Chemical technology digital assignment -1

Name : Sisay Amare Nigussie

Reg no :18BCM0149
Slot : D2 +TD2
Course code : CHE1004
Faculty : D.R ASLAM ABDULLAHI M
Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT)

1. Limiting soda ash is still important for people with high blood pressure —and in fact, a
second study estimates that too much soda ash contributes to up to 1.65 million deaths each
year. The studies both have strengths and weaknesses. Explain various methodologies to
solve these problems based on production methods.

Answer

 In the event that inappropriately took care of, or in case of incidental presentation,
sodium carbonate can represent a few perils to your wellbeing and security. Inward
breath of this compound can prompt antagonistic impacts
 Eye to eye connection can cause changeless corneal injury and potential consumes.
 On the off chance that you use sodium carbonate or soft drink debris in the family
unit, take care to stay away from ingestion or inward breath of residue. Because of
these possible perils, sodium carbonate ought to be maneuverer carefully.
  To ensure your wellbeing while at the same time dealing with sodium carbonate, use
sprinkle goggles, gloves, a sterile jacket, and an affirmed dust respirator.
 If there should be an occurrence of introduction to sodium carbonate, look for clinical
consideration and follow these medical aid rules:
 Inhalation - Seek outside air. In the event that casualty's breathing is troublesome,
regulate oxygen.
 In the case of breathing is missing, give fake breath and look for clinical
consideration right away.
 Eye Contact - Check for and expel contact focal points. Promptly flush eyes with a lot
of water for at any rate 15 minutes. Look for clinical consideration.
 Skin Contact - Flush skin with a lot of water and spread any disturbed skin with an
emollient. Take off polluted garments. Get clinical consideration.
 Ingestion - Do NOT initiate retching. Slacken tight dress. Give nothing by mouth to
an oblivious individual. Look for sure fire clinical consideration.
 Keep sodium carbonate in a cool, all around ventilated territory away from any
wellsprings of dampness.
 Keep any holder with this compound firmly shut. Try not to store above 24°C . This
compound must be discarded as per government, state, and neighbourhood ecological
control guidelines.

2. What are the environmental concerns associated with road salts? What are the steps
involved in managing road salts?

Answer

Street salts mean street salts that contain inorganic chloride salts with or without ferrocyanide
salts.

Environmental concerns related with rod salts

 The overwhelming utilization of rod salts can prompt harm to vegetation, as is

generally evident with side of the road vegetation harmed by salt sprinkle.
 They have additionally been related with harm to living beings in soil, to winged
creatures and to other natural life. Practically all chloride particles from street salts in
the end discover their way into streams, regardless of whether by direct spill over into
surface water or by traveling through the dirt and groundwater.

 In surface water, street salts can hurt freshwater plants, fish and different living beings
that are not adjusted to living in saline waters.

 For the most part high arrivals of rod salts were adversey affecting freshwater
biological systems, soil, vegetation and natural life.

Steps associated with overseeing street salts

 Give an announcement perceiving the job of a salt administration plan in

accomplishing improved natural insurance without trading off street wellbeing;

 Give a dedication or underwriting of the arrangement at the most significant level in

the association

 Distinguish exercises or activities through which street salts might be delivered to

nature and objectives to accomplish decrease of the negative ecological effects of
these deliveries

 Evaluate current practices against suggested best administration works on,

incorporating those contained in the TAC Syntheses of Best Practices; contain
documentation all things considered and systems relevant to the salt administration
plan;

 Incorporate correspondence exercises important to advise the association and people

in general regarding the salt administration plan and related approaches and
 methodology; contain a preparation program for all staff when overseeing or
performing winter support exercises including the utilization of street salts;

 Give reaction techniques to respond to uncontrolled arrivals of street salts that could
bring about ecological effects; guarantee checking of activities to gauge the
arrangement's viability;

 Incorporate a methodology for yearly survey of the arrangement by the association

with persistent improvement of salt administration rehearses and the salt
administration plan as better administration rehearses become known and progress is
accomplished; and set up and execute remedial activities to address lacks
distinguished in the tasks of the association to which the arrangement applies.

