3D TELEVISION

K.J.SOMAIYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

NEAR EVERARD NAGAR,EASTERN EXPRESS HIGHWAY, SION MUMBAI400022

A REPORT ON

3 DIMENSIONAL TELEVISION
BY
NEERAJ MAURYA SAISH MAYEKAR DEEPAK MISHRA PRAVEEN MISHRA AAKASH BHANSALI DISHANT DOSHI RAJ GANDHI BATCH A4 55 56 58 59 84 66

S.E ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBJECT INCHARGE-

Mrs. Vrushali Deole.

This is to certify that the above students have submitted their report titled THREE DIMENSIONAL TELEVISION in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the subject Presentation and Communication Techniques during the academic year 2010-11 SIGN: GRADE: 2

PREFACE

Three-dimensional TV is expected to be the next revolution in the TV history. They implemented a 3D TV prototype system with real-time acquisition transmission, & 3D display of dynamic scenes. They developed a distributed scalable architecture to manage the high computation & bandwidth demands. 3D display shows high-resolution stereoscopic color images for multiple viewpoints without special glasses. This is first real time end-to-end 3D TV system with enough views & resolution to provide a truly immersive 3D experience. Japan plans to make this futuristic television a commercial reality by 2020 as part of abroad national project that will bring together researchers from the government, technology companies and academia. The targeted "virtual reality" television would allow people to view high definition images in 3D from any angle, in addition to being able to touch and smell the objects being projected upwards from a screen to the floor.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, we would like to thank our Presentation and Communication Techniques teacher and tutor Mrs. Vrushali Deole for providing us all the help we needed and for guiding us in the right direction. It has been wonderful experience.We would like to thank her for her helpful suggestion and numerous discussion. We thank our K J Somaiya Institute of Engineering And Information Technology ,Sion to avail us that opportunity to represent this report.We also thank our colleague and seniors for their direction and advices. Last but not the least we thank our entire family for their love,moral support and understanding.

METHODOLOGY

For the completion of the following report titled

3 DIMENSIONAL TELEVISION
enormous help was sought from internet. The search engines like Google ,Wikipedia and Thinkdigit provided good aid. Over the course of the report the group members worked together to document as much as we could regarding 3 dimensional television. Through collaborative efforts we gathered information regarding 3 dimensional television features taking the references from books. Information was gathered and a report was prepared which throws light on 3 DIMENTIONAL TELEVISION

Table of Content
SR.NO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. TOPIC Introduction Basics of 3d tv Architecture of 3d tv Multiview auto stereoscopic display 3D diplay Hometoys interview Pros and Cons Buying tips Conclusion Reference Webliography PG.NO 6 8 12 18 22 35 42 47 50 51 52

I.INTRODUCTION
Three-dimensional TV is expected to be the next revolution in the TV history. They implemented a 3D TV prototype system with real-time acquisition transmission, & 3D display of dynamic scenes. They developed a distributed scalable architecture to manage the high computation & bandwidth demands. 3D display shows high-resolution stereoscopic color images for multiple viewpoints without special glasses. This is first real time end-to-end 3D TV system with enough views & resolution to provide a truly immersive 3D experience.

Why 3D TV????
The evolution of visual media such as cinema and television is one of the major hallmarks of our modern civilization. In many ways, these visual media now define our modern life style. Many of us are curious: what is our life style going to be in a few years? What kind of films and television are we going to see? Although cinema and television both evolved over decades, there were stages, which, in fact, were once seen as revolutions: 1) at first, films were silent, then sound was added; 2) cinema and television were initially black-and-white, then color was introduced; 3) computer imaging and digital special effects have been the latest major novelty.

II. BASICS OF 3D TV
Human gains three-dimensional information from variety of cues. Two of the most important ones are binocular parallax & motion parallax.

A. Binocular Parallax
It means for any point you fixate the images on the two eyes must be slightly different. But the two different image so allow us to perceive a stable visual world. Binocular parallax defers to the ability of the eyes to see a solid object and a

continuous surface behind that object even though the eyes see two different views.

B. Motion Parallax
It means information at the retina caused by relative movement of objects as the observer moves to the side (or his head moves sideways). Motion parallax varies depending on the distance of the observer from objects. The observer's movement also causes occlusion (covering of one object by another), and as movement changes so too does occlusion. This can give a powerful cue to the distance of objects from the observer.

C. Depth perception
It is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions. It is a trait common to many higher animals. Depth perception allows the beholder to accurately gauge the distance to an object. The small distance between our eyes gives us stereoscopic depth perception[7]. The brain combines the two slightly different images into one 3D image. It works most effectively for distances up to 18 feet. For objects at a greater distance, our brain uses relative size and motion As shown in the figure, each eye captures its own view and the two separate images are sent on to the brain for processing. When the two images arrive simultaneously in the back of the brain, they are united into one picture. The mind combines the two images by matching up the similarities and adding in the small differences. The small differences between the two images add up to a big difference in the final picture ! The combined image is more than the sum of its parts. It is a three-dimensional stereo picture.
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Fig.3.1 Depth Perception

D. Stereographic Images
It means two pictures taken with a spatial or time separation that are then arranged to be viewed simultaneously [5]. When so viewed they provide the sense of a threedimensional scene using the innate capability of the human visual system to detect three dimensions.As you can see, a stereoscopic image is composed of a right perspective frame and a left perspective frame - one for each eye.When your right eye views the right frame and the left frame is viewed by your left eye, your brain will perceive a true 3D view.

