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Transport

Rail transport:
For a century the railways were supreme for goods and passengers. Today there is a hardly a
country in the world, where the railways do not lose money. Rail traffic is fast when actualy
moving, for it has a private way, which is kept clear. It follows that if goods are to go a long
way, rail transport is probably the best. The economic limit is 200 miles. Below that limit,
road transport is more economic. It is economical in the use of labour, one driver and two
guards can take 60 carriages. Compared with road transport, where lories can take only 32
tons, we can see the advantages of the rail transport. Railway transports has a big problem,
and it is the terminal problem. It does not transport for door to door. Goods must therefore be
loaded and unloaded at terminals to complete their yourney by road vehicles. The document
used in rail transport is the Consigment Note, which is a receipt for the goods and a contract
of carriage, but not a document of title. It is made out in several copies. The first copy
accomparies the goods. It is the duplicate of the Consignment Note.

Road Transport:
The chief advantages of road transport are:
- Intermediate terminal handling is eliminated by door-to-door delivery.
- Delivery is made direct to the consignee’s permises
- Road vehicles are extremly flexible, and computarized route chartscan now be
prepared which give the most direct, or most economic route to be followed.
- Specialized vehicles of great variety have been produced
The document used for international road transport is the Consigment Note. It acts as a receipt
for the goods and a contract of carriage, but is not a document of title.

Air transport:
In modern time an increasing amount of goods is travelling by air. Its very expensice, but a
saving can be made on packing cost, and the insurance premium may be lower. This type of
transportation is used when merchandise is urgently required (medicines, fruit, flowers, early
vegetables...) or the goods represent a high value (jewelry, furs, watches...)
Advantages:
- the speed of transport
- the exporter and the importer are tend to be closer to cities served by airports than
seaports
Disadvantages:
- Its cost in terms of actual freight rates
- It is unsuitable, of course, for large and bulky goods over, say 30 tonnes in weight.
The document used in Air Transport is the Air Waybill. This is a receipt for the goods, and a
contract of carriage.