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<D Article Author: Food and Agriculture Maxcost: O.OOIFM
Organization of the United Nations E.l. Kotok
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Article Title: Technical assistance; Forestry and University of Puerto Rico
O the Point Four Program interlibrary Loan Office
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r^ San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3302
lO Imprint: Washington, D.C. : information Service of
CM F.A.O., [1947]- United States
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LL Number: 2' 7472052
of the countries concerned; (b) as the major part of
the capital investment for such a scheme must come
from sources within the country itself, the scheme
should attempt to assess those resources as closely as
possible; (e) having screened the plans put forward
under (a) and (b) the Consultative Committee will
decide to what extent assistance can come from the
Commonwealth countries and what assistance should
be sought from other countries, particularly the
United States of America; (d) the Consultative Com­
mittee will also discuss measures which must be taken
by the countries concerned to build up confidence and
create conditions to attract foreign capital. This ap­
pears to be the most positive and practical step for­
ward in this field since President Truman announced
Point Pour. The seal of approval to the development
schemes of a country by such a highly authoritative
body as the Commonwealth Committee should be a
help in creating confidence in foreign investors, which
is now somewhat lacking.
Industrial Development
That international capital under Point Pour should
be made available only for developing primary pro­
duction is another of those suggestions which emanate
from men who are too preoccupied with immediate
practical difficulties. There are several countries in
Asia and Latin America where industrial develop­
ment fostered by foreign investment may bring about
such a revolution in the methods of production that
not only manufacturing industries hut also primary
industries like agriculture, mining, etc., may benefit.
The essent'al point is that by the adoption of scien­
tific methods of production, which go hand in hand
with the process of industrialization, the period of
apprenticeship which a pioneer industrial country
like the United Kingdom had to undergo can be
substantially reduced. What is needed is a progres­
Forestry and the Point Four Program
By E. I. KOTOK
Assistant Chief in Charge of Forest Research, U. S. Forest Service
P RESIDENT TRUMAN'S announcement of the
Point Pour Program struck a highly responsive
chord in the United States of America. Here was
a measure which sought through peaceful means to
build up a modern economic base over the widest
possible area. Its major plank, to bring the "know-
how" and capital of the more highly developed coun­
tries to the underdeveloped regions of the world, had
a particular meaning for the professional men of
America. Never in the history of our country had
there been as keen an interest in over-all world affairs.
The last world war and the exigencies that have
grown out of it obviously were the reasons for this.
As discussions of the Point Pour Program pro­
ceeded, our State Department marshalled together
many groups of scientists to consider the scope and
the manner in which such a program could be carried
out. A good many American foresters were called into
152
sive attitude towards industrialization and a general
advance on all fronts. It is hoped that the Common­
wealth Conference will approach the development of
the Southeast Asian countries from this basis.
The tendency to get away from the context of inter­
national peace has been particularly noticeable not
only in the general discussions of the specialized agen­
cies of the United Nations but also in the discnssions
which are being held to deal with the problems of cer­
tain regions like Europe. The specialized agencies
have tended to regard the activities under Point Four
as merely an extension of their normal program. The
need to develop certain areas with a view to providing
certain essential needs of highly industrialized coun­
tries has tended to he merged in the Point Four pro­
gram. Considerations of international peace appear to
have been pushed into the background. Since it is
clear that the resources available to Point Pour assist­
ance are not going to be large, it is necessary that in
their distribution those areas which are likely to yield
the greatest and most effective results in maintaining
and developing international peace should have prior
consideration.
In other words, we must devise a system of regional
priority with special reference to the fundamental ob­
jective of ensuring international peace. I may illus­
trate this point by referring to Southeast Asia, where
new nations after centuries of subjection have emerged
into independence, and where, without immediate
measures to improve standards of living, present con­
ditions will be an increasing source of danger to inter­
national peace.
One of the most encouraging signs of these times
has been the growing recognition of the truth which
has inspired Point Pour. It will be a tragedy if we
allow ourselves to be disheartened by immediate prac­
tical difficulties or be led away by political slogans
which can only end in fresh disaster.
these conferences, and they contributed forestry items
that might be included in the program. It is rather
fortunate that in the last decade the opportunities for
American foresters to observe and understand forest
problems of the world have been greater than ever be­
fore. They were therefore able to urge with sympathy
and understanding that forestry be given its fair
share in the Point Pour Program.
A further factor that had an important bearing on
the acceptance of the foresters' viewpoints grew out
of developments in the Marshall Plan and the subse­
quent EGA Program. In these programs dealing
largely with Central European economic problems,
policy makers and planners, both in America and in
Europe, were startled to find that forestry was a
necessity and not a luxury. Por American partici­
pants in the EGA Program, led by some of our out­
standing industrialists, it was a new awakening to the
 Teali logs heing unloaded from a truch-tailer hy means of a home-made overhead
travelling pulley.