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Figure 2 shows the stereographic images.

E. Stereoscope
It is an optical device for creating stereoscopic (or three dimensional) effects from flat (two-dimensional) images; D.Brewster first constructed the stereoscope in 1844. It is
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provided with lenses, under which two equal images are placed, so that one is viewed with the right eye and the other with the lef [5]t. Observed at the same time, the two images merge into a single virtual image, which, as a consequence of our binocular vision, appears to be three-dimensional.

F. Holographic Images
A luminous, 3D, transparent, colored and nonmaterial image appearing out of a 2D medium, called a hologram. A holographic image cannot be viewed without the proper lighting.

III.ARCHITECTURE OF 3D TV

of 3D TV system.

Figure 5 shows the schematic representation

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The whole system consists mainly three blocks: 1 Aquisition 2. 3. Transmission Display Unit

A. Acquisition
The acquisition stage consists of an array of hardwaresynchronized cameras. Small clusters of cameras are connected to the producer PCs. The producers capture live, uncompressed video streams & encode them using standard MPEG coding. The compressed video then broadcast on separate channels over a transmission network, which could be digital cable, satellite TV or the Internet. Generally they are using 16 Basler A101fc color cameras with 1300X1030, 8 bits per pixel CCD sensors.

Charge coupled devices are electronic devices that are capable of transforming a light pattern (image) into an electric charge pattern (an electronic image). Figure 6 shows CCD sensors.

1) CCD

Image

Sensors:

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Fig.5.2 CCD Image Sensor 2) MPEG-2 Encoding: MPEG-2 is an extension of the MPEG-1 international standard for digital compression of audio and video signals. MPEG-2 is directed at broadcast formats at higher data rates; it provides extra algorithmic 'tools' for efficiently coding interlaced video, supports a wide range of bit rates and provides for multichannel surround sound coding. MPEG- 2 aims to be a generic video coding system supporting a diverse range of applications. They have built a PCI card with custom programmable logic device (CPLD) that generates the synchronization signal for all the cameras. So, what is PCI car

3) PCI Card:
.

Fig.5.3 PCI Card

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There's one element the bus. Essentially, a bus is a channel or path between the components in a computer. We will concentrate on the bus known as the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI). We'll talk about what PCI is, how it operates and how it is used, and we'll look into the future of bus technology. All 16 cameras are individually connected to the card, which is plugged into the one of the producer PCs. Although it is possible to use software synchronization, they consider precise hardware synchronization essential for dynamic scenes. Note that the price of the acquisition cameras can be high, since they will be mostly used in TV studios. They arranged the 16 cameras in regularly spaced linear array.

Fig.5.4 Arrays of 16 Cameras

B. Transmission

Transmitting 16 uncompressed video streams with 1300X1030 resolution & 24 bits per pixel at 30 frames per seconds requires 14.4 Gblsec bandwidth, which is well beyond current broadcast capabilities. For compression & transmission o1 dynamic muitiview video data there are two basic design choices. Either the data from multiple cameras is compressed
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using spatial or spatio-temporal encoding, or each video stream is compressed individually using temporal encoding. The first option offers higher compression, since there is a lot of coherence between the views. However, it requires that a centralized processor compress multiple video streams. This compression-hub architecture is not scalable, since the addition of more views will eventually overwhelm the internal bandwidth of the encoder. So, they decided to use temporal encoding of individual video stream on distributed processors. This strategy has other advantages. Existing broadband protocols & compression standards do not need to be changed for immediate real world 3D TV experiments. This system can plug into today's digital TV broadcast infrastructure & coexist in perfect harmony with 2D TV. There did not have access to digital broadcast equipment, they implemented the modified architecture as shown in figure 9. Eight producer PCs are connected by gigabit Ethernet to eight (1300*103D) are encoded with MPEG-2 & immediately decoded on the producer PCs. This essentially corresponds to a broadband network with infinite bandwidth & almost zeros delay. The gigabit Ethernet provides all-to-all connectivity between decoders & consumers, which is important for distributed rendering & display implementation. So, what is gigabit Ethernet? '

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Fig.5.5 Modified System

1) Gigabit Ethernet: It a transmission technology, enables

Super Net to deliver enhanced network performance. Gigabit Ethernet is a high speed form of Ethernet (the most widely installed LAN technology), that can provide data transfer rates of about 1 gigabit per second (Gbps). Gigabit Ethernet provides the capacity for server interconnection, campus backbone architecture and the next generation of super user workstations with a seamless upgrade path from existing Ethernet implementations.

