C++ LANGUAGE

Presented By MANISH
INTRODUCTION TO C++
LANGUAGE
 EXPLANATION
C++ IS A HIGH LEVEL AND VERSATILE
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE KNOWN FOR ITS
WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS, FROM SYSTEM-
LEVEL PROGRAMMING TO GAME DEVELOPMENT.
IT IS AN EXTENSION OF THE C PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE, WITH ADDED FEATURES FOR
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING.
 HISTORY OF C++
DEVELOPED BY BJARNE STROUSTRUP IN
THE EARLY 1980S, C++ HAS A RICH HISTORY.
IT HAS SINCE EVOLVED THROUGH VARIOUS
STANDARDS, WITH EACH VERSION
ENHANCING THE LANGUAGE'S
CAPABILITIES.
 C++ FEATURES
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION
POLYMORPHISM
ABSTRACTION
EXCEPTION HANDLING
ENCAPSULATION
INHERITANCE
 C++ CODE STRUCTURE
A C++ PROGRAM TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF
HEADERS, FUNCTIONS, AND A MAIN
FUNCTION. PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES
ARE USED FOR INCLUDING HEADER
FILES, AND THE PROGRAM STARTS
EXECUTION FROM THE MAIN FUNCTION.
 VARIABLES AND DATA
TYPES
C++ SUPPORTS VARIOUS DATA TYPES,
INCLUDING INT, DOUBLE, CHAR, AND
CUSTOM TYPES CREATED USING
CLASSES. VARIABLES ARE DECLARED
WITH A DATA TYPE, AND THEY CAN BE
INITIALIZED AND ASSIGNED VALUES
CONTROL STRUCTURES
CONTROL STRUCTURES IN C++ INCLUDE:

IF STATEMENTS: USED FOR

CONDITIONAL BRANCHING.
LOOPS (FOR, WHILE, DO-WHILE):
FOR REPETITIVE TASKS.
SWITCH STATEMENTS: USED FOR
MULTI-WAY BRANCHING
 FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS ARE REUSABLE CODE
BLOCKS. THEY CAN BE DECLARED,
DEFINED, AND CALLED WITH OR
WITHOUT PARAMETERS.
FUNCTIONS OFTEN RETURN
VALUES.
 CLASSES AND OBJECTS
A CLASS DEFINES A BLUEPRINT FOR
OBJECTS. IT CONTAINS DATA
MEMBERS AND MEMBER FUNCTIONS.
OBJECTS ARE INSTANCES OF
CLASSES, AND THEY ENCAPSULATE
DATA AND PROVIDE METHODS TO
INTERACT WITH THAT DATA.
 CREATE A CAR CLASS WITH SOME ATTRIBUTES :-

#INCLUDE <IOSTREAM>
#INCLUDE <STRING>
USING NAMESPACE STD;

CLASS CAR {
PUBLIC:
STRING BRAND;
STRING MODEL;
INT YEAR;
};

INT MAIN() {
CAR CAROBJ1;
CAROBJ1.BRAND = "BMW";
CAROBJ1.MODEL = "X5";
CAROBJ1.YEAR = 1999;

CAR CAROBJ2;
CAROBJ2.BRAND = "FORD";
CAROBJ2.MODEL = "MUSTANG";
CAROBJ2.YEAR = 1969;

COUT << CAROBJ1.BRAND << " " << CAROBJ1.MODEL << " " << CAROBJ1.YEAR << "\N";
COUT << CAROBJ2.BRAND << " " << CAROBJ2.MODEL << " " << CAROBJ2.YEAR << "\N";
RETURN 0;
}
 INHERITANCE
THE CAPABILITY OF A CLASS TO DERIVE PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS FROM ANOTHER CLASS IS CALLED INHERITANCE.
INHERITANCE IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES OF
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING.
TO INHERIT FROM A CLASS, USE THE : SYMBOL.
 DERIVED CLASS (CHILD) - THE CLASS THAT INHERITS FROM ANOTHER
CLASS
BASE CLASS (PARENT) - THE CLASS BEING INHERITED FROM

TYPES OF INHERITANCE
1. SINGLE INHERITANCE
2. MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE
3. MULTIPLE INHERITANCE
4. HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE
5. HYBRID INHERITANCE
1. SINGLE INHERITANCE: IN SINGLE INHERITANCE, A CLASS IS ALLOWED TO INHERIT FROM
ONLY ONE CLASS. I.E. ONE SUBCLASS IS INHERITED BY ONE BASE CLASS ONLY.

2. MULTIPLE INHERITANCE: MULTIPLE INHERITANCE IS A FEATURE OF C++ WHERE A CLASS CAN

INHERIT FROM MORE THAN ONE CLASS. I.E ONE SUBCLASS IS INHERITED FROM MORE THAN
ONE BASE CLASS.

3. MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE: IN THIS TYPE OF INHERITANCE, A DERIVED CLASS IS

CREATED FROM ANOTHER DERIVED CLASS.

4. HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE: IN THIS TYPE OF INHERITANCE, MORE THAN ONE

SUBCLASS IS INHERITED FROM A SINGLE BASE CLASS. I.E. MORE THAN ONE DERIVED CLASS
IS CREATED FROM A SINGLE BASE CLASS.

5. HYBRID (VIRTUAL) INHERITANCE: HYBRID INHERITANCE IS IMPLEMENTED BY

COMBINING MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF INHERITANCE. FOR EXAMPLE: COMBINING
HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE AND MULTIPLE INHERITANCE.
BELOW IMAGE SHOWS THE COMBINATION OF HIERARCHICAL AND MULTIPLE
INHERITANCES:
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
C++ ALLOWS MANUAL MEMORY
ALLOCATION AND DEALLOCATION
USING NEW AND DELETE, BUT IT'S
IMPORTANT TO MANAGE MEMORY
PROPERLY TO AVOID MEMORY
LEAKS.
 ERROR HANDLING AND
EXCEPTION HANDLING
C++ PROVIDES ERROR HANDLING
MECHANISMS LIKE IF-ELSE
STATEMENTS FOR CONDITIONAL
ERROR HANDLING AND TRY-CATCH
BLOCKS FOR EXCEPTIONS TO
HANDLE EXCEPTIONAL CASES
GRACEFULLY.
 C++ APPLICATION
C++ IS USED IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES,
INCLUDING GAME DEVELOPMENT,
OPERATING SYSTEMS, FINANCE, AND
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. EXAMPLES
INCLUDE THE WINDOWS OPERATING
SYSTEM AND POPULAR GAMES.
 IDES AND DEVELOPMENT
TOOLS
DEVELOPERS OFTEN USE INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS (IDES)
SUCH AS VISUAL STUDIO OR
CODE::BLOCKS TO WRITE AND DEBUG
C++ CODE. COMPILERS LIKE GCC ARE
USED FOR COMPILATION.
 FUTURE OF C++
C++ CONTINUES TO EVOLVE WITH
NEW STANDARDS, ENHANCING ITS
CAPABILITIES AND KEEPING IT
RELEVANT IN MODERN SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT.
 CONCLUSION
SUMMARIZE THE MAIN POINTS
FROM THE PRESENTATION,
EMPHASIZING C++'S VERSATILITY
AND IMPORTANCE IN
PROGRAMMING.
THANK YOU 😊