importance of forestry, This has had repercussions The Bole of FAO

even in internal American policy, where we had been We now come to a happy circumstance that has
slowly molding an American forest policy. grown out of Pranklin Delano Roosevelt's promotion
The point I wish to make is that American foresters of a Pood and Agriculture Organization. It is well
have not only had an interest in the Point Pour Pro­ to re-read the charter that created this instrumental­
gram, but they were given the chance to shape it in ity. Even with its all too meager budget, PAG is one
part in the preliminary stages. international organization that in five years has been
Another factor that influenced American opinion able to assemble technicians in the fields of agricul­
and outlook regarding forestry grew out of our ex­ ture, fisheries, and forestry from practically every
perience of observing the benefits that grow out of region of the world. It has been able, through its own
well-managed and highly industrialized forest pro- personnel, to get a real understanding of the prob­
erties, both in Europe and in some parts of our own lems in these fields, to establish contacts with tech­
country. "We also could appreciate the consequences nicians and governments, and to assemble a substan­
of mismanaged and abused forests, the effects they tial body of information which will prove more and
have on rural communities, and the corollary conse­ more useful as time goes on.
quences in destructive floods and desolation. "We noted
this in our own country, and those of us who had the The Division of Porestry and Porest Products in
opportunity observed it in far too many places else­ PAG has made good use of its five years. Work that
where in the world. it has performed for governments in underdeveloped
So it was easy for us to envisage an important part countries has given it a rich experience in how to deal
for forestry in a Point Pour Program, and we hope W'ith their problems and how to assemble specialists
that nothing goes amiss ^n achieving this objective. and experts from many lands for task forces.
The question that now requires attention deals with Por forestry, therefore, it is obvious that PAG
the manner in which such a program can be carried should become an important international agency in
out positively and effectivelj^. No one who has studied the Point Pour Program. It has had good training
this problem has been concerned over any lack of for this task.
technical skills to be mustered for the underdeveloped Those of us who have participated in PAG confer­
regions of the world. "We also must assume that ences and other of its activities and have deliberated
finances will be available in due course where justi­ on its programs have always been disturbed that rec­
fiable plans are presented to the appropriate govern­ ommendations from governments for work to be un­
ments and international organizations. dertaken far exceeded the financial capabilities of
153
the Organization. The demands for new work and the
expansion of activities for the forestry section of FAG
have been especially heavy from countries in the un­
derdeveloped regions. Funds, therefore, that may
come from the Point Four Program rpay well fill this
need, and profitably. 1?
Long-Term Developments
There are a few troublesome possibilities that will
have to be guarded against. There is ho quick and
easy cure for belated development and no short cut
to rapid rehabilitation of abused forest land. Pro­
grams will take time to develop. Some of the capital
investments will have deferred returns. But in such
development temporary incomes may be available to
indigenous populations. And in the long run produc­
Requirements of a Growing Nation
By VASCONCELOS SOBRINHO
Director of the- Brazilian Forest Service
T HE United States of Brazil is a nation composed
of Federal States with a total area of more than 8
million square kilometers stretching across South
America through regions differing widely in altitude
and latitude. Brazil has, in fact, as many types of
vegetation as it is possible to find in any one single
country.
In the north of Brazil lies the vast region of the
Hileia whose characteristics, dense forests in a hot
humid climate, are well known. Adjacent to this.
region of solid forest is the great palm area known
as Cocais, which includes the states of Maranhao,
Piaul, Ceara, and Goias that make up some of the
richest regions due to their enormous resources and
reserves of vegetable oil.
The northeast area, comprised of seven states,
Geara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco,
Alagoas, Sergipe, and Bala is practically covered by
the extensive xerophytic vegetation known locally as
Catinga. This dry region is so different from the first
—the Hileia—^that it is difficult to believe two such
different ecological areas exist in the same country.
Then there is the coastal forest region which re­
sembles the Hileia forest in many ways and which ex­
tends for more than three thousand kilometers along
the Brazilian coast from the State of Paraiba to the
State of Sao Paulo. This region is rich in timber of
the best quality and supplies practically all the fuel-
wood for Brazilian industry which from its inception
up to today has depended on wood as a main source
of energy.
The next area consists of the extensive region cov­
ered by the Araucaria in the states of Sao Paulo,
Parana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. The
temperate climate of this region is excellent for gym-
nosperms; it is here that Brazil loses the characteris­
tics of a tropical country and takes on the aspect of a
temperate country as found in Europe or North
America.
154
tivity of lands and forests with their related industries
in place should bring livelihoods to many and a source
of wealth for internal and external use.
The Point Four Program cannot merely depend
upon its well-wishers. A good many of the richer
countries have already indicated the extent to which
they will contribute to this work. It now devolves
upon those countries who seek work under this plan to
formulate their programs for consideration by the ap­
propriate international agencies.
Forestry under this program may be the key proj­
ect to stimulate internal industrial development in
many regions. We must not, however, lose sight of
the fact that the world's wood basket is none too full
for growing populations under any expanding econ­
omy. The world needs productive forests for an inex­
haustible array of forest products.
Therefore, the organization of a forest service in
Brazil should take into account the different ecologi­
cal regions of the country, and the needs imposed by
the nature of each of these regions. But, although
the country is built up of ecological regions with clear
and well-defined boundaries, the political divisions of
the various states do not follow these same natural
boundaries. The Brazilian Forest Service must there­
fore disregard the political divisions and consider
only the various ecological regions which, as pointed
out, can differ greatly from one another.
Taking into account the aforementioned considera­
tions, the Brazilian Forest Service should be organized
as follows:
'Regional Research StatioE
in the Hileia
in the Cocais
Research
in the Catingas
in the Coast forests
in the Araucaria region
Administrative Head
Office in the Federal Industriali- J Only one set of labora-
capital with represen­ zation 1 tories at the Head OfSce
tatives in the capital
Plantations for wood pro­
{
of each state.
duction
Plantations for soil con­
servation
TNational Parks
Protection H
fForest Reserves
The political boundaries are only taken into con­
sideration insofar as they require administrative rep­
resentatives of the Central Administrative Head Of­
fice. However, such an extensive national department
as the Forest Service must obviously work in close
co-operation with the different state governments.
This co-operation does not affect the basic elaboration
of forest policy where the problems to be taken into
consideration are the various ecological conditions of