2)Decoder & Consumer Processing: The receiver side is

responsible for generating the appropriate images to be displayed. The system needs to be able to provide all possible views to the end users at every instance. The decoder receives a compressed video stream, decode it, and store the current uncompressed source frame in a buffer as shown in figure 10. Each consumer has virtual video buffer (VVD) with data from all current source frames. (I.e., all acquired views at a particular time instance).
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Fig.5.6 Block Diagram of Decoder and Consumer processing The consumer then generates a complete output image by processing image pixels from multiple frames in the VVB. Due to the bandwidth 8 processing limitations it would be impossible for each consumer to receive the complete source of frames from all the decoders. This would also limit the scalability of the system. Here is one-to-one mapping between cameras & projectors.

IV.MULTIVIEW AUTO STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAY

A:Holographic Displays
It is widely acknowledged that Dennis Gabor invented the hologram in 1948. he was working on an electron microscope. He coined the word and received a Nobel Prize for inventing holography in 1971. The holographic image is true threedimensional: it can be viewed in different angles without glasses. Figure shows the holographic image.
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Fig.6.1 Holographic Imag All current holo-video devices use single-color laser light. To reduce the amount of display data they provide only horizontal parallax. The display hardware is very large in relation to size of the image. So cannot be done in real-time.

A. Holographic Movies
We have developed the world's first holographic equipment with the capability of projecting genuine 3-dimensional holographic films as well as holographic slides and real objects for the multiple viewers simultaneously. Our Holographic Technology was primarily designed for cinema.

C. Volumetric Displays
It use a medium to fill or scan a three-dimensional space & individually address & illuminate small voxels. However,
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volumetric systems produce transparent images that do not provide a fully convincing three dimensional experience. Furthermore, they cannot correctly reproduce the light field of a natural scene because of their limited color reproduction & lack of occlusions. The design of large size volumetric displays also poses some difficult obstacles.

D.Parallax Displays
Parallax displays emit spatially varying directional light. Much of the early 3D display research focused on improvement to Wheat stone's stereoscope. In 1903, F.Ives used a plate with vertical slits as a barrier over an image with alternating strips of left-eye/righteye images. The resulting device is called a parallax stereogram. To extend the limited viewing angle 8 restricted viewing position of stereogram, Kanolt & H.Ives used narrower slits & smaller pitch between the alternating image strips. These multiview images are called parallax panorama grams. Stereogram & panorama grams provide only horizontal parallax. Lippmann proposed using an array of spherical lenses instead of slits. This is frequently called a 'fly's eye" lens sheet, & resulting image is called integral photograph. An integral is a true planar light field with directionally varying radiance per pixel. Integral sacrifice significant spatial resolution in both dimensions to gain full parallax. Researchers in the 1930s introduced the lenticular sheet, a line of array of narrow cylindrical lenses called Isnticules. Lenticular images found widespread use for advertising, CD covers, & postcards. To improve the native resolution of the display, H.Ives invented the multi-projector lenticular display in 1931. He painted the back of a lenticular sheet with diffuse paint & used it as a projection surface for
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39 slide projectors. Finally high output resolution, the large number of views & the large physical dimensions of or display leads to a very immersive 3D display. Other research in parallax displays includes time multiplexed 8 tracking-bass systems. In time multiplexing, multiple views are projected at different time instances using a sliding window or LCD shutter. This inherently reduces the frame rate of the display & may lead to noticeable flickering. Headtracking designs are mostly used to display stereo images, although it could also be used to introduce some vertical parallax in multiview lenticular displays. Today's commercial auto stereoscopic displays use variations of parallax barriers or lenticular sheets placed on the top of LCD or plasma screens. Parallax barriers generally reduce some of the brightness &sharpness of the image. Here, this projector based 3D display currently has a native resolution of 12 million pixels.

Fig.6.2 Images of a scene from the viewer side of the display (top row) and as seen from some of the cameras (bottom row).

Multi Projector

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Displays offer very high resolution, flexibility, excellent cost performance, scalability, & large-format images. Graphics rendering for multiprojector systems can be efficiently parallelized on clusters of PCs using, for example, the Chromium API. Projectors also provide the necessary flexibility to adapt to non-planar display geometries. Precise manual alignment of the projector array is tedious 8 becomes downright impossible for more than a handful of projectors or non-planar screens. Some systems use cameras in the loop to automatically compute relative projectors poses for automatic alignment. Here they will use static camera for automatic image alignment & brightness adjustments of the projectors.

V. 3D DISPLAY
This is a brief explanation that we hope sorts out some of the confusion about the many 3D display options that are available today. We'll tell you how they work, and what the relative tradeoffs of each technique are. Those of you that are just interested in comparing different Liquid Crystal Shutter glasses techniques can skip to the section at the end. Of course, we are always happy to answer your questions personally, and point you to other leading experts in the field[4]. Figure shows a diagram of the multi-projector 3D displays with lenticular sheets.

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Fig.7.1 Projection-type lenticular 3D displays They use 16 NEC LT-170 projectors with 1024'768 native output resolution. This is less that the resolution of acquired & transmitted video, which has 1300'1030 pixels. However, HDTV projectors are much more expensive than commodity projectors. Commodity projector is a compact form factor. Out of eight consumer PCs one is dedicated as the controller. The consumers are identical to the producers except for a dual-output graphics card that is connected to two projectors. The graphic card is used only as an output device. For real-projection system as shown in the figure, two lenticular sheets are mounted back-to-back with optical diffuser material in the center. The front projection system uses only one lenticular sheet with a retro reflective front projection screen material from flexible fabric mounted on the back. Photographs show the rear and front projection.

