May 1, 1819, for
R. Ackermann.
4. Highbury Barn (exterior) (circ. 1835), engraving in Cromwell’s
Islington, p. 247, J. and H. S. Storer, del. et. sc.
5. “The Leviathan Platform, Highbury Barn,” woodcut in Illustrated
London News, July 1858.
6. Two views of “The Gardens, Highbury Barn Tavern” (circ. 1851),
in Tallis’s Illustrated London, ed. Gaspey.
THE DEVIL’S HOUSE, HOLLOWAY.
VIEWS.
1. A view of the house, gardens and bridge appears in Walford, v.
378, “Claude Duval’s House in 1825.”
2. Devil’s or Du Val’s House, Holloway, a sepia drawing by C. H.
Matthews (1840); Crace, Cat. p. 604, No. 190.
HORNSEY WOOD HOUSE.
VIEWS.
1. An engraving of old Hornsey Wood House &c., in Lewis’s
Islington, p. 282.
2. There are many views of the later Hornsey Wood House (or
Tavern), e.g. one engraved in Walford, v. 426, and there assigned to
the year 1800. This is substantially the same as one (undated) in
Hone’s Every Day Book, i. 759. Hone, ib. 761, also gives a woodcut of
the Lake. There is an engraving of the house of 1809, published by J.
Cundee (W. Coll.), and there are views of it of a later date; e.g. an
engraving in Cromwell’s Islington, p. 138.
THE SPRING GARDEN, STOKE NEWINGTON.
HAMPSTEAD GROUP
HAMPSTEAD WELLS
VIEWS.
1. The Pump-room, Well Walk (i.e. Great Room), since, the
Episcopal Chapel, in Baines’s Hampstead, from a drawing by Blanche
Cowper Baines, after E. H. Dixon.
2. The old Well Walk, Hampstead, about 1750 (Walford, v. 463).
3. A view of “Ye Long Room at Hampstead from the Heath.”
Chatelain del. et sculp. 1752 (W. Coll.).
4. Well Walk, engraving in Howitt’s Northern Heights, from a
photograph.
5. Well Walk in 1870 in Baines’s Hampstead, from a sketch by
Walter Field.
THE SPANIARDS
The old Spaniards inn, still standing on the north side of the road
between the upper and lower Heath of Hampstead, deserves a brief
mention, seeing that about the middle of the eighteenth century or
earlier, it had attached to it a curious garden laid out by one William
Staples, who was probably the keeper of the inn.[197]
A contemporary account describes how “out of a wild and thorny
wood full of hills, valleys, and sandpits,” the ingenious Mr. Staples
“hath now made pleasant grass and gravel walks, with a mount, from
the elevation whereof the beholder hath a prospect of Hanslope
steeple in Northamptonshire, within eight miles of Northampton; of
Langdon hill, in Essex, full sixty miles east,” and of other eminences,
the visibility of which was perhaps less mythical.
The walks and plats were ornamented with a number of curious
devices picked out with pebble stones of variegated colours. There
were over forty of these quaint designs, such as the sun in its glory,
the twelve signs of the Zodiac, the Tower of London, the grand
colossus of Rhodes, the pathway of all the planets, the spire of
Salisbury, Adam and Eve, the shield of David, the Egyptian
pyramids, and an Egyptian sphinx: an odd association of things
earthly and celestial.
Towards the end of the eighteenth century the Spaniards was
much resorted to, especially on Sundays.[198] During the Gordon
Riots of 1780, its landlord, Giles Thomas, is said to have arrested
the progress of the mob bent on the destruction of Caen Wood
House, Lord Mansfield’s residence, hard by, through rolling out his
beer barrels into the road, and setting them abroach, thus gaining
time to summon the military for the defence of the house.
SOUTH VIEW OF THE SPANIARDS, 1750.
In the present century, though the mount and the pebbled plots
had disappeared, the Spaniards gardens were rendered attractive by
a bowling-green, and by pleasant arbours and parterres: it was
resorted to by many a party of tea-drinkers like that of Mr. Raddle,
Mrs. Bardell and her friends.[199]
[Park’s Hampstead; Baines’s Hampstead; Walford, v. 445, ff.;
Thorne’s Environs of London, 1876.]
VIEWS.
1. The south view of the Spaniards (showing the garden as laid out
by Staples) near Hampstead (Chatelain del., J. Roberts sculp. 1750,
W. Coll., reproduced in Chambers’s Book of Days, ii. 71).
2. The Spaniards Tavern, Hampstead, Middlesex, drawn and
engraved for Dugdale’s England and Wales.
3. View of the inn as at present, Walford, v. 445.
4. “View of a skittle ground at Hampstead” (either the Spaniards or
Jack Straw’s Castle), Woodward’s Eccentric Excursions, coloured
print, pl. iv. p. 14 (1796).
NEW GEORGIA
VIEWS.
New Georgia is clearly marked in Rocque’s Survey, 1745, but there
appear to be no views.