國際漁產品市場分析和貿易實務

期中報告

學⽣賴承璟
學號11235002
 .please explain the de nition of market and market
economy
• Market:
• A market is a mechanism or system that facilitates the exchange of goods,
services, or commodities between buyers and sellers. It can be a physical
location, like a marketplace, or a virtual space where buyers and sellers interact.
In a market, prices are determined through the forces of supply and demand.
• There are di erent types of markets, including product markets (where goods
and services are traded) and nancial markets (where nancial instruments like
stocks and bonds are bought and sold).
• In a broader sense, the term "market" is also used to describe the overall
economic environment in which buyers and sellers engage in trade.
• Market Economy:
• A market economy is an economic system in which decisions regarding
investment, production, and distribution are based on the interactions of buyers
and sellers in the marketplace. The allocation of resources, including goods and
services, is determined by the forces of supply and demand.
• Key features of a market economy include private ownership of the means of
production, minimal government intervention in economic activities, and the role
of prices as signals for producers and consumers.
• In a market economy, individuals and businesses make economic decisions
based on their self-interest, aiming to maximize their utility or pro t.
Competition among businesses is a fundamental characteristic, and it is believed
that this competition helps to drive e ciency, innovation, and economic growth.
• Capitalism is often associated with a market economy, as it emphasizes private
ownership, free markets, and individual entrepreneurship. However, it's important
to note that in reality, many economies exhibit a mix of market and non-market
elements, and there can be varying degrees of government intervention.
In summary, a market is a system facilitating the exchange of goods and services, while a
market economy is an economic system where these exchanges are primarily driven by the
forces of supply and demand, with minimal government interference.

2.what is di erence and relationship among DESIRE

NEED UTILITY DEMAND DEMAND QUANTITY CHANGE
OF DEMAND CHANG OF DEMAND QUANTITY
• Need:
• A need is a basic requirement for survival. It is something essential for an
individual to live a healthy and ful lling life, such as food, water, shelter, and
clothing.
• Desire:
• Desire refers to a want or a wish for something that is not necessary for
survival. Desires often arise from individual preferences, tastes, and cultural
in uences.
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 • Utility:
• Utility is the satisfaction or pleasure that a consumer derives from consuming a
good or service. It is a measure of the bene t or value that an individual places
on a particular product.
• Demand:
• Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and
able to purchase at various prices during a speci c period. It re ects the
relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded by
consumers.
• Demand Quantity:
• Demand quantity refers to the speci c quantity of a good or service that
consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price.
• Change of Demand:
• Change of demand occurs when factors other than the price of a good
in uence the quantity demanded. These factors can include changes in
consumer income, preferences, the prices of related goods, and other external
in uences.
• Change of Demand Quantity:
• Change of demand quantity refers to a change in the quantity demanded in
response to a change in the price of a good or service, assuming that other
factors remain constant.
To illustrate the relationships:
• Need and Desire: Needs are essential for survival, while desires are wants that go
beyond basic survival requirements.
• Utility and Demand: Utility in uences demand; consumers are more likely to demand
goods and services that provide higher utility or satisfaction.
• Demand and Demand Quantity: Demand is a broader concept that encompasses the
entire relationship between price and quantity, while demand quantity speci cally refers
to the quantity demanded at a particular price.
• Change of Demand and Change of Demand Quantity: Change of demand re ects
shifts in the entire demand curve due to factors beyond price, whereas change of
demand quantity represents movements along the demand curve in response to price
changes.