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Fig.7.2 Rear Projection and Front Projection The projection-side lenticular sheet of the rear-projection display acts as a light multiplexer, focusing the projected light as thin vertical stripes onto the diffuser. Close up of the lenticular sheet is shown in the figure 6. Considering each lenticel to be an ideal Pinhole camera, the stripes capture the view-dependent radiance of a threedimensional light field. The viewer side lenticular sheet acts as a light de-multiplexer & projects the view-dependent radiance back to the viewer. The single lenticular sheet of the front-projection screen both multiplexes & demultiplexes the light. The two key parameters of lenticular sheets are the field-of-view (FOV) & the number of lenticules per inch (LPI). Here it is used 72" ' 48" lenticular sheets with 30 degrees FOV & 15 LPI. The optical design of the lenticules is optimized for multiview 3D display. The number of viewing zones of a lenticular display is related to its FOV. For example, if the FOV is 30 degrees, leading to 180/30 = 6 viewing zones.

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How 3D TVs work If you were just wondering How does a 3D TV work?, then this guide is perfect for you. Ever since Hollywood began its recent push towards 3D with animated movies such as Beowulf, Pixars brilliant Up and of course, most recently with James Camerons spectacular Avatar, many of us have begun to fall in love with the 3D movie experience. We perceive the world around us in 3D, so why should our TV watching be restricted to 2D? While 3D technology in the
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past was quite primitive resulting in an underwhelming, nausea inducing experience, major consumer electronics companies are now betting on the resurgence of 3D and have been working at a furious pace to develop new technologies that can deliver a comfortable and entertaining 3D experience in the comfort of our homes.

This 3D Technology guide describes in detail how 3D tvs work and covers the pros and cons of various emerging 3D display technologies. Of course, we must first start by understanding why we perceive the world around us in 3D. Why we perceive in 3D

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The simple reason why we perceive in 3D is because we have two forward facing eyes with which we observe the world around us (binocular vision). Our eyes are separated from each other by about 3 inches. As a result, one eye perceives a slightly different image than the other eye. For example, if you look at a key on your keyboard with only your left eye open, and then your right eye, you will see pretty much the same image, except that each eye gives you a slightly shifted perspective of the same object. This is referred to as parallax and is crucial in our ability to perceive depth. The human brain is wired such that when it simultaneously receives images from the left and right eye each possessing a slightly shifted perspective, it is able to combine these images such that we are able to perceive the depth or distance of an object. To take this a step further, try moving a small object close to your face and look at it with only one open eye at a time. You will notice that there is a larger shift in the position of the object for your left and right eye image when it is closer to you. If on the other hand, you place the object a few feet away from you and try the same experiment, youll notice that there is a very tiny shift in the position of the object in your left and right eye image. This gives you a hint at how our brain perceives depth from these visual cues. Now that we understand why we perceive in 3D, it follows that for any display technology to be able to trick your eyes into believing that you are viewing a 3D image, it will need to provide a slightly different image for viewing to each eye via some technological trickery. Read on to learn about the different technologies being used in 3D tvs today and in the near future.

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Side Note: If you want to have some cross-eyed fun and view some interesting stereoscopic images, check out the virtual gallery at studio3d.

Color Filter or Anaglyph Glasses Anaglyph techniques was first developed in 1853 by Wilhelm Rollmann, a German, in Leipzig. The working is quite simple. You wear a color filter glass with each eye piece having a different color film (chromatically opposite to each other). The film or image is composed of two overlapping images in different color tints such that each eye is able to view only one of these two overlapping images. In this manner a 3D effect is achieved. However, there are a number of drawback associated with this technique, which explains why this technology has never been picked up for consumer home theater systems.

Drawbacks:

Due to the color tinted glasses, the image that we see has very poor color fidelity and has strong shades of red and green. While this can be mitigated to a small extent by using different color pair glasses (red-cyan) it is still a significant drawback.

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The quality of the 3D image in general is quite poor resulting in a feeling of nausea and a forgettable viewing experience. Advantages: Cheap The glasses themselves cost less than a dollar. In addition, any digital HDTV or LCD monitor is capable of displaying the necessary color tinted 3D video. While this is an advantage, on the whole the drawbacks far outweigh this single advantage

3d Polarized Glasses were used in the 1952 for the screening of Bwana Devil - Thanks to Ron@studio3d.com for the correction Polarized Glasses Polarized glasses are the technology of choice when it comes to commercial 3D projectors that are used in 3D movie theaters around the world. Both the IMAX 3D and RealD rely on utilizing the unique properties of polarized light to create a drastically improved 3D viewing experience. Polarization of light is defined as the plane along which the electric field of the light oscillates. I just threw that in in case you care enough about the definition . While it isnt necessary to understand the details, polarization of light enables the ability to selectively screen out light based on its
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polarization by using unique materials called polarizing films. As illustrated in the image below, a projector is used to project two skewed images on a special screen that allows the reflecting light to retain its polarization (the screens are usually coated with silver to achieve this). Each image is projected with a polarization mutually orthogonal (90 degrees) to the other polarization. The Polarizing glasses consist of two polarizing films that allow light of different polarizations through. As a result, as illustrated below, one eyepiece allows one image through, while the other eyepiece allows the other image through due to the differing polarizations of the incoming light.

