Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1.
Introduction
Quoc-Nguyen Banh, PhD

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
1
Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering
Outline
• The importance of Measurement

• Classification of Metrology
• Objects of Metrology
• Metrology terminologies
• Characteristics of Measuring System/Device
• Measurement Methods
• Measurement Error
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Why Measurement
Measurement
Design Control New theory Commerce
3
The Importance of Measurement
• To ensure safety and effectiveness of healthcare
diagnostic and treatment
• Measuring composition of Material
• To ensure safe Operation of vehicles, machine tools…
• To ensure proper food supply
• To ensure consistency of time standards
• To ensure fairness between buyer and seller
• To ensure structural health constructions
• To evaluate newly developed products and processes
• To get accurate and precise data in scientific research
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Measurement VS Metrology
• Measurement is the process of experimentally
obtaining one or more numerical values that can
reasonably be attributed to a quantity or property.
• Metrology is the science of measurement and its
application. It establishes a common understanding of
units and measurement processes. Metrology covers the
accuracy, precision and repeatability of a measurement. It
involves traceability or comparison with a “standard” or
between different measuring systems. Metrology includes
all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement,
whatever the measurement uncertainty or the field of
application.
5
Basic Activities of Metrology
• Definition of internationally accepted Units (SI units)
• Realization of the Units of measurement in practice

(Ex. Realization of a meter by establishing a material
standard)
• Establishing traceability, linking measurements made

in practice, to reference standard
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Types of Metrology
Metrology
Scientific or Applied, Technical

Fundamental or Industrial Legal Metrology
Metrology Metrology
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Scientific or Fundamental Metrology
• Establishment of quantity systems, unit
systems, units of measurement
• Development of new measurement methods
• Realization of Measurement Standards and
the transfer of traceability from the standards
to users in society
What kind of
environment?
8
Applied, technical or industrial Metrology
• Apply measurement science to manufacturing
processes and their use in the society
• Ensure the suitability of measurement instruments
• Emphasis in this area of metrology is on the
measurements themselves, and traceability of the
calibration of the measurement devices to ensure
confidence in the measurements
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Legal Metrology
• The activities which result from statutory
requirements
• Legal requirements of processes, units,
instruments and methods of Measurement
• Establishment of necessary rules and
regulations on qualities and control of
measuring instruments and their use.
• Ex:
– The measurement of blood or breath alcohol
– The quantification of controlled substances (number
and purity) 10
Metrology and Innovation
• To develop new products and processes,
companies need to measure quantity, quality
and performance
• Manufacturing of precision engineering
components, used in aircrafts and space crafts,
have tight specifications
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Measurement VS Inspection
• Measurement is the process at which any

material(feature) can be quantified or can
know its value.
• Inspection is the process by which one checks
the content whether it is ok or not ok
• In industrial sense both of the terminologies
are used identically
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General Measurement Concepts
• Measurand: physical quantity or property to be
measured
• Comparator: compare the measurand with a known
standard for evaluation
• Reference: physical quantity or property to which
quantitative comparisons are to be made, which is
internationally accepted
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7 Base SI Units
Physical Quantity Unit Definition
(Dimension)
Length meter (m) The length of path travelled by light in a
vacuum during the time interval of 1/299
792 458 of a second (17th CPGM, 1983);
originally 1/10 000 000 of the distance
from the North Pole to the Equator
through Paris, France.
Mass kilogram (kg) The mass equal to the International
Prototype of the kilogram (3rd CPGM,
1901) originally defined as the mass of 1
dm3 (1 liter) of water at 4°C.
Time second (s) The duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of
radiation corresponding to the transition
between the two hyperfine levels of the
ground state of the cesium-133 atom
(13th CGPM, 1967).
14
Dimension Unit Definition
Electric current Ampere (A) The constant of current which, if maintained in
two straight parallel conductors of infinite
length, of negligible circular cross-section, and
placed 1 metre apart in a vacuum, would
produce between these conductors a force
equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per metre of length
(9th CGPM, 1948).
Thermodynamic Kelvin (K) The fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic
temperature triple point of water (13th CGPM, 1967)
(approximately the fraction 1/100 of
temperature difference between the freezing
point and boiling point of water at 101.315 kPa
pressure).
Amount of a Mole (mol) The amount of a substance of a system which
substance contains as many elementary entities (atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons, or other particles
or specified groups of particles) as there are
atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. (14th
CGPM, 1971).
Luminous intensity Candela (Cd) The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of
a source that emits monochromatic radiation
of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a
radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt
per steradian (16th CGPM, 1979). 15
Derived Unit???
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Types of Input Quantities
• Time dependence
– Static: constant in time
– Dynamic: varying in time
• Steady-periodic: magnitude has a definite repeating time cycle
• Nonrepetitive or transient. Ex: The acceleration-time
relationship accompanying an isolated mechanical impact (pulsed
transient quantity)
• Analog and Digital
– Analog signal has a value at every instant in time, and
it usually varies smoothly in magnitude.
– Digital: change in a stepwise manner between distinct
magnitudes: a high and low, on and off, etc. 17
Structure of Measurement System
• Sensing element: contact the process and gives and