3.please explain why the price of cat sh in Vietnam is

lower than in Taiwan ,drawing the graph and using the
concept of market mechanism.Graphical
Representation:
• Demand and Supply Curves:
• Assume the quantity of cat sh is represented on the x-axis (Q), and the price
is on the y-axis (P).
• Draw a downward-sloping demand curve (D) and an upward-sloping supply
curve (S).
• Equilibrium Point:
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 • The point where the demand and supply curves intersect represents the
equilibrium price (Pe) and equilibrium quantity (Qe).
• Price Di erence:
• Now, suppose that the equilibrium price for cat sh in Vietnam (Pv) is lower
than the equilibrium price in Taiwan (Pt).
•
•
Explanation:
• Cost of Production:
• Vietnam may have lower production costs for cat sh. This could be due to
factors such as lower labor costs, favorable climatic conditions, or more e cient
production methods.
• Supply Factors:
• The supply curve in Vietnam (SV) could shift to the right, indicating a higher
quantity supplied at every price level. This could be because of a larger number
of cat sh producers, economies of scale, or other supply-side advantages.
• Demand Factors:
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 •The demand curve in Taiwan (DT) could shift to the left, indicating a lower
quantity demanded at every price level. This could be due to cultural
preferences, dietary habits, or other factors in uencing cat sh consumption.
• Market Mechanism:
• The market mechanism works through the interaction of supply and demand. In
this case, the lower price in Vietnam could be a result of a combination of higher
supply and/or lower demand compared to Taiwan.
• As per the market mechanism, prices tend to move toward the equilibrium point
where supply equals demand. If there are shifts in supply and demand, the
equilibrium price adjusts accordingly.
• The lower price in Vietnam signals to producers that there is excess supply or
lower demand, which may in uence them to adjust their production or marketing
strategies.
In summary, the price di erence between cat sh in Vietnam and Taiwan can be explained by
a combination of factors related to production costs, supply-side advantages, and demand-
side in uences. The market mechanism, through the interaction of supply and demand, helps
to establish equilibrium prices in di erent regions based on these factors.

4.please use porter's diamond theory "determines of

competitive advantage o f country ",a country should
how to improve its export and developesd countries
and bene ts each other.
Porter's Diamond Model is a framework that outlines the determinants of competitive
advantage at the national level. The model, developed by Michael Porter, identi es four
interrelated factors that shape the competitive environment of a nation:
• Factor Conditions:
• This refers to the inputs a country has at its disposal to create goods and
services. It includes factors such as skilled labor, infrastructure, natural
resources, capital, and technology.
• For a country to improve its export competitiveness, it should focus on
enhancing the quality and quantity of its factor conditions. This could involve
investing in education and training to develop a skilled workforce, improving
infrastructure, and fostering research and development.
• Demand Conditions:
• The nature of domestic demand for a country's goods and services plays a
crucial role in shaping competitiveness. A strong and sophisticated domestic
market can drive rms to innovate and improve their products.
• To leverage demand conditions for export, a country should encourage a
dynamic and competitive domestic market. This can be achieved through policies
that promote innovation, consumer sophistication, and competition.
• Related and Supporting Industries:
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 • The presence of strong and competitive supporting industries can contribute to
the competitiveness of a nation's rms. These industries provide inputs,
technology, and infrastructure that support innovation and e ciency.
• Countries looking to improve their export capabilities should foster the
development of related and supporting industries. This might involve creating
clusters of interconnected industries, encouraging collaboration between
companies, and promoting the development of specialized suppliers.
• Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry:
• The way in which rms are created, organized, and managed, as well as the
intensity of domestic competition, in uences competitiveness. A high level of
domestic rivalry can drive rms to improve e ciency and innovate.
• To enhance export capabilities, a country should encourage a competitive
business environment. This includes policies that support entrepreneurship, fair
competition, and innovation. It may also involve developing institutions that
support business growth and e ciency.
Mutual Bene ts for Developed and Developing Countries:
• Technology Transfer:
• Developed countries can bene t by investing in developing countries, helping
them improve their technology and capabilities. This can lead to mutual bene ts
as developing countries gain access to advanced technologies, and developed
countries nd new markets and partners.
• Global Value Chains:
• Both developed and developing countries can participate in global value chains.
Developed countries may provide technology and expertise, while developing
countries contribute cost-e ective labor and resources. This collaboration allows
for the creation of products that are globally competitive.
• Market Expansion:
• Developed countries can bene t from the growth of middle-class consumers in
developing countries. As these markets expand, there are opportunities for
developed countries to increase their exports and tap into new consumer bases.
• Specialization and Comparative Advantage:
• Countries, whether developed or developing, can bene t from specialization
based on their comparative advantage. This can lead to e cient production
processes and increased competitiveness in the global market.
To foster these mutual bene ts, collaboration, open trade policies, and investment in
education and infrastructure are crucial. Developed and developing countries can work
together to create a global economic environment that encourages fair competition,
innovation, and sustainable development.
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5.please use the theory of life cycle of product to
explain how the international trade existed between
ASEAN developing countries and western developed
countries and bene ts each other.
The product life cycle theory, developed by Raymond Vernon, explains the stages a product
goes through in its life cycle and how international trade patterns evolve over time. Let's
apply this theory to the international trade relationship between ASEAN (Association of
Southeast Asian Nations) developing countries and Western developed countries, illustrating
how each stage of the product life cycle can bene t both parties.
Introduction Stage:
• ASEAN Developing Countries:
• In the introduction stage, ASEAN countries might specialize in the production
of new and innovative products. These products could be relatively labor-
intensive and have lower production costs.
• Western Developed Countries:
• Developed countries may be the innovators and early adopters of these new
products. They import these innovative products from ASEAN countries,
providing a market for the newly introduced goods.
Growth Stage:
• ASEAN Developing Countries:
• As the products gain acceptance and enter the growth stage, ASEAN countries
may experience increased production and e ciency. They might invest in
technology and infrastructure to meet growing demand.
• Western Developed Countries:
• Developed countries continue to import these products from ASEAN countries.
This phase could lead to a more signi cant volume of trade as the products
become more widely adopted in developed markets.
Maturity Stage:
• ASEAN Developing Countries:
• As products mature, ASEAN countries might face increased competition from
other developing nations entering the market. They may diversify into related
industries, investing in design, marketing, and quality improvement.
• Western Developed Countries:
• Developed countries may still import products from ASEAN countries, but the
nature of the trade relationship might evolve. The focus may shift to
specialization, with ASEAN countries becoming important players in speci c
niches.
Decline Stage:
• ASEAN Developing Countries:
• In the decline stage, the original products might face saturation, and demand
may decline. ASEAN countries may need to adapt by diversifying into new
products or upgrading existing ones.
• Western Developed Countries:
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 • Developed countries might decrease imports of the declining products from
ASEAN nations. However, the established trade relationships can be bene cial if
ASEAN countries have diversi ed their product o erings and maintained a
competitive edge in other industries.
Mutual Bene ts:
• Technology Transfer:
• In the early stages, developed countries bene t from innovative products
produced by ASEAN countries. Simultaneously, technology transfer occurs as
ASEAN nations learn from the advanced production and management methods
of their Western counterparts.
• Market Access:
• ASEAN countries gain access to developed markets during the growth stage,
boosting their export revenues. Developed countries bene t from a variety of
cost-e ective products from ASEAN nations.
• Diversi cation:
• As the product life cycle progresses, both parties can bene t from
diversi cation. Developed countries can source a variety of products from
ASEAN nations, and ASEAN countries can diversify their economies to remain
competitive.
• Global Supply Chains:
• The evolving trade relationship contributes to the development of global supply
chains. Developed and developing countries become integral parts of these
supply chains, fostering interdependence.
In summary, the application of the product life cycle theory to the trade relationship between
ASEAN developing countries and Western developed countries demonstrates how mutual
bene ts can be derived at di erent stages. The theory highlights the dynamic nature of
international trade and the opportunities for collaboration and growth between nations.