How polarized glasses work - Credit Howstuffworks.com The end result is that each eye perceives a different image and as explained earlier, this results in the 3D effect. In reality, commercial systems like RealD actually use a special type of polarized light called circularly polarized light. The 2 images are either right-circularly polarized or left-circularly polarized. The advantage of using circularly polarized light is that you can tilt your head from side to side without affecting the contrast and brightness of the image you view. If youre wondering whether the polarized glasses you brought home with you from the movie theater will work with a new
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3D tv that you plan on purchasing, the chances are that it wont. The reason for that is that most consumer electronics companies are betting on a different technology for first generation 3d televisions (see the next section). The good news is that LG has said that it is currently developing a 3D ready tv based on this polarized light technology. Advantages: One of the best 3D viewing experiences amongst current technology with rich colors and great detail Glasses are passive (not electronic) and as a result very cheap. Easy to switch between displaying 2D and 3D content Drawback: The only major drawback at the moment is that this technology is not being widely adopted by electronics makers for the first generation of 3d tvs. Active Shutter Glasses Active shutter display technology is the primary technology that is being championed by a number of big name manufacturers such as Sony, Panasonic and Nvidia. In this method, the left and right images are displayed alternatively in a sequential manner on a regular LCD TV. However, since the effective frame rate is halved, these displays need to have double the refresh rate of standard LCD monitors and TVs (60 Hz). This is why you will find that all 3D ready TVs have a minimum frame rate of 120 Hz. Shutter glasses are used to discriminate between the images so that each eye only sees the corresponding image on the monitor.

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Panasonic's Active Shutter 3D Glasses Each eyepiece of the special active shutter glass acts as a shutter and the left and right eye pieces are shuttered alternatingly in a synchronized manner so that each eye only sees the corresponding image being displayed on the 3D TV set. The active shutter glasses are maintained in sync with the television set using bluetooth, infrared or radio technology. These special glasses usually contain liquid crystals that can be made opaque thus acting as a shutter. Thus, using the active shutter technology, the left eye only sees the intended left view image and the right eye sees the intended right view image. The first generation Active Shutter TVs and displays are already in production and should be rolling out any time now. Nvidia already sells active shutter kits for 3D gaming. Newer models are also specd with 240Hz refresh rates that should help with smoother 3D video and less flickering. This improved refresh rate should have a notable effect when it comes to fast moving scenes and sports viewings.

Advantages: Robust, mature technology that has already demoed at CES 2010 with Sony and Panasonic backing it.
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Reduced eye fatigue Drawbacks: Glasses are expensive and require batteries. It would suck to run out of batteries mid-way through a movie watching. Expensive glasses also make it prohibitive to have a bunch of friends over to watch the Super Bowl in 3D The videos can be dim as the glasses reduce the brightness of the image. In addition, 120 Hz can be too low a refresh rate for fast moving sports and movie scenes. This can result in choppiness and flicker. 240 Hz displays should go a long way in fixing these issues.

3D TVs without glasses Watching 3D video without the inconvenience of feeling like dorks wearing sunglasses inside your own house is really the holy grail when it comes to 3D technology. Fortunately there is some exciting news on that front. This technique is called autostereoscopy and surprisingly, it has been around for a long time. Autostereoscopy relies on the use of special optical elements between the television screen and the viewer so that each eye of the viewer receives a different image thus producing the illusion of depth. This can typically be achieved in flat panel displays either using lenticular lenses or parallax barriers. The image below is an example of a lenticular lensed flat panel. The unique grooved shape of the surface allows the projection of different images based on viewing angle thus enabling stereoscopic vision.

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Lenticular lenses for glass less 3D TVs However, eye strain and headaches are usual side effects of long viewing exposure to autostereoscopic displays that use lenticular lens or parallax barriers. Such displays can have multiple viewing zones allowing multiple users to view the image at the same time. LG has recently announced a 3D TV codenamed M4200D that uses such a lenticular lensed system. One caveat of this system however is that there is an optimal viewing distance that is quite rigid (approximately 13 feet). If you sit further away or too close to the TV, the quality of the 3D image can degrade significantly. Similar to the lenticular lens technology, parallax barriers, pioneered by Sharp, also enable 3D TVs without the need for bulky glasses. This technology relies on a parallax barrier comprising of switchable liquid crystals that can be tuned by applying a potential so as to control the direction in which light is transmitted through the LCD panel. As a result, but controlling the direction of light transmission, the image viewed by the left and right eye can be independently modulated so as to generate as 3D effect. A significant advantage of this technique is that the switchable liquid crystal barrier can be turned off so as to enable the display of regular 2D content. Unfortunately the glass less 3D TVs are still in a prototype phase and arent yet ready for full scale production. However,
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with the current thrust in the area of 3D TVs, and if there is wide spread adoption of 3D TVs over the next 5 years, then these glass less 3D TVs will definitely make the transition from proof of concepts to robust, commercial, mass-produced products. Advantages: No need to wear dorky glasses! Easy transition between watching 2D and 3D content. Drawbacks: While the glass less aspect is appealing, the rigid requirement on optimal viewing position makes it a little less exciting. People will need to design their living rooms around their TVs more than ever if these TVs get widely adopted.

