Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you shall be able to:

a. elaborate the concepts of freshwater ecosystems;
b. determine the water quality in selected local freshwater ecosystem using
macroinvertebrates, and riparian, channel and environmental inventory;
c. create solution based on the result of water quality assessment; and
d. appreciate the importance of water quality in fresh water biomes through making a self-
reflection.

What is in?

On earth, there different area where organism lives. One might wonder how these areas
are distinct from each other? And how those physical conditions affect the organisms? The areas
where organism lives and where the interactions of organisms with its physical environment is
called ecosystem. Ecosystem have many forms from smaller scale to larger scale. Larger
ecosystems are called Biomes and it has major classifications which are Terrestrial Biomes and
Aquatic Biomes. At this lesson, we will focus on aquatic biomes, specifically Freshwater
ecosystems.
Freshwater ecosystems are one of
the major classifications of Aquatic
Biomes where it is characterized by less
than 1% concentration of dissolved salt in
these bodies of water such as lakes,
Rivers, Streams, Ponds, Marches, Falls,
and many more. Thus, these bodies of
water are also characterized by the
surrounding environment such as trees,
soil, and organism. Freshwater
ecosystems support a spectrum of Image Source: https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/nature/
organisms that cannot live in bodies of habitats/article/freshwater
water that have a higher concentration of
dissolved salt such as animals, insects, and plants. Moreover, these body of water is also one of
the sources of water for animals and plants to survives such as human beings draw waters from
these sources in doing their activities, animals got their water supplies from these sources, plants
got their water supply for photosynthesis in these sources.
There are two types of Freshwater Ecosystem based on its movements.
 Lotic Freshwater Ecosystem
 Lentic Freshwater Ecosystem.

Lotic Freshwater ecosystem is characterized by continuous or constant flow of water from the
origin to the ocean or other bodies of water. Thus, streams and rivers are common examples of
this type of Freshwater ecosystem. A lot of organisms are present in these ecosystems and
adapted to its physical conditions such as macroinvertebrates, fishes, plants, and other animals.
In this ecosystem, it can be further categorized into 3 zones, namely: Source Zone, Transition
Zone, and Floodplain Zone.
 Source Zone also called as Headwaters
which it is characterized by fast flowing
water and higher concentration of
dissolved oxygen where the some of the
aquatic organisms are found. However,
this zone is not as productive as the
transition zone because of lesser nutrients.
 Transition Zone is the middle part of the
Lotic freshwater ecosystem that are
characterized by little warmer water,
deeper, gentle flow of water, and lesser
Imageconcentration of dissolved oxygen.
Source: https://pressbooks.senecacollege.c
Moreover, this zone is rich in nutrients
a/millergeolgeomorph/chapter/fluvial-landforms/
that allows various species to survive
such as algae and aquatic animals, hence it’s considered as a productive zone
 Floodplain is also called as mouth of the stream or river that is characterized by warm
water temperature, low concentration of dissolved oxygen, slower flow of water
compares to other zone, and murky (not clear or muddy water) due to the collected
sediments as it flows from the stream to the Floodplain.

Lentic Freshwater Ecosystem is the second type of Freshwater ecosystem that characterized by
a stagnant or not flowing type of freshwater ecosystems such us lakes, ponds, marshes, and many
more. Thus, this type of ecosystem supports a limit number of species due to some factors such
availability of sunlight, nutrients, temperature, and oxygen. In type of ecosystem, it is
categorized into 3 zones according to their depths and distance from the shoreline, namely:
Littoral Zone, Limnetic Zone, and Profundal Zone.
  Littoral Zone is topmost part of lake or
ponds that is near to the shoreline and it is
characterized by a shallow and warm zone
in lentic freshwater ecosystem.
Furthermore, this zone supports various
spectrum of species such as algae, few
species of aquatic plants, clams,
crustaceans, amphibians, snails, insects,
macroinvertebrates, and many more.
 Limnetic Zone or also known as Photic
Zone is the open waters that are away
from the shorelines and characterized by
the dominance of Planktons that are
responsible for the photosynthesis and
production of food for other organisms.
Thus, this zone plays an essential role
in food web or feeding relationship Image Source: https://quizlet.com/222456286/fresh
water-biomes-diagram/
between organism in the aquatic
ecosystem because producers are found
in this zone and where photosynthesis took place, and provides food for other organisms.
 Profundal Zone or also known as Aphotic Zone is the deep zone of Lentic freshwater
ecosystem where sunlight can hardly pass through and it is much colder compared to the
other zones. Thus, due to the depths of this zone, photosynthesis is not possible because
there no or little sunlight can reach this zone. Organisms found in this zone are
commonly heterotrophs or decomposers that feeds on other organism or feeds on dead
organic materials.

