BBC Travel Asia / India / Language

Cracking India’s mystifying ‘nod code’

One thing all travellers to India talk about – apart from the dreaded Delhi Belly, of course – is the great Indian head
nod.

By Charukesi Ramadurai
23 July 2018

In Thanjavur city, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, street markets are flooded with a particular type of bobblehead
toy. It is known in Tamil as the Thanjavur Thalaiyatti Bommai, literally meaning The Head Shaking Doll of Thanjavur.
The brightly painted clay bommai, usually the figure of a classical dancer or an old couple as a set, comes in two parts: the
full body and the head that sits loosely on a small hinge extending up from the neck. A slight tap on the head, or even a
vigorous breeze, can set off the head shaking from side to side in an almost circular fashion.

It is somewhat like an infinity sign, or a numeral eight lying down

This is the closest imitation of the unique Indian gesture that often leaves visitors to the country flummoxed. One thing
all travellers to India talk about – apart from the dreaded Delhi Belly, of course – is the great Indian head nod. It’s not
exactly a nod (up and down from the neck, meant to indicate ‘yes’) – or a shake (straight side to side to convey ‘no’). It’s a
smooth movement that involves tilting the head from side to side vertically, either gently or fiercely.

The great nod is also called the Indian head wobble, bobble, waggle or the headshake. It is not a jerky or firm motion, but
even and continuous; one that Priya Pathiyan, a Mumbai-based writer who conducts guided tours in her city for visitors,
describes as “somewhat like an infinity sign, or a numeral eight lying down”.

There are pages of writing devoted to it on the internet, not to mention demonstration videos, to demystify it for the
traveller. A casual search on YouTube throws up dozens of enthusiasts – both Indians and foreigners – attempting to
explain the Indian head nod. A few years ago, one such video even went viral, attracting more than a million views in
just a week.

[PHOTO deleted to save space.] The ‘great Indian head nod’ is a unique gesture that involves tilting one’s head from side to
side in a continuous movement (Credit: McPhoto/Lovell/Alamy)

Does it mean a clear yes? Is that a kind no? A maybe? A sign of uncertainty? Annoyance perhaps? It is difficult to say
without knowledge of the context. Pathiyan thinks that it is almost always a ‘yes’, or at least indicates agreement. “There
is also an element of being friendly or being respectful, and it is difficult to say exactly which unless you know the
situation,” she added.

Margot Bigg, a British-American travel writer who lived in India for more than five years and has written guidebooks on
the country, is of the opinion that different types of head nods mean different things. “Like a one-stroke side nod could
mean ‘yes’ or ‘let’s go’, while a more consistent back-and-forth bobble is an acknowledgment of understanding.”

In my own experience, the faster the shake, the more enthusiastic the agreement – especially when used with raised
eyebrows for added emphasis. But, on the other hand, it could also be used to convey “Ok… whatever you say…”; an
indifferent shoulder shrug without actually shrugging the shoulders.

Thanjavur Thalaiyatti Bommai, a type of bobblehead toy that mimics the Indian head nod, are sold in street
markets throughout Thanjavur city (Credit: Kandukuru Nagarjun/Flickr)
However, there is more to the Indian head wobble than just a cultural quirk passed through the generations. In renowned
cultural scientist Geert Hofstede’s exhaustive research on cultural norms across different countries, India scored 77 on the
dimension of Power Distance – the extent to which people expect and accept power inequalities within their own society
– compared to a world average of 56.5. This high score indicates a deep respect for hierarchy and limited scope for
disagreement with those considered superior in any way.

Having lived all my life in this country, I can confirm that Indians are brought up to be pliant and polite, especially to
guests and to elders, and do not like to say ‘no’ directly. We mumble incoherently, we smile sheepishly, we nod vaguely,
all to put off making a firm commitment. Indeed, the head nod is a gesture meant to convey ambiguity, and does so
effectively.

Rather than outright refusal, I buy time by being deliberately vague

Pradeep Chakravarthy, a writer from Chennai and a corporate behaviour consultant, says that this gesture is the Indian
way of both dealing with grey areas and leaving the door open in all major and minor relationships. “In the traditional
agrarian economy such as the one in India, you don’t openly convey refusal or disagreement with any other person in the
community,” he said. “Because you never know when you will need their help, and saying no means cutting off a
relationship completely.”

Chakravarthy elaborated on the absolute formality of relationships and hierarchies in Indian society, which means that
people often find themselves in situations where saying ‘no’ is just not possible. These would typically be interactions
with bosses at work, elders within the family or leaders in the community. In these cases, this vague movement comes
through as the perfect compromise, allowing the viewer to interpret what they want, while leaving wiggle room for the
speaker.

As Chakravarthy puts it: “I know I can’t do it, but I can’t say no either. So rather than outright refusal, I buy time by being
deliberately vague.”

[PHOTO deleted to save space.] Behavioural experts believe the Indian head nod could be a way to avoid saying no directly
out of respect for someone who is considered superior (Credit: Instants/Getty Images)

In theory, this seems like a recipe for all-round happiness, but it often leads to great confusion and exasperation. While
this is true mainly for cross-cultural interactions, such as when foreign bosses deal with their Indian employees or when
a tourist tries to bargain with a street vendor, it sometimes has the same effect on Indians, even those who use the action
themselves in other situations.
So, despite all those explanatory videos, it is not as if Indians come with a ready key to cracking the nod code. I often find
myself wanting to scream, “What exactly are you saying?” The American sitcom Outsourced – purportedly set in a
Mumbai call centre – even devoted space in an episode to discussing this action.

As much as we’d like to deny it, this gesture is ingrained in Indians, passed on through heredity

Love it or hate it, play along with it or stay perplexed, but it is impossible to ignore this nod while in India. Most Indians
aren’t even aware they’re doing it, and many travellers to India find themselves imitating it after a time. Anita Rao Kashi,
a journalist from Bangalore, said to me, “As much as we’d like to deny it, this gesture is ingrained in Indians, passed on
through heredity.”

Bigg also admitted to doing the nod without realising it, particularly when she speaks in Hindi. “I’ve had Western visitors
notice that I do it and point it out to me, but it’s so much part of my natural code switching that I’m not at all aware of it,”
she said.

[PHOTO deleted to save space.] The Indian head nod is often challenging for travellers to comprehend (Credit: Chris
Willson/Alamy)

As a lifelong resident of India, I have a word of advice for those seeking to crack the Indian cultural code. When you
encounter the wobble, respond with a wobble of your own; you may just end up making a friend for life.