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Hometoys Interview - 3DTV Technology

David Wertheimer, Entertainment Technology Center at the University of Southern California (USC). David Wertheimer is the CEO and Executive Director of the Entertainment Technology Center at the University of Southern California (USC). David was previously the president of Paramount Digital Entertainment and has been immersed in producing content, developing new technologies, and managing organizations (ranging from start-ups to divisions within publicly traded companies) for over 15 years. David was appointed in early 2007 to head the Entertainment Technology Center at the University of Southern California (ETC-USC), bringing his expertise to bear on the technological and sociological implications of providing content to consumers who desire it at any time and any place. Wertheimer was named one of five entertainment executives to watch by USA Today and one of three individuals leading the next generation of convergence by the Hollywood Reporter.

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What are the current various 3DTV technologies? The two main consumer 3D technologies today are passive polarized and active shutter. Passive polarized displays have a thin film on the surface of the screen which causes the light for one eye's image to rotate clockwise and the light for the other eye's image to rotate counterclockwise. The glasses have paired circular-polarized lenses in them so that the left eye only gets the image intended for the left eye, and the same for the right eye. Active shutter displays rapidly flip between the left eye and the right eye image on the screen; 120 times per second is currently common. Active shutter glasses have liquid crystal lenses and built-in electronics that synch up with the TV. When the TV is showing the image for the right eye, the electronics in the glasses makes the left eye go black so only the right eye sees the image. When the TV is showing the image for the left eye, the electronics in the glasses makes the right eye go black so only the left eye sees the image. Passive polarized displays are currently more expensive to manufacture than active shutter displays, but passive polarized glasses are much cheaper to manufacture than active shutter glasses.

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What specialized equipment is required to produced 3DTV? Will special glasses always be required to view 3DTV? Auto stereoscopic displays produce a 3D image without glasses, but the viewer must be in a sweet spot to see the effect. Much progress has been made in creating displays with many sweet spots and narrowing the zone between the sweet spot. Many people do not expect auto stereo displays to be ready for the consumer market for at least 5-10 years. Until then, they work amazingly well for capturing people's attention as marketing displays in public spaces. The one exception to this may be cell phones and laptops. They are
normally used by a single person, and people tend to tilt the screen for the best view. So it is a natural first entry point for auto stereoscopic in the consumer market.

Can you elaborate on ETCs Consumer 3D Experience Program? The Consumer 3D Experience Lab at the Entertainment Technology Center @ USC is a neutral forum for learning about and discussing the latest resources available for delivering a 3D viewing experience to consumers in the home, on personal devices, and in public spaces. Three dimensional viewing technologies have come a long way since the blue and red paper glasses used to view 3D in the 1950s. The recent increase in theatrical 3D releases has proven to be extremely popular among consumers, and so it only makes sense for the creative industries to team with product and service providers to develop ways to move that experience into other environments, enabling the consumer to enjoy 3D experiences anytime and anywhere.

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The Consumer 3D Experience Lab showcases the wide range of 3D technical approaches and viewing experiences currently available to consumers. The Lab is a platform for bringing experts together to discuss the creative and technical issues that will define an enjoyable, long-duration 3D viewing experience. The goal of the Lab is to accelerate the convergence of ideas, so that consumers looking for 3D content, products, and services will have a consistent, enjoyable purchasing and viewing experience. The facility consists of a 3D Living Room for focus groups and private meetings, a 3D Home Theatre containing a consumergrade 3D projection system, and a 3D Sandbox where all the major consumer 3D content, encoding, and display options are demonstrated.

What is the ETC Consumer 3D Experience Lab used for? What are its benefits?

educate executives from the member companies and invited guests about current issues and trends related to 3D allow members and their guests to test out the latest technologies produce events to educate and inform the creative, technical, and business communities, government representatives, and the press (see the Thursday, Jan 7th CES Partner Program; Entertainment Technology @ CES, which the ETC produced) research generic (as opposed to vendor-specific) issues related to creative, technical, and health/public policy

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aspects of 3D. (Note that the ETC does not rank or endorse any particular vendor, product, or technology.) bring technical and creative experts together with senior executives to discuss topics of mutual interest connect Studio executives with students for frank discussions related to the future of entertainment

Why is 3DTV so popular?