6.please draw the graph to describe how the market

equilibrium happened in the local market, foreign
market, and world market after international trade.
Creating a graph in a text-based environment can be challenging, but I can guide you on how
to visualize the market equilibrium in the local, foreign, and world markets after international
trade. You can use software like Excel, Google Sheets, or any graphing tool to create the
graph based on the following description:
Assumptions:
• Let's use a basic supply and demand graph.
• Quantity (Q) is on the x-axis, and Price (P) is on the y-axis.
Steps:
• Local Market:
• Draw a standard supply curve (S_local) and a demand curve (D_local)
intersecting to form the equilibrium point (E_local). This represents the local
market before international trade.
• Foreign Market:
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 • Draw a supply curve (S_foreign) representing the foreign market. Due to
international trade, assume the foreign market can supply goods at a lower cost.
This shifts the overall supply curve to the right (S_total = S_local + S_foreign).
• Draw a new demand curve (D_total) that represents the combined demand from
the local and foreign markets. The new equilibrium point (E_total) occurs where
the total supply curve intersects the total demand curve.
• World Market:
• Extend the graph to include a World Market equilibrium point (E_world). This
point represents the global equilibrium, considering the combined supply and
demand from both the local and foreign markets.
• The world market equilibrium price and quantity are in uenced by the
interaction of the global supply and demand curves.
Interpretation:
• The local market initially has its equilibrium point (E_local).
• After international trade, the total supply curve (S_total) shifts, leading to a new
equilibrium (E_total) with a di erent price and quantity.
• The world market equilibrium (E_world) considers the combined e ects of local and
foreign markets.
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Remember, this is a simpli ed representation, and in reality, various factors such as
transportation costs, trade policies, and market dynamics can in uence international trade
outcomes. Adjust the details of the graph based on your speci c scenario and assumptions.

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