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Q2.8 If in the next time interval the second car had pulled ahead of the first, then the speed of
the second car was greater. The second car could also be observed to be alongside a pedestrian
standing at the curb, but that does not mean the pedestrian was speeding.
Q2.9 The answer to the first question is no. Average velocity is displacement divided by the
time interval. If the displacement is zero, then the average velocity must be zero. The answer to the
second question is yes. Zero displacement means the object has returned to its starting point, but
its speed at that point need not be zero. See Fig. DQ2.9.
Figure DQ2.9
Q2.10 Zero acceleration means constant velocity, so the velocity could be constant but not zero.
See
Fig. DQ2.10. An example is a car traveling at constant speed in a straight line.
Figure DQ2.10
Q2.11 No. Average acceleration refers to an interval of time and if the velocity is zero
throughout that interval, the average acceleration for that time interval is zero. But yes, you
can have zero
velocity and nonzero acceleration at one instant of time. For example, in Fig. v x = 0 when
DQ2.11,
the graph crosses the time axis but the acceleration is the nonzero slope of the line. An example is
an object thrown straight up into the air. At its maximum height its velocity is zero but its
acceleration is g downward.
Figure
DQ2.11
Q2.12 Yes. When the velocity and acceleration are in opposite directions the object is slowing
down.
Q2.13 (a) Two possible x-t graphs for the motion of the truck are sketched in Fig. DQ2.13.
(b) Yes, the displacement is −258 m and the time interval is 9.0 s, no matter what path the truck
takes between x1 and x2 . The average velocity is the displacement divided by the time interval.
Figure
DQ2.13
Q2.14 This is true only when the acceleration is constant. The average velocity is defined to be
the displacement divided by the time interval. If the acceleration is not constant, objects can
have the same initial and final velocities but different displacements and therefore different average
velocities.
Q2.15 It is greater while the ball is being thrown. While being thrown, the ball accelerates from
rest
to velocity v0 y while traveling a distance less than your height. After it leaves your hand, it
slows
from v0 y to zero at the maximum height, while traveling a distance much greater than your
height.
v 2y − v 02 y
Eq.(2.13) says that = . Larger y − y0 means smaller a y .
2( y − y0 )
ay
(b) v y = v0 y + a y t . At the highest point v y = 0 , so t up = −v0 y / a y . At the end of the motion, when
the object has returned to the release point, we have shown in (i) that v y = −v0 y ,
v y −v 0 y −2v0 y
so ttotal = = and ttotal = 2tup .
ay ay
Q2.17 The distance between adjacent drops will increase. The drops have the downward acceleration
g = 9.8 m/s 2 of a free-falling object. Therefore, their speed is continually increasing and the distance
one drop travels in each successive 1.0 s time interval increases. A given drop has fallen for
1.0 s longer than the next drop released after it, so the additional distance it has fallen increases as
they fall.
Mathematically, let t be the time the second drop has fallen, so the first drop has fallen for
time
t + 1.0 s . The distance between these two drops then
is
Δy = 2 g(t +1.0 s) 2 − 2 gt 2 = 2g ⎡⎣(2.0 s)t +1.0 s 2 ⎤⎦. The separation Δy increases as t increases.
1 1 1
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MOST IMPORTANT INVENTION.
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