The conversion of the entire infrastructure from analog to digital is a major reason. Alignment of the left eye and right eye images is the key to the long-term enjoyment of 3D. Misalignment of the two images leads to eye strain and headaches. Unlike 3D film capture, 3D digital cameras that are conjoined never fall out of alignment. For widely spaced digital cameras, misalignment can be corrected in post production. Unlike film post production, misalignment, left eye / right eye color balance, and other issues can be easily corrected in the post production digital work flow. Unlike 3D film projectors, which can vibrate out of alignment, or singlestrip 3D films, which can warp as they pass through the projector, digital 3D projects are always in alignment and distortion-free. Also, the widespread adoption of game consoles and PC-based games has placed platforms in the home capable of rendering 3D on the fly. A game can create a 3D experience by rendering a second image of each position during game play. Over 400 videogames currently on the market have a
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menu option for 3D game play, but they require additional equipment to take advantage of the option. So because the digital cameras are being used, and the error-correction software is in place, and the digital distribution infrastructure is deployed, and the in-home processing power is in place, it suddenly makes sense for a consumer 3D experience market to emerge.

How soon do you expect to see the consumer market develop for 3DTV? It will begin rolling in 2010 -- mostly early adopters, but since movies, games and now sports will become highly available -- that triad makes a compelling consumer proposition. Our research showed that 24% of consumers thought that they would likely buy a 3D TV in the next 3 years. If it's anywhere close to that, it will be a mass market. 3DTV received a lot of attention at CES this year. Is that the result of real product offerings or are most of them to be released in the future?

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Movies, sports, games -- it's all growing dramatically. Avatar has expanded the perception of 3D movies beyond kids films and horror. I think you'll see a reasonable amount of content in this first year, and 2011 will be a waterfall

. 3D video games are highly compelling. The drivers from nVidia and DDD allow you to play current games on 3D TVs. But the new crop of games, starting with Invincible Tiger and then Avatar and beyond, are DESIGNED for 3D, and demonstrate how 3D can add a great deal to the experience.

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3D TV - PROs
1. Viewing 3D Movies, Sports, TV shows, and Video/PC games in 3D Seeing 3D in the movie theater is one thing, but being able to view 3D movies, TV programs, and 3D Video/PC games is quite an attraction for many, especially the Sports and Video/PC game experience. 3D if done well, can provide and immersive viewing experience for movies, games. 2. 3D TVs are excellent 2D TVs Even if you aren't interested in 3D now (or ever), it turns out that 3D TVs are also excellent 2D TVs. Do to the extra processing (good contrast, black level, and motion response) needed to make 3D look good on a TV, this spills over into the 2D environment, making for an excellent 2D viewing experience. 3. Some 3D TVs perform real-time 2D to 3D conversion Here is an interesting twist on some higher-end 3D TVs. Even if your TV program or movie isn't being played or transfered in 3D, some 3D TVs have real-time 2D-to-3D real time conversion. OK, admittedly, this is not as good an experience as watching originally produced or transmitted 3D content, but it can add a sense of depth and perspective if used appropriately, such as with viewing live sporting events.

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3D TV - CONs
1. Not everyone likes 3D Not everyone likes 3D. When comparing content filmed or being presented in 3D, the depth and layers of the image are not the same as what we see in the real world. Also, just as some people are color blind, some people are "stereo blind". To find out if you are "stereo blind", check out a simple depth perception test. However, even many people that aren't "stereo blind" just don't like watching 3D. Just as those who prefer 2-channel stereo, rather than 5.1 channel surround sound. 2. Those Pesky Glasses I don't have a problem wearing 3D glasses. To me, they are glorified sunglasses, but many are bothered by having to wear them. Depending on the glasses, some are, indeed, less comfortable than others. The comfort level of the glasses may be more a contributor to "so-called" 3D headaches than actually watching 3D. Also, wearing 3D glasses serves to narrow the field of vision, introducing a claustrophobic element to the viewing experience. Whether 3D glasses bothers you or not, the price of them certainly can. With most LCD Shutter-type 3D glasses selling for over $100 a pair, this is certainly a downer for those with large families or lots of friends. However, some manufacturers are switching to 3D TVs that use Passive

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Polarized 3D Glasses, which are much less expensive, running about about $20 a pair, and are more comfortable to wear. No-glasses 3D is being demonstrated, and it will eventually be available, but it will be some time before it is ready for consumers. Read my article: 3D Without Glasses. 3. 3D TVs are more expensive New tech is more expensive to acquire, at least at first. I remember when the price for a VHS VCR was $1,200. Bluray Disc players have only been out for about four years and the prices of those have dropped from $1,000 to about $100. In addition, who would have thought when Plasma TVs were selling for $20,000 ten years ago that you could buy one now for less than $700. The same thing will happen to 3D TV. In fact, if you do some searching in Ads or on the internet, you will find that 3D TV prices have come down on most sets, except for the real high-end units.

4. You need a 3D Blu-ray Disc player, and maybe a 3Denabled Home Theater Receiver If you think the cost of a 3D TV and Glasses are a stumbling block. Don't forget about having to buy a 3D Blu-ray Disc player if you really want to watch great 3D in high definition. That can add at least a couple of hundred bucks to the total. Also, the price of 3D Blu-ray Disc movies hovers between $35 and $40, which is about $10 higher than most 2D Blu-ray Disc movies.