 Salt Storage: The goal is the avoidance or control of deliveries from existing and new
locales. In seeking after this target, the accompanying practices ought to be thought
of: inclusion of salt heaps and mixed salt-sand heaps, dealing with rehearses that
maintain a strategic distance from uncontrolled deliveries, seepage the board, wash
water assortment and treatment, preparing of work force, and observing of the
viability of the office.

 Snow Disposal: The goal is the control of deliveries from existing and new
destinations. In seeking after this goal, the accompanying practices ought to be
thought of: area and development of the locales to consider operational and natural
variables, waste administration, preparing of staff and checking of the adequacy of the
office.

3. According to environment protection act of salt industry, describe the difference between
harm to environment and harm to human health.

Answer

 Exposure to significant levels of chloride in water, particularly for an all-inclusive

term, influences wealth and multiplication of fish and other oceanic life forms.
 In expansion to the immediate impacts of chloride, pungent water is denser than new
water, so it sinks to the base of water bodies, disabling total flow of water, which
thusly can exhaust oxygen levels and influence the endurance of fish and spineless
creatures.
 Road salt spill over likewise enters drinking water supplies. While chloride in
drinking water isn't viewed as unsafe to human wellbeing, it influences the flavour of
water and is recorded as an auxiliary norm under the government Safe Drinking
Water Act.
 Also, raised sodium levels in drinking water might be a worry for individuals on
limited sodium consumes less calories, albeit dietary wellsprings of sodium are far
more noteworthy than water.
 Road side plants and vegetation are harmed by street salt spill over and splash.
Contaminated spill over causes plant drying out, supplement unevenness, and even
harmfulness.
 Salt splash from streets gathers on foliage and causes leaf consume and tissue drying
up.
 Interestingly, street salt additionally fills in as counterfeit salt licks, drawing in moose
and other sodium-insufficient creatures to streets, which can cause expanded car
crashes and street murders.
 In expansion to the salt itself, added substances, similar to ferrocyanide, are utilized to
forestall hardening in enormous salt supplies.
 Ferrocyanide can deliver cyanide particles into nature, and the EPA has established
that ferrocyanide is one of the cyanides in its rundown of harmful contaminations
 Chloride isn't harmful to human wellbeing at low levels yet presents taste and scent
issues at focuses surpassing 250 mg/l.
 The greatest worry with street salt is the means by which it influences water quality.
 The stuff doesn't simply vanish when the day off ice liquefies: It washes away into
lakes and streams or saturates groundwater supplies. ... At the point when salt moves
into lakes and streams, it can likewise hurt sea-going plants and creatures
 On groundwater Salt saturates groundwater where it can live for significant stretches
of time, thusly influencing human, creature, and vegetation wellbeing. Polluted wells
must be relinquished. On vegetation. Leaf harm and dieback is usually seen along
streets, however these impacts can expand some separation away. Salt-open minded
intrusive species, for instance Japanese knotweed, assume control over street sides.
  On oceanic life Salt in lakes and lakes make a salt water layer at the base, detaining
supplements from sea-going plants and creatures.
 In expansion, raised centralizations of salt in freshwater affects the development,
proliferation, and endurance of an enormous scope of spineless creatures, fish, and
creatures of land and water.
 On warm blooded animals and flying creatures drinking of salt water can prompt salt
poisonousness. Little winged animals mistake salt gems for coarseness, and the
ingestion of limited quantities prompts intense harmfulness and passing.
 On natural life impacts enormous warm blooded animals like deer and moose are
pulled in to the salt along streets, acclimating them to traffic and expanding dangers
of perilous crashes.
 Ultimately, human lives are spared by the utilization of street salt in winter.

4. Develop a mechanism for prevention of salt workers exposed to various environmental and
health problems?

Answer

 Periodic clinical assessment and intermittent observing of workplace is required for

the enterprises .
 Develop dust control modules for little scope businesses with silica presentation like
agate cleaning, silica flour plants, stone quarries and record pencil industry
 Develop and advocate the utilization of gloves to forestall intense nicotine harming
(green tobacco infection) in tobacco reapers
 Increased mindfulness among proprietors about safe work environment and sound
workforce just as administrative impulse to have suitable word related wellbeing
administrations.

