Immunology: Cytokines

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1. How do cytokines act and what Cytokines act as mediators that allow
do they use when they act? communication of immune cells by em-
ploying cell surface receptors (which are
not antigen specific)

2. Cytokines are: Group of proteins produced by different

cell types that mediate and regulate innate
and adaptive immunity

3. List the characteristics of cy- 1. Secretion is transient (self limited)

tokines (5) 2. not stored as preformed molecules -
produced as needed
3. Cellular response to cytokines is slow
(hrs)
4. New cytokine mRNA and protein syn-
thesis is required at every stimulation
5. influence synthesis of other cytokines
leading to a cascade effect e.g. TNF’
IL-1’IL6 with enhanced or suppressed ef-
fect

4. Monokines are Cytokines derived form mononuclear

phagocytes

5. Lymphokines Cytokines derived from lymphocytes

(mainly from helper T cells)

6. Interleukins Cytokines that mediate responses be-

tween lymphocytes (IL-#)

7. Chemokines Cytokines that stimulate leukocyte move-

ment

8. Pleotropic One cytokine can act on diverse cell types

and have multiple biologic effects

9. Redundancy Multiple cytokines have same functional

effects and share receptors: defect can
have severe effects

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10. Antagonistic One cytokine can oppose the effect of oth-
er cytokine

11. Synergistic The effect of two cytokines is additive e.g.

is greater than the effect of a single cy-
tokine

12. Autocrine A cytokine can act on the same cell that

produce the cytokine

13. Paracrine A cytokine can act on nearby cells

14. What role do cytokines play in 1. Innate Pattern Recognition Recep-

the development of an immune tors (PRRs) on Dendritic cells and
response? (3) macrophages sense and respond to
PAMPs and produce cytokines
2. Cytokines start the inflammatory re-
sponse (innate immune response)
3. Cytokines then help mount an adaptive
immune response (based on recruitment
and activation of leukocytes)

15. What are the four categories of 1. Chemokines that stimulate leukocyte
cytokines? movement (migration)
2. Cytokines that stimulate hematopoiesis
(generation of blood cells)
3. Cytokines that mediate and regulate in-
nate immunity
4. Cytokines that mediate and regulate ac-
quired immunity

16. Chemokines are cytokines that Leukocytes express chemokine receptors

stimulate leukocyte movement
(migration). How does this oc-
cur?
that sense chemokines and guide the
cell in a chemokine gradient. This mecha-
nism allows leukocytes to migrate to lymph
nodes (for antigen presentation) or to in-
fection sites (to fight infection)

17. Name three hematopoietic cy- 1. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimu-

tokines lating factor (GM-CSF)
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2. Macrophage colony stimulating factor
(M-CSF)
3. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
(G-CSF)

18. Hematopoietic cytokines are stromal cells and macrophages

produced by ______ and _____ the bone marrow
in ____________

19. Hematopoietic cytokines stim- hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

ulate development of different
cell linages of blood cells from

20. Name the cytokines that medi- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-)
ate and regulate innate immuni- Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
ty (7)
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

Interferon-±IFN-)
(
Interferon-² (IFN-²)
Interferon-³ (IFN-)

21. Pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-±,IL-1, and IL-12

recruit macrophages and
neutrophils by producing
chemokines. They include:

22. TNF-± 1-Pro-inflammatory

2-Recruitment of neutrophils and
macrophages via Chemokines and adhe-
sion molecules by endothelial cells
3-Produced by macrophages in response
to microbes especially Gram negative bac-
teria polysaccharide (LPS)
4-Pyrogen

23. IL-1 Produced by activated macrophages

Pro-inflammatory

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Similar effect as TNF-±
Helps in T cell activation

24. IL-12 1-Produced by activated macrophages

and dendritic cells
2-Stimulates production of IFN-³by NK
cells and T cells
3-Promotes Th0 ’Th1
4-Enhances functions of CD8 cytotoxic T
cells and NK cells

25. What cytokines are produced in IFN-±

response to viral infections? IFN-²
IFN-³

26. Effects of IFN-±and IFN-² 1-IFN-±produced by infected plasmacytoid

dendritic cells
2-IFN-²produced by fibroblasts and (plas-
macytoid dendritic cells)
3-Prevent viral replication
4-Increase MHC-I expression on viral in-
fected cells so that infected cells are rec-
ognized by CD8 T-cells
5-Enhance activity of NK cells

27. The pleiotropic effect of IFN-³: 1-produced by lymphocytes, NK cells,TH1

cells, CD8 T-cells
2-Activates macrophages to kill intracellu-
lar microbes
3-Increases expression of MHC-I and II on
APCs
4-Enhances activity of NK cells
5-Promotes Th1 response and inhibits Th2
differentiation

28. Cytokines that mediate and reg- Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

ulate acquired immunity are: Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
Interleukin-5 (IL-5)
Transforming growth factor-² (TGF-²)

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IL-10
IFN-³

29. The pleiotropic effect of IL-2 - Produced by activated T cells mainly T

what produces it and what are helper cells
its effects? Effects:
Activates B cells, NK cells, monocytes /
macrophages
Growth survival and differentiation of T
cells

30. IL-4 - produced by___________, Produced by Th2 cells and mast cells
stimulates development of Stimulates development of Th2 cells from
_________, promotes growth naïve helper T cells
of____________, and stimu- promotes growth of differentiated Th2 cells
lates______________. ’ results in enhanced antibody production
Stimulates immunoglobulin class switch-
ing to IgE isotype

31. IL-10 Produced by macrophages and T cells

(mainly regulatory T cells)
Down regulates the immune response
Inhibits IFN-³production by Th1 cells
Inhibits cytokine production by activated
macrophages
Down regulates expression of class II
MHC and co-stimulatory molecules in den-
dritic cells and macrophages
Promotes Th2 response and Ig class
switching

32. TGF-² Produced by CD4 T lymphocytes (regula-

tory T cells) and activated macrophages
It is an inhibitory cytokine
Inhibits proliferation of T cells
Inhibits activation of macrophages
Down regulates the effect of pro-inflamma-
tory cytokines
Promote Ig class to Ig A

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33. IL-5 Produced by Th2 cells
Promotes growth and differentiation of B
cells
Promotes growth of eosinophils
Activates mature eosinophils (kill
helminths)

34. Cytokines involved in Ig isotype IL-4 switches to IgG1, IgG3, IgG4, IgE
class switching IL-10 switches to IgG1, IgG3
TGF-²switches to IgA
IFN-³switches to IgG1, IgG3

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