Anti-Western sentiment

Anti-Western sentiment, also known as anti-

Atlanticism or Westernophobia, refers to broad
opposition, bias, or hostility towards the people,
culture, or policies of the Western world.[2][3]

This sentiment is found worldwide. It often stems from

anti-imperialism and criticism of past colonial actions
by Western powers. For example, in Africa, figures
like Patrice Lumumba and Mobutu Sese Seko blamed
the West for imperialism in the Congo region. In Samuel P. Huntington argued in his Clash of
Ethiopia, resentment over internal politics and conflict Civilizations theory that after the Cold War, cultural
resolution during the Tigray War led to anti-Western differences between the West (in dark blue) and
other civilizations would be the main source of
sentiment. In the Middle East, Pan-Arabism and
Islamism contribute to anti-Western attitudes. Jihadist conflicts.[1]
groups like al-Qaeda and ISIS view Western countries
as targets for terrorism due to perceived insults against
Islam and military interventions in Muslim countries. Many Latin American countries harbor criticism due
to historical American and European interventions. Asia has experienced rising anti-Western sentiment
since the 1990s, particularly in China. Historical grievances, such as the "century of humiliation,"
contribute to suspicions of Western motives. The Chinese Communist Party's "Patriotic Education
Campaign" intensifies these sentiments, especially among the younger generation. In Russia, anti-Western
sentiment has been endorsed by many. Russian leaders have traditionally rejected Western liberalism which
they see as a threat to Russian hegemony in the region.

The phenomena is often exacerbated by contemporary events. In recent decades, anti-Western feelings have
been fueled by factors such as the Iraq War, support for Israel, and sanctions against countries like Iran.

Definition and usage

In many modern cases, anti-Western sentiment is fueled by anti-imperialism, particularly against countries
that are "deemed guilty for colonial crimes of the past and present," such as Germany, the United Kingdom,
France, Spain and Portugal. Anti-Western sentiment occurs in many countries, including the West–
especially European countries. Broad anti-Western sentiment also exists in the Muslim world against
Europeans and Americans. Anti-American sentiment stems from US support for Israel, the 2003 invasion of
Iraq, and numerous sanctions against Iran.[4]
Samuel P. Huntington argues that after the Cold War, international conflict over economic ideology would
be replaced with conflict over cultural differences.[1] His "Clash of Civilizations" argues that economic and
political regionalism will increasingly shift non-Western countries towards geopolitical engagement with
countries that share their values. He argues that Muslim population growth simultaneous to a growth in
Islamic fanaticism is leading to a rejection of Westernization.

Africa

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congolese independence leader Patrice Lumumba blamed the Western world for imperialism. On 1 August
1960, he "gave a speech that indicated in no ambiguous terms that the United Nations, its Secretary-
General, the United States, and the Western powers were all corrupt entities." [5] During the Congo Crisis,
Lumumba received support from the Soviet Union, which contributed to his overthrow and execution by
the Western-backed Mobutu Sese Seko.

When Mobutu became leader of the Congo, he renamed the country Zaire and created the national policy
of Authenticité or Zaireanization, which aimed to remove all Western cultural influence from the country.

In 2001, anti-Western sentiment skyrocketed in the Congo following the assassination of the Congolese
president Laurent Kabila, with many Congolese citizens blaming the Western world for his death.[6]

Ethiopia

Anti-Western sentiment was broadly expressed in Ethiopia during the Tigray War as a result of resentment
over pressure in internal politics and request over resolution of the conflict.[7] On 30 May 2021, a pro-
government rally took place in Addis Ababa to protest an international pressure denouncing "Western
intervention" and US economic and security assistance sanctions. Protestors also waved banners supporting
the controversial Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project.[8] On 22 October 2022, tens of thousands
protestors took a demonstration in Addis Ababa's Meskel Square, whereas the other cities in Ethiopia,
including Bahir Dar, Gondar, Adama, Dire Dawa and Hawassa also hosted a similar demonstration to
denounce the intervention.[9]

Ghana

Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana, had a staunch anti-Western stance and blamed the United
States for many of Africa's difficulties.[10]

Nigeria

Located in northeastern Nigeria, the name of the extremist Islamic terrorist group Boko Haram translates to
"Western education is forbidden" or "Western civilization is forbidden."