In freshwater ecosystems, it composed of biotic (Living things) and abiotic (nonliving things)
components that made this area existed and abundant in bubbles of life. Thus, organisms or
biotic factors depends their survival and existence to their physical environments and other
physical conditions, without these physical environment and physical conditions life would be
impossible on these significant areas. To know more about how important these physical
conditions (abiotic factors), let’s us further discuss it one by one.

Some Essential Abiotic factors in freshwater ecosystems.

 Temperature
 Water
 Precipitation
 Availability of Sunlight
 Nutrients
Temperature is one of the significant abiotic factors in freshwater ecosystem because it
provides habitable aquatic environment for organisms to survive and do biological processes.
Thus, temperature refers to how hot or cold an aquatic environment that usually measure in
degree Celsius. In freshwater ecosystem, temperature vary from one place to another depending
on some factors such as weather, climate, vegetations, location, depths, and many more.
According to Rinkesh (2023), usually the temperature in freshwater ecosystem located in
temperate region is ranging from 18.33°C to 23.89°C in summer and 1.67°C to 7.22°C in winter.
However, the temperature in aquatic ecosystem changed due to some factors such as climate
change, pollution, and anthropogenic involvement.
Water is one of the significant abiotic factors in freshwater ecosystem because without water
there is no aquatic ecosystem existed nor there are no aquatic organisms existed, hence it is
considered as the universal solvent for a reason. Thus, there a lot of other abiotic factors that are
part of water such as pH level, phosphate and nitrogen levels, dissolved oxygen, and substrate
compositions which provides a place for freshwater organisms to survive and thrive.
Nevertheless, water quality has been graded in some freshwater ecosystems due to the deposits
of toxic substances and other pollutants. Thus, due to the degraded water quality over freshwater
ecosystems it leads to various such as low in biodiversity, availability of safe and clean water,
and many more.
Precipitation is one of the significant abiotic factors in freshwater ecosystem because due to this
process it replenishes the water supplies in any freshwater ecosystems. Thus, Precipitation refers
to a process in which water droplets from the atmosphere drops onto the earth’s surface or
ground. It also provides a clean supply of water through a significant natural cycle called
Hydrologic cycle or Water Cycles which is the deals how water flows from hydrosphere,
geosphere, and atmosphere.
Nutrient is one of the essential abiotic factors for aquatic organisms in terms of growth,
biological processes, and many more. In freshwater ecosystem, most of the nutrients are
originated from the land eroded to these bodies of water (nutrients are carried via runoff) and
these nutrients help organisms to survive and do biological processes such as metabolism and the
like. However, to much deposits of nutrients in freshwater ecosystem is not good for other
organism because too much concentration of nutrients in water leads to eutrophication or
excessive plant and algal growth. Thus, as the excessive numbers of plants and algae decays it
leads to acidification or increase of concentration of carbon dioxide in freshwater ecosystem.
Availability of Sunlight is one of the essential abiotic factors that supplies the energy to the
entire ecosystem in freshwater ecosystems. Thus, sunlight is the primary source of energy that
enters into the ecosystems and converted into functional form of energy that will be utilized by
organisms and pass it from organism to another via consumptions. Producers needs sunlight to
undergo a certain process called photosynthesis that converts light energy into chemical energy
and this chemical energy is passed to other organism through consumption. In simple terms,
sunlight is really essential in the food web or feeding relationship of organisms where the
transportation of energy occurs.
 What is?