output which depends on the variable to be measured.
Ex: thermocouples, Strain gage, orifice plate
• Signal conditioning element: takes the output of
the sensing element and converts it into a form more
suitable for further processing. Ex: deflection bridge
converts an impedance change into a voltage change; amplifier
amplifies millivolts to volts; oscillator converts impedance
change into a variable frequency voltage 18
• Signal processing element: takes the output
of the conditioning element and converts it into
a form more suitable for presentation. Ex: ADC
converts a voltage into a digital form; computer calculates the
measured value from the incoming digital data
• Data presentation element: presents the
measured value in a form which can be easily
recognized by the observer. Ex: single pointer – scale
indicator, chart recorder, Visual Display Unit (VDU)
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Expanded Measuring System
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Examples
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Examples
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Electronic weighting system
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Arduino weighting system
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Systematic Characteristics of
Measurement System
Range: the input range of an element is specified

by the minimum and maximum value of Input,
i.e. Imin to Imax. The output range is
specified by the minimum and maximum value
of Output, i.e. Omin to Omax.
Ex: A Pressure Transducer has input range: 0 to
104 Pa, and output range: 4 to 20 mA
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• Span: is the maximum variation in Input or
Output, i.e. Imax – Imin
• Ideal straight line: an element is said to be
linear if corresponding
values of I and ) lie on a straight line.
• Non-linearity
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Accuracy VS Precision
• Error is the difference between the true value and the
indicated value of the measured quantity.
• Accuracy of measurement system is the degree of
closeness of measurements of a quantity to that
quantity’s actual (true) value
• Precision of a measurement system, related to
reproducibility and repeatability, is the degree to which
repeated measurements under unchanged conditions
show the same results
27
Accuracy vs Cost
• The requirement of Accuracy increases, the cost
increases exponentially.
• Increasing accuracy make the measuring equipment
unreliable
• The desired/required accuracy to cost considerations
depends on the quality and reliability of the
component/product and inspection cost
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Calibration and Traceability
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Calibration
The main objective of all calibration activities is to ensure that
the measuring instrument will function to realize its accuracy
objectives. General calibration requirements of the measuring
systems are as follows:
• (a) accepting calibration of the new system,
• (b) ensuring traceability of standards for the unit of measurement under
consideration
• (c) carrying out calibration of measurement periodically
Calibration is achieved by comparing the measuring
instrument with the following:
• (a) a primary standard,
• (b) a known source of input
• (c) a secondary standard that possesses a higher accuracy
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Example
31
Methods of Measurement
• Direct method in which the value of the
quantity is obtained directly without any
calculations. Ex: Measurement of length by a
Venier caliper.
32
Methods of Measurement
• Indirect method in which the value of the

quantity is obtained by measuring other
quantities which are related with the required
quantity. Ex: Angle measurement using sine
bar.
33
34
Comparison Method
• The value of the quantity to be measured is
compared with a known value of the same quantity or
another related quantity. In this method, only
deviations from master gages are recorded. Ex: Use of dial
indicator as a comparator.
35
Contact vs Non-contact Method
• Contact Method The surface to be measured is
touched by the sensor of measuring tip of the
instrument. Ex: using Micrometer, Vernier Caliper,
and dial Indicator
• Non-contact (contactless) Method: There is no
direct contact with the surface to be measured. Ex:
Optical Instrument, tool maker’s microscope, and
profile projector.
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Composite Method
• The actual contour of a component to be checked is
compared with its maximum and minimum tolerance
limit. This method is very reliable to ensure
interchangeability and is usually effected through the
use of composite GO gages.
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Error in Measurement
• Systematic error
– Calibration error
– Ambient condition
– Deformation
– Avoidable error
• Random error
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Deformation
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Avoidable Error
• Datum error:
• Reading error
• Parallax effect
• Misalignment
• Zero error
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Random error
Random errors provide a measure of random deviations when measurements of

a physical quantity are carried out repeatedly. When a series of repeated
measurements are made on a component under similar conditions, the values or
results of measurements vary. Specific causes for these variations cannot be
determined, since these variations are unpredictable and uncontrollable by the
experimenter and are random in nature.
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Systematic VS Random Error
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THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
43

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Chapter 1.

Quoc-Nguyen Banh, PhD

• The importance of Measurement

Design Control New theory Commerce

• Definition of internationally accepted Units (SI units)

• Realization of the Units of measurement in practice

• Establishing traceability, linking measurements made

Scientific or Applied, Technical

• Measurement is the process at which any

• Sensing element: contact the process and gives and

Range: the input range of an element is specified

• Indirect method in which the value of the

Random errors provide a measure of random deviations when measurements of

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