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Now, if you connect your Blu-ray Disc player through your home theater receiver and on to your TV, unless your home theater receiver is 3D-enabled, you cannot access the 3D from your Blu-ray Disc player. However, there is a workaround - connect the HDMI from your Blu-ray Disc player directly to your TV for video, and use an alternate connection from your Blu-ray Disc player to access audio on your home theater receiver. Some 3D Blu-ray Disc players actually offer two HDMI outputs, one for video and for audio. However, it does add cables in your setup. For reference, check out my article: . 5. Not enough 3D content Here is the perpetual "Catch 22". You can't watch 3D unless there is 3D content to watch, and content providers aren't going to supply 3D content unless enough people watch to watch it and have the equipment to do so. On the positive side, there seems to be plenty of 3D-enabled hardware (Bluray Disc Players, TVs, Home Theater Receivers), but content has been slow in coming, which less than 30 3D Blu-ray Disc movies available at the end of 2010. Also, another problem is that many 3D Blu-ray Disc movies are only available for purchasers of certain brand 3D TVs. For instance, Avatar in 3D is only available for owners of Panasonic 3D TVs, while Dreamworks 3D movies are only available with Samsung 3D TVs. Once the exclusive contracts expire in throughout 2011 things will hopefully improve in this area, but it should be happening in the first place if 3D is to take off.

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On the other hand, Blu-ray isn't the only source for growth in 3D content, DirecTV and Dish Network are also offering 3D content via Satellite. You just need to make sure your satellite box is 3D-enabled or if DirecTV and Dish have the ability to do this via firmware updates.

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3D TV Buying Tips
3D TVs are getting a lot of hype, but still have a ways to go to become mainstream. However, with their decreasing price points and performance improvements they are gaining a foothold. However, before you jump into the 3D TV experience, there are some useful tips to take into consideration. Find a Place to put your 3D TV Find a good spot to place your 3D TV. The darker the room, the better, so make sure if you have windows, can still darken the room in the daytime. Also, have adequate viewing space between you and the TV. Allow 8 feet for a 50-inch or 10 feet for a 60-inch 3D TV, but make sure the viewing distance you choose is comfortable for both 2D and 3D viewing. 3D is best viewed on larger screen (if you have the space) as it intended to be an immersive viewing experience, not a "looking through a small window" experience.

Make Sure The 3D TV Fits in the Spot You Have Chosen Many times consumers purchase a TV, get it home just to return it because it just doesn't quite fit in the entertainment center, on the TV stand, or on the wall space. Make sure you measure the required space for your TV and
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bring those measurements and tape measure to the store with you. Account for at least a 1 to 2-inch leeway on all sides and several inches behind the set, in order to make it easier to install and allow for adequate ventilation as well as extra space for the installation of any audio/video connections, so there is enough room to move the TV so that cables can be easily connected.

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LCD, Plasma, or DLP - Which is Best For 3D TV? Whether you choose a 3D LCD, Plasma, or DLP TV is your choice. However, there some things to take into considering with each option. DLP is the top choice, if you are looking for biggest screen size for the buck (up to 92-inches), but since they are projection sets, they are bulkier than either LCD or Plasma. Also, if you are susceptible to the "Rainbow Effect" that would also be a consideration. LCD is most is commonly available TV, even for 3D, but make sure you do some comparison viewing before making a final choice. Some LCD TVs are better at displaying 3D than others. On the other hand, LCDs do better in rooms with ambient light issues. Plasma is the best choice of the three if you can control ambient light. Plasma has better motion response than LCD and better natural black levels and contrast which can provide a better 3D viewing experience.

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VI.CONCLUSION
Most of the key ideas for 3D TV systems presented in this paper have been known for decade, such as lenticular screens, multi projector 3D displays, and camera array for acquisition. This system is the first to provide enough view points and enough pixels per view points to produce an immersive and convincing 3D experience. Another area of future research is to improve the optical characteristic of the 3D display computationally. This concept is computational display. Another area of future research is precise color reproduction of natural scenes on multiview display.

APPENDIX???

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REFERENCES
[1] An Assessment of 3DTV Technologies, Levent OnuralBilkent Un.,Thomas Sikor- Tech. Univ. Of Berlin, Jorn Ostermann- Univ. Of Hanover. [2] T. Okoshi, "Three dimensional displays," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 68, pp. 548-564, 1980. [3] I. Sexton, and P. Surman, Stereoscopic and auto stereoscopic display systems, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 85-99, 1999. [3] P C. Fehn, P. Kauff, M. Op De Beeck, F. Ernst, W. IJsselsteijn, M. Pollefeys, L. Van Gool, E. Ofek and I. Sexton, An Evolutionary and Optimized Approach on 3D-TV, Proc. of International Broadcast Conference, 2002. [4] C. Fehn, A 3D-TV approach using depth image- based rendering (DIBR), Proc. Of VIIP 2003.

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WEBLIOGRAPHY
THE MAJOR SOURCE OF THIS REPORT IS -:
1.www.google.com 2.www.wikipedia.org 2.www.3dtv-research.org 4.www.thinkdigit.com 5.www.lg.com

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