The methodology for avoidance and control of word related dangers

 Development of database and data framework in word related wellbeing

 Recognition, assessment and control of perils
  Evaluation of viability of the control procedure (occasional clinical and natural
checking) Management of instances of word related maladies
 Creation of mindfulness in laborers, worker's guilds and the board

5. I recently ran out of table salt for my salt shaker. I went and bought Morton's Salt, but
didn't know if I should choose iodized or non-iodized. I don't have any health or thyroid
concerns, but I'm not really sure what the difference is and if it matters.

Answer

 On the off chance that your salt is iodized, it implies the concoction component iodine
has been added to your salt. Your body can't make iodine, yet it's significant for a
sound thyroid and other body capacities.
 Non-iodized salt is frequently simply sodium chloride (think ocean salt).
 The essential iodized salt advantages are that it gives individuals iodine. Iodine is a
component required in follow adds up to keep up typical wellbeing, however it isn't
found in the ordinary eating routine.
 People require follow measures of iodine, a non-metallic mineral, for legitimate turn
of events and development.
 It is available in many soils and is consumed by plants, which are thus ingested by
people and creatures. The thyroid organ is home to the body's biggest iodine stores, as
it requires the mineral for union of the hormones it secretes.
 That is the reason an iodine lack can prompt a broadened thyroid organ (goiter), eased
back digestion, weight gain, and different side effects of hypothyroidism.
 In ladies who are pregnant or nursing, it can block fetal and kid advancement. Truth
be told, this pre-birth lack is the most well-known reason for preventable mind harm
around the world.
 The thyroid organ is home to the body's biggest iodine stores, as it requires the
mineral for blend of the hormones it secretes.
 On the off chance that you are eating a solid, adjusted, changed eating regimen, you're
likely getting enough iodine and don't have to utilize iodized salt.
 Rather, attempt gourmet salts, which will in general be non-iodized yet contain other
helpful minor elements. Or on the other hand attempt ocean salt, which contains just
limited quantities of iodine.
6. How will you recover sulphur and sulphur-di-oxide from sewage, stack gases and gypsum.
Explain it with neat flow sheet for each.

Answer
7. Access to raw materials is a common challenge in glass industry. How will you secure
normal supply of raw materials?. Mention what type of other raw materials can be used .
what are its uses?.

Answer

 Each glass division has its own explicitness and assembling process, however the
procedure of glass dissolving is regular to all glass parts.
 This physical procedure includes crude materials, vitality and front line producing
establishments.
 It forces on glass ventures sound ecological administration frameworks and
overwhelming speculations to stay serious in the overall commercial centre.

Development is significant for glass businesses

 Glass ventures are putting huge assets in serious R&D projects to grow better
approaches to utilize glass, to make accessible new items, to upgrade recyclability and
viable reusing, yet in addition to improve the vitality effectiveness of assembling
destinations and thusly further improve the natural execution of glass items for a
mind-blowing duration cycles.
 These continued endeavours are assisting the glass businesses with staying in front of
mechanical advancement, guaranteeing the overall seriousness of glass items
fabricated

Utilizing vitality in the most productive manner

 Glass producing is a high-temperature, vitality utilizing movement which establishes

a consistent monetary and ecological test for the glass businesses to downplay vitality
use.
 It gives a characteristic motivator towards finding the best imaginative vitality
effective assembling forms as vitality represents a huge portion of creation costs.
  As an outcome, glass businesses have a superb history in decreasing vitality needs and
related CO2.
 Promoting reusing, guaranteeing access to crude materials and overseeing synthetic
concoctions in the most capable way

8. One problem area in the glass industry is the dust emission of the glass melting furnaces
caused by the high temperatures, and the evaporation of mixture components which
sublimate as fine dusts. How will you rectify it?.