Water Quality
It refers to the conditions of the water that includes chemical, physical, and biological
characteristics such as dissolved oxygen, level of phosphate and nitrogen, heavy metals,
macroinvertebrates, temperature, pH level, and many more. Thus, water quality is also used to
describe the current conditions of various aquatic ecosystems such as Ocean, Rivers, Streams,
Lakes, and many more for a certain reason like drinking, environmental studies, and etc. To
measure or determine water quality there are some various methods that could be utilized such as
Physicochemical analysis and Macroinvertebrates diversity. Physicochemical analysis
determines both physical and chemical characteristics specifically Temperature, Dissolve
oxygen, Ammonia, Nitrogen, Alkalinity, pH level, and many more. Another significant method
that could be utilized in describing the condition of water through identifying the aquatic
macroinvertebrates diversity and its taxa group according to their tolerance or sensitivity to
pollution. Thus, Aquatic macroinvertebrates serve as bioindicator of water quality of a certain
freshwater ecosystem.

Macroinvertebrates
It refers to organisms that lacks of backbones and can be seen with the naked eye or can
be seen without the help of microscope. These organisms play essential roles in freshwater
ecosystems like they are essential part in the feeding relationship occur in the said ecosystems.
Thus, these organisms are commonly used as basis in environmental studies such as biodiversity,
water qualities, and condition of a freshwater ecosystem. Macroinvertebrates are used in the said
studies because these organisms spent their entire life in a small area in freshwater ecosystem
and show significant effect when alteration in their aquatic environment changed. Furthermore,
Macroinvertebrates are group into Taxa based on their sensitivity or tolerance to pollutions.
Some taxa of macroinvertebrates are sensitive to pollutions and can only live in a water that has
a good quality or devoid of pollutions. Other Taxa of macroinvertebrates can live in a spectrum
of water quality specifically in moderate water quality. Lastly, other taxa of macroinvertebrates
have tolerance to pollutions and can live in a polluted water. In addition, there are to standards
that could be also used in determining the water quality using macroinvertebrates diversity,
specifically the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) where each
species of macroinvertebrates have corresponding values in WQI and ASPT and matrix is
provided for each standard in interpretation.
Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory
Riparian zones are referred to the areas near the freshwater ecosystem (River, Streams, and etc)
that rich in vegetation and variety of organisms that help to maintain water quality in freshwater
ecosystem, provides habitant for various organisms, stabilize the riverbanks or edge of the
freshwater ecosystem, recreation opportunities, scenic beauty, and many more. However,
throughout the years, the riparian zones are slowly destroyed or degraded due to human
involvement and activities such as logging, deposits of pollutions, and many more. But the
government (national and local government unit) and other organizations formulate different
programs to restore, protect, and preserve the riparian zone of specific freshwater ecosystem. In
forming programs and solution, various studies and analysis are administered to determine the
conditions of the riparian zone. One of the methods that could be used to determine the
conditions of Riparian zone is the Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory made by
Petersen 1992. This inventory is consist of 16 criterions with corresponding sub-qualities and
scores per sub-qualities, and each score per criterion are added to get the sum and compare it to
the matrix for interpretation and recommended actions.

References:
 Admin staff of Field Studies Counsel (2023). Aquatic Abiotic Factors. Field Studies
Counsel. Retrieved on May 27, 2023 from
https://www.field-studies-council.org/re sources/16-18-biology/fieldwork-
techniques/abiotic-factors/aquatic/
 Hauer, R. F. & Resh, V. H. (2017). Macroinvertebrates. Retrieved on May 27, 20233
from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/macroinverteb
rate
 Michaluk, S. (2022). Macroinvertebrate. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrievced on May 27,
2023 from https://www.britannica.com/animal/macroinvertebrate
 National Marine Sanctuaries (2023). Water Quality. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. Retrieved on May 27, 2023 from
https://floridakeys.noaa.gov/ocea n/waterquality.html
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US (2023). What is Eutrophication?
Retrieved on May 27, 2023 from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/eutrophicatio
n.html#:~:text=Eutrophication%20sets%20off%20a%20c hain,process%
20known %20as%20ocean%20acidification.
 National Roofing Contractors Association (2022). Riparian Zones: It’s All about Water.
National Park Service. Retrieved on May 27, 2023 from
 https://www.nps.gov/articl es/000/nrca_glca_2021_riparian.htm#:~:text=What%20are
%20ripari an%2 0zones %3F,by%20the%20presence%20of%20water.
 Petersen, R.C. Jr. (1992). The RCE: a Riparian, Channel, and Environmental Inventory
for Small Streams in the Agricultural Landscape. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved on
May 27, 2023 from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d oi/abs/10 .111 1/j.1365-2
427.1992.tb00541.x
 Pisces Conservation Ltd. (2023). Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) Index. Retrieved on
May 27, 2023 from http://www.pisces-conservation.com/sdrhelp/index.html?aspt.
htm
 Rinkesh (2023). Freshwater Biome: Location, Climate, Plants, Animals, and Threats.
Conserve Energy Future. Retrieved on May 27, 2023 from https://www.conserve-
energy-future.com/freshwater-biome.php#:~:text=The%20temperatures%20range
%20from%2065,as%20the%20water%20gets%20deeper.
 Sen, D. (2019). Freshwater Biome Abiotic Factors. Sciencing. Retrieved on May 21,
2023 from https://sciencing.com/list-6190259-freshwater-biome-abiotic-factors.html
 Tatomir, J. (2022). Aquatic Ecosystems and Abiotic Factors: Overview, Relationships
and Examples. Study.com. Retrieved on May 27, 2023 from
https://study.com/academy /lesson/aquatic-ecosystems-abiotic-
factors.html#:~:text=Abiotic%20Factors% 20 i n%20Aquatic%20Ecosystems,-The
%20degree%20of&text=Light%20refers %20t o%20the%20availability,plankton
%2C%20bacteria%2C%20and%20plants.
 Writer of Earth Reminder (2021). Freshwater Ecosystem: Types, Characteristics, and
Animals. Earth Reminder. Retrieved on May 21, 2023 from
https://www.earthremi nder.com/freshwater-ecosystem-types-characteristics-and-
animals/
 Learning Activities:

Activity
“I deserve an
no. 1
explanation!”
Direction: Form a group consisting 6 members. Explain and Elaborate the concept/s or
word/s presented below using your own words. Present your answers in a video
presentation and use different digital elements (Photo, Graphic, Animations,
Greenscreen) in your presentation. For more guideline, refer to the rubrics
provided below.

1. Freshwater Ecosystem and its significance

2. Two types of Freshwater ecosystem according to its movements.
3. Essential Abiotic Factors in Freshwater Ecosystem.
4. Water Quality
5. Macroinvertebrates as Bioindicator.
6. Riparian Zone and Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory.

Rubrics:

25 pts 19 pts 13 pts

Category (Requires
(Good) (Satisfactory)
improvement)
Able to explain and Able to explain and Able to explain and
elaborate all the given elaborate some concepts elaborate few from
CONTENT concepts in the activity in the activity. the given concepts
with precise points of in the activity.
ideas.
Able to use a variety of Able to use some of Able to use few of
digital elements in the digital elements in the digital elements in
video presentations such video presentation. the video
CREATIVITY as Images, Texts, presentation
Graphics, Sound effects
or music, animations,
and many more.
 Able to explain and Able to explain and Able to present the
elaborate the concept elaborate the concept but concept but majority
with their own words some students are just of the students are
DELIVERY and clarity. reading and some points just reading the
are not clear. content and most of
the concepts are not
clear
All members were Some members were Few members were
involved in the video involved in the video present in the video.
COLLABORATION participations and plays participations and plays a
a specific part in the specific part in the
presentation. presentation.

TOTAL:
(100 points)

Activity
no.is your
“What 2 Status,
Water?”
Direction: Determine the water quality in your selected streams or canal in your local
community. Read the procedures carefully and follow it step by step. Use the
given format in doing this activity and do it individually.

Materials:
 Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory (RCE)
 Pencil and Ball pen
 Net or Sieve
 Zip lock bag or any container
 Cellphone
 Internet
 Tape measures
 Procedures for Macroinvertebrates:
1. Select a stream or canal in your local community will serve as sampling site.
2. Only select one zone or area in the selected stream or canal.
3. Prepare a zip lock bag or any container for the macroinvertebrates, and net or
sieve.
4. Go to the selected stream or canal with supervision of adults and start collecting
macroinvertebrates by using the sieve or net and place it in the zip lock bag or
container.
5. After the collection, photograph each collected macroinvertebrate with indicated
size (Compile the photographs in Word Document, A4 size, with labels, and
attached it to the activity sheets).
6. Identify the scientific names of the collected macroinvertebrates with the help of
various sources in the internet.
7. Tally the collected species and get the total individuals per species.
8. Determine the given Water Quality Index (WQI) and Average Score per Taxon
(ASPT) values per species of macroinvertebrate by using sources in the internet
and place the values in the table provided.
9. Get the total of WQI scores and ASPT score and put it in “total” Column.
10. Get the average score of WQI and ASPT values. (Get the total score and divide it
by total number of species collected)
11. Compare the results to the matrix provided for interpretation.
12. Answer the guide questions below.

Procedures for Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory:

1. In the sample area, measure a 100 meter long away from the edge of the stream or
canal.
2. In the 100 meter long distance from the edge of the stream or Canal, evaluate it
carefully using the Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory made by
Petersen (1992).
3. Assign scores in each criterion by putting “X” on selected score per criterion
based on your observations.
4. Document each step in RCE and take images in the selected area. Compile it in
Word document, A4 size, and attach it to the activity sheets.

Table 1. Assemblage of Macroinvertebrates. Adapted from Peligro and Jumawan (2015)

Station 1
Scientific Names (Upstream)

No. WQI ASPT

 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Total

Total index

Table 2. Matrix for interpretation of WQI Total Index

Score Indication

7.6 - 10 Very clean water

5.1 – 7.5 Rather clean-clean water
2.6 – 5.0 Rather dirty-water average
1.0 – 2.5 Dirty water
0 Very dirty water (no life at all)
Table 3. Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory (RCE), Adapted from Petersen
(1992)
I. LAND USE
1. Land-use pattern beyond the immediate riparian zone
Undisturbed, consisting of forest and/or natural wetlands 30
Permanent pasture mixed with woodlots and wetlands; few buildings and roads 20
Mixed row crops and pasture, or mixed grass lawn and homes 10
Mainly row crops, or mostly streets, pavement, buildings, and parking lots 1

2. Width of riparian zone from stream edge to field

Marshy or woody riparian zone >30 m wide 30
Marshy or woody riparian zone varying from 5 to 30 m 20
Marshy or woody riparian zone 1-5m 5
Marshy or woody riparian zone absent 1

3. Completeness of riparian zone

Riparian zone intact without breaks in vegetation along entire 100m zone you are
evaluating 30
Areas without vegetation occur at intervals of > 50 m (fragmented riparian zone) 20
Areas without vegetation frequent with some erosion (gullies and scars) every 50 m 5
Many areas without vegetation, erosion occurring (gullies, scars) along entire length; or
no vegetation 1

4. Vegetation of riparian zone within 10m of the channel

>90% plant density of mature trees or shrubs, or native marsh plants 25
Mixed young tree species along channel and mature trees behind 15
Vegetation of mixed grasses and sparse young tree or shrub species 5
Vegetation consisting mostly of grasses, few trees and shrubs; low plant density; or no
vegetation 1

II. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF STREAM

5. Debris dams (a natural collection of fallen trees, logs, limbs, and rock material that are
wedged in or along channel)
Channel with old debris dams - old logs and rocks firmly set in place 15
Logs and rocks present but back filled with some sediment 10
Debris dams loose, probably moving with floods 5
Debris dams sparse, easily moved; or debris dams absent 1

6. Channel (Not depth of water but how high the water can rise
before it floods its banks) width to depth ratio (ability to contain
high flows)

if answer is <7; ample for present and annual peak flows 15

if answer is 8-15; adequate, overbank flows rare 10
 if answer is 15-25; barely contains common high flows 5
if answer is >25 or stream is artificially channelized; overbank flow common 1

7. Channel Bars
Little or no channel width enlargement (bank erosion, undercutting*); coarse-grained
bars* present 15
Some gravel bars, pore spaces between rocks well washed with little silt present 10
Sediment bars of rocks, sand, and silt common 5
Channel divided into braids* around sediment bars; or stream is channelized 1

8. Stream-bank stability
Banks stable, of rock and soil held firmly by grasses, shrubs, and tree roots 25
Banks firm but loosely held by grass and shrubs 15
Banks loose, held by a sparse layer of grass and shrubs 5
Banks unstable, of loose soil or sand easily disturbed 1

9. Bank undercutting
Little or none evident or restricted to areas with tree root support 20
Band undercutting* only on curves or narrow channel areas 15
Band undercutting common, some banks falling in 5
Severe bank undercutting along channel, banks falling in 1

10. Stony substrate; feel and appearance

Stones clean, rounded without sharp edges (smooth pebbles, cobbles); may have
blackened color 25
Stones without sharp edges and with slight gritty feel 15
Some stones with sharp edges, obvious gritty feel 5
Stones bright; silt and grit covering them, sharp edges common 1

11. Stream bottom

Various sized rocks, gravel, and sand mixture; open spaces common between rocks 25
Loose stony bottom with some silt having settled in spaces between rocks 15
Mixture of silt, sand, and gravel; open spaces between rocks sparse; bottom firm in
places 5
Uniform bottom of sand and silt held loosely together, easily moved, little or no stony
substrate 1

12. Riffles and Pools

Riffles distinct, occurring at intervals of 5-7 times the stream width (not channel width) 25
Riffles and pools irregularly spaced 20
Long pools separating short riffles 10
Riffles and pools absent or stream channelized 1

III. BIOTA
13. Aquatic vegetation
When present consists of moss and patches of algae 15
Algae dominant in pools, larger plants along edge, some in center 10
 Algal mats present, some larger plants, few mosses 5
Algal mats cover bottom, larger plants dominate the channel 1

14. Fish
Darters and Sculpins present in most ripples 20
Darters and sculpins scarce and difficult to locate 15
No darters or sculpins, other species in riffles 5
Fish absent or scarce 1

15. Detritus
Mainly consisting of leaves and wood without sediment covering it 25
Leaves and wood scarce; fine organic debris without sediment 10
No leaves or woody debris; coarse and fine organic matter with sediment 5
Fine organic sediment - black in color and foul odor (anaerobic) 1

16. Bottom-dwelling aquatic insects

Many species present in riffles and pools, on rocks and sand/gravel 20
Many species but only in riffles and on rocks 15
Few species present in riffles and pools, on rocks and sand/gravel 5
Few species present in riffles and pools, on rocks and sand/gravel 1

TOTAL:
INTERPRETATION AND RECOMMENDED ACTION:

Table 4. Scoring reference for Riparian, Channel and Environmental Inventory (RCE).
Score Score Evaluation Recommended Action
Class
Monitoring and
1 293-360 Excellent
Protection
Selected alterations
2 224-292 Very Good
and monitoring
Minor alteration is
3 154-223 Good
needed
Major alteration is
4 86-153 Fair
needed
Complete restoration
5 16-85 poor
needed
Guide questions:
5 points for each question.
1. What are the scientific names of the collected macroinvertebrates?
2. Based on the WQI result, what is the water quality in your selected stream or canal?
3. Based on the ASPT result, what is the water quality in your selected stream?
4. According to the results, what are the possible cause of these findings?
5. Identify what Taxa group according to their sensitivity or tolerance is the collected
species of macroinvertebrates.
6. How can macroinvertebrates help in determining the water conditions in freshwater
ecosystem?
7. Based on the result in RCE, what is the condition of the riparian zone of your selected
stream or canal?
8. What are the possible factors that affects the riparian zone based on the result?
9. What are the recommended actions for the riparian zone?
10. Create a set of solutions based on the RCE results and briefly explain how you are going
to implement those solutions.

Activity
My
no.reflection,
3 My
Learning
Direction: In a one whole sheet of paper, write a reflection paper about what you have learn
about importance of water quality in freshwater biomes from the discussion and the activities that
you have done under this topic.

Note: In making your reflection paper you must follow the rubrics below for guidelines.

Rubrics:

Points 5 4 3 2
Content Content is clearly Content has Content has little Content has no
relevance to the topic relevance to the relevance to the relevance to the
and the message is topic and the topic and the topic and there is no
very clear. message is clear message is not message.
with some clear.
confusing points.
Impact The presentations The presentation The presentation The presentation
conveyed a strong conveyed a clear conveyed unclear did not conveyed a
message. message. message. message.
Organiz All the important Most of the Some of the Important ideas are
ation ideas are well important ideas are important ideas not properly
organized. well organized. are well organized.
organized.
Total