Zimbabwe
Former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe used anti-Western rhetoric in his speeches, and he
implemented policies that seized farmland from white European farmers.[11]

Asia

China

Anti-Western sentiment in China has been increasing since the early 1990s, particularly among Chinese
young adults.[12] Notable incidents which have resulted in a significant anti-Western backlash have
included the 1999 NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade,[13] the 2008 demonstrations
during the Olympic torch relay,[14] and alleged Western media bias,[15] especially in relation to the 2008
Tibetan unrest.[16] While available public opinion polls show that the Chinese people view the United
States in a positive light, there remains suspicion over the West's motives toward China stemming largely
from historical experiences, specifically the "century of humiliation."[17][18]

These suspicions have been increased by the Chinese Communist Party's "Patriotic Education
Campaign".[19] Although Chinese millennials are largely apathetic to politics, China's Gen Z now has an
unprecedentedly low opinion of the West and "Western values" since the Chinese economic reforms of the
70s. Young Chinese have grievances such as the Western alienation of Chinese tech companies, anti-East
Asian racism, anti-Chinese propaganda, and pressure on China's internal affairs, among other issues. In a
study conducted by Toronto University in April 2020, 4 out of every 5 Chinese under 30 years old said
they do not trust Americans.[20][21]

India

Although opinion polls suggest positive views towards Western countries today, anti-Western sentiments
were common in early 20th century India due to the Indian independence movement.[22]

Japan

There is a history of criticism of the so-called West within the intellectual history of Japan.[23]

Korea

Historically, anti-Western sentiment in Korea has been linked to the opposition to the Christian missionary
activities in the region, most notably by the Donghak Movement.[24][25][26] More recently, it has been
related to the occasional difficulties in the American-Korean relationship in the South Korea, and much
worse, in the north.[27]

Anti-western sentiments was just that extreme in the early phases of the Republic of Korea.[28] It was
confined to a very small number of people who faced arrest and jail under the National Security Law
(1948).[29] The Rhee administration largely exploited the National Security Act to garner support for his
extreme right-wing power base. Its use also ensured that anti-Americanism remained the preserve of
extremists ready to risk arrest. In practise, this meant that anti-Americanism remained intimately
intertwined.It was associated with Marxism-Leninism until the onset of the democratisation movement.[30]

Singapore

Lee Kuan Yew, the former Prime Minister of Singapore, argued that East Asian or Confucian countries
such as China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam should develop based on "Asian values" or what is generally
referred to as "Confucian" or "Sinitic" values.[31] In other words, countries such as the Four Asian Tigers
should aspire to have Western-style standards of living without accepting liberal democratic social
institutions and principles. The Asian values are primarily influenced by the ideals of Confucianism,
notably filial piety, and social cohesion.[32] The concept of Asian values is widely criticized as a means for
instituting authoritarianism, notably by Amartya Sen.[33]

Middle East

Islamism

Together with political Salafis, jihadists (also called Salafist jihadists) view Christian Europe as a land
inhabited by infidels (Dar al-Kufr). For jihadists, this makes Christian Europe a just target for armed jihad,
e.g., acts of war or terrorist attacks. Jihadists refer to such lands as Dar al-Harb (lands of war).[34] Jihadists
themselves motivate their attacks in two prominent ways: to resist Western/Christian military intervention in
Muslim countries and to discourage perceived insults against Islam such as the Muhammad Cartoons.[35]

John Calvert writes that in their critique of the West, Islamists quote Western thinkers like Alexis Carrel,
Oswald Spengler, Arnold J. Toynbee, and Arthur Koestler.[36]

Extremists terrorist groups al-Qaeda and ISIL/ISIS are said to be both anti-Western. They have been known
to promote terrorism in Western countries, including Russia.[37]

Turkey

During the Ottoman period of Turkish history, a tradition of anti-Westernism developed.[38][39]

Europe

Russia

Samuel P. Huntington in Clash of Civilizations classifies Russia and the rest of Orthodox Europe as a
different civilization from Western civilization.[40]

Anti-Western sentiment in Russia dates back to the 19th-century intellectual debate between Westernizers
and Slavophiles. While the former deemed Russia to be a lagging Western country, the latter rejected these
claims outright and considered Western Europe to be 'rotten' (whence the Russian-language cliche phrase
'rotten West'). An important anti-Western figure during the reign of Alexander III of Russia was Konstantin
Pobedonostsev, a former liberal who eventually renounced and thoroughly criticized his former views.
 Under the Soviet Union, 'the West' eventually became synonymous
with 'the capitalist world', resulting in the appearance of the famous
propagandist cliché 'corrupting influence of the West'.

After the Cold War, a number of politicians in the Russian

Federation have supported an explicit promotion of Russian
Orthodox traditionalism and a rejection of Western liberalism.
Some ultra-nationalist politicians, such as the late Vladimir
Zhirinovsky, express the most anti-Western sentiment.
Russian President Vladimir Putin
with religious leaders of Russia, Vladimir Putin has promoted explicitly conservative policies in
2001. Putin has promoted religious social, cultural and political matters, both at home and abroad. Putin
traditionalism and the rejection of has attacked globalism and neoliberalism[41] and promoted new
some Western liberal principles, likethink tanks that stress Russian nationalism, the restoration of
toleration of homosexuality. Russia's historical greatness, and systematic opposition to liberal
ideas and policies.[42] Putin has collaborated closely with the
Russian Orthodox Church in this cultural campaign. Patriarch Kirill
of Moscow, head of the Church, endorsed his election in 2012, stating Putin's terms were like "a miracle of
God."[43][44] The Russian Orthodox Church is known to host groups that promote nationalist and anti-
Western tendencies.[45][46]

The Russian government has restricted foreign funding of some liberal NGOs. Pro-Russian activists in the
former Soviet Union frequently equate the West with homosexuality and the gay agenda.[47] The 2013
Russian gay propaganda law was welcomed by nationalist and religious political figures in Russia as a
bulwark against Western influence.

The Yarovaya Law prohibits evangelism by religious minorities. It was used to ban the United States-based
Jehovah's Witnesses.[48]

Latin America
Anti-Western sentiment exists in Latin America, especially in countries where the population consists
mostly of Native Americans, such as Bolivia, Guatemala, or Peru. On the other hand, in countries like
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, Europeans are more represented in the population. Consequently,
there are many Latin Americans who identify as Westerners, so the anti-Western discourse is therefore not
as prominent as in other regions. That is not to say, however, that there is no anti-Western discourse.
Indeed, it can be found in countries with nationalist and populist leaders or movements, including left-wing
political parties in Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, or Venezuela. In recent years, Latin American
nations have increasingly turned away from the United States.

Anti-Western sentiments are related to the history of American and European political interventions in Latin
America. Many people in the region lay sharp criticism on the United States for supporting Cold War era
coups and right-wing anti-communist dictatorships. Most Latin American countries tend to be more
regional, focusing on internal cooperation. Accompanying this is a notable distrust of globalization. Latin
American organizations like Mercosur, Prosur and Unasur are strong groups that represent this aspect of
Latin American foreign policy.
Samuel P. Huntington in Clash of Civilizations controversially classifies Latin America as a different
civilization from Western civilization.

See also
Anti-Americanism
Anti-Australian sentiment
Anti-Canadian sentiment
Anti-Europeanism
Anti-Armenian sentiment
Anti-Austrian sentiment
Anti-British sentiment
Anti-Croatian sentiment
Anti-Dutch sentiment
Anti-Estonian sentiment
Anti-French sentiment
Anti-Georgian sentiment
Anti-German sentiment
Anti-Greek sentiment
Anti-Hungarian sentiment
Anti-Irish sentiment
Anti-Italian sentiment
Anti-Polish sentiment
Anti-Portuguese sentiment
Anti-Romanian sentiment
Anti-Russian sentiment
Anti-Serbian sentiment
Anti-Slavic sentiment
Anti-Spanish sentiment
Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
Anti-Japanese sentiment
Anti-South Korean sentiment
Anti-imperialism
Anti-Christian sentiment
Clash of Civilizations
Occidentalism
Globalization
Neocolonialism
Pan-nationalism
Left-wing populism
Right-wing populism
Active measures
 Wolf warrior diplomacy

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