Answer

Significant components:

 Temperature of the glass soften surface

 Composition of the glass soften, particularly the substance of unstable segments
 Sodium sulphate included
 Composition of the heater burning environment,
 Gas speed at the soften surface
 Residence season of the glass soften in the heater or the particular surface
territory of the dissolve
 Foaming of the glass soften The liquefy is warmed by gas or oil blazes
coordinated over the glass dissolve shower. Inside the soften, glass dissolve
stream designs, are being created, both by the force and free convection.
 Free convection stream emerges from thickness contrasts inside the liquefy
 Due to the temperature profiles, thickness contrasts are produced inside the
liquefy which will make free convection stream.
 The free convection stream is created intentionally so as to acquire enough
blending and homogenization and to keep away from alternate route streams

A constant glass liquefying tank is intended to guarantee a progression of forms basic for the
quality of the glass created

 Minimum home season of the particles (from the clump) is significant

 Good homogenization is legitimately reliant on the convection streams in the
liquefying tank, easy routes ought to be kept away from
  Different plans of consistent heaters exist (cross-terminated or end port terminated
regenerative, recuperative, oxy-fuel, all-electric… ), and the decision relies strikingly
upon the kind of glass delivered
 Good warmth move from the burning chamber (flares) to the dissolve is fundamental.
By and by, redox assumes a significant job in the assimilation conduct of the glass
liquefy
 A few systems can be applied to advance convection streams in the heater (alteration
of fuel appropriation, weirs, bubblers, boosting… )
 The lifetime of a heater is exceptionally reliant on the nature of the refractories
utilized
 Refractory consumption might be especially adverse to the heater life time

9. Coal is considered as a major raw material for cement manufacture. Due to acute shortage
of coal in India, what is the alternative raw material that companies employ?. Whether using
other raw material will have an impact in the quality of cement?.

Answer

Pet coke:

 Pet coke is widely used as a supplementary fuel in the Cement Industries in many
countries, including India.

 Pet coke is a residual product of the crude oil refining process. It has a high calorific
value, but low volatile content, thus leading to poor ignition characteristics. It is a
black solid obtained as an end product from the distillation of heavier petroleum
crudes.

 Pet coke has higher levels of sulphur and nitrogen as compared to coal.
 Use of pet coke presents certain problems due to its low volatility and high sulphur
content.
 Due to its lack of volatiles, pet coke has to be ground very finely, in order to enable
it to burn completely, so that full advantage of its higher calorific value is obtained.
High sulphur content, creates operation problems in the kiln.
  This problem can normally be sorted out by using a bypass system.
 Another big advantage of pet coke, apart from its higher calorific value, is that, being
almost a waste product, its price is generally much lower than that of coal.

Sludge

 Several types of sludge can be used as alternative fuels in cement kilns. These include
paint sludge, refinery (petroleum) sludge, Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) sludge and
Tar Waste.

 During the last few years, several Indian Cement companies have undertaken
successful plant trials using various types of sludges as alternative fuels, in their kilns.
 These trials were carried out in collaboration with the respective SPCBs and under the
supervision of the CPCB.

 The results of these trials were then submitted to the MoEF, and the latter has now
granted permission for the use of paint sludge as a supplementary fuel in cement
kilns.

 This permission has come along with certain conditions, including compulsory plant
trials in each and every case.

Biomass

 This includes agricultural waste, food industry waste and biodiesel waste.

 Commonly used materials include rice husk, sawdust, animal waste and tapioca.

Animal Wastes

 These include both dung and fat.

 Dung, especially cow dung, has been used as a domestic fuel for centuries. However,
it is not easy to procure in bulk quantities.
 Animal fat wastes however, are comparatively easier to procure.
 These can be got in bulk from the factories that do processing for the meat industry.
Plastic Bags

 The problem with the burning of omnipresent plastic bags, is that this is normally
done at around 800 degrees Celsius.
 At this temperature, burning of polythene (out of which plastic bags are made)
produces hazardous gasses.
 Disposing of plastic bags by burning them, has thereby been almost universally
banned.
 They are therefore disposed off by burying in landfills, where they will take hundreds
of years to decompose.
 Cement kilns however, operate at 1200 to 1500 degrees Celsius, to produce clinker.
At these high temperatures, polythene burns up completely, without producing any
noxious gasses.
 Some cement factories in Madhya Pradesh have received permission from
environmental agencies, including the State Pollution Control Board, to carry out
trials of burning used polythene bags, as a supplementary fuel, along with coal.

Problems Faced While Using Alternative Fuels

These include:

a. Analysis

b. Mass balance

c. Weighing

d. Kiln feed systems

e. Requirement of extra oxygen

f. Rules and regulations

10. How will you optimize the exposure of sulphuric acid vapours from the manufacturing
unit? Explain with valid reasons.

Answer

 The Sox outflows could be essentially diminished by over 40% by improving working
boundaries, for example, air feed stream rates or split portions.
  However, just minor increments in vitality creation can be accomplished because of
the plant previously working close to full limit.
 The recreations additionally show that operational issues may happen when the
procedure is upset because of creation rate changes or impetus deactivation, the non-
straight reaction of the plant prompting supported motions.
 Multi-variable streamlining was performed for a few creation rates, relating to the
measure of sulphur took care of into the plant (ostensible worth and ± 5-10%
changes).
Five key factors were distinguished and controlled appropriately to complete the
streamlining:

 The measure of air took care of into the sulphur burner

 The stream paces of air took care of into converter pass 3 and 4
 The split parts (by-go) for cold streams entering the gas-gas heat exchangers

Along these lines, the primary advancement run planned for boosting the measure of vitality
created.

 Expanding vitality creation is identical to amplifying the measure of SO2 changed

over into items.
 A level ideal is normal on the grounds that for all intents and purposes the whole
measure of warmth produced in the response is recuperated because of tight vitality
joining.
 The subsequent enhancement target tried to limit the aggregate sum of Sox delivered
in 32 climate.
 The advancement results uncover 33 that – for the ostensible working point – the
stream pace of air took care of to sulphur burner ought to be

11. During manufacture of urea, recompression of off gases is necessary. If recompressed, it

will cause corrosion and formation of solid carbamate salts in pipelines. How will you rectify
it?
Answer

 Boiler and cooling waters are examined to guarantee that their sythesis is with the end
goal that consumption is limited.
 A little amount of air is added to the CO2 blower attractions so as to passivate the
hardened steel surfaces . Along these lines shielding them from consumption due both
to the reagent and the response item.
 Minimum weight and temperature conditions with abundance NH3 are attractive to
lessen the serious consumption rates.
 Under these conditions, hardened steel can be utilized in the autoclave.
 The last item is investigated for dampness, biuret, formaldehyde and pH as a keep an
eye on the procedure and to guarantee client particulars are met.
 Trouble shooting is regularly required to source biuret or over the top dampness
during middle phases of the urea procedure.

12. During production of urea, the process to undergo the product formation is very slow.
Specify 3 valid reason.

Answer

The product formation can be much slower depending upon

 The soil type

 moisture content and
 urea formulation.

13. During the manufacture of phosphorus and phosphate fertilizers, the phosphate rock is
used as a feed. The phosphate rock is mined from industry to used as a feed during these
fertilizer manufacture. But during mining, when phosphate rock is removed, it decreases the
salinity of natural water forming a large pits which is unfit to use for any purpose. How will
you recover the phosphate rock without any impact on natural water resources.

Answer

 These are regularly consolidated and gone through essential and auxiliary scrubbers.
 HF is recorded as an unsafe air toxin under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.
  Fumes gases from the dryer and cooler additionally contain smelling salts, fluorides
and PM, which are normally joined and gone through twisters and essential and
optional scrubbers.
 The PM outflows and low smelling salts and fluoride fixations from item estimating
and material exchange tasks are controlled as such.
 Fumes streams from the reactor and ammoniator-granulator go through an essential
scrubber, wherein phosphoric corrosive is utilized to recoup alkali and particulate.
 Fumes from the dryer, cooler and screen initially are sent to tornadoes for PM
recuperation, and close to essential scrubbers.
 Materials gathered in the typhoon and essential scrubbers are recuperated and come
back to the procedure.
 The fumes is sent to optional scrubbers, where reused gypsum lake water fills in as a
cleaning fluid to control the emanations of F-mixes.

14. Why government in 2004 has banned use of phosphate fertilizer in lawn and garden only?

Answer

 High phosphorus levels in water bodies can prompt over the top green growth
and sea-going plant development which can hurt amphibian life and disable
recreational use. It can cause poisonous green growth sprouts, decrease water
clearness, and exhaust oxygen levels.
 Low water oxygen levels can pressure or execute fish and other amphibian
creatures, in addition to other things.
 Generally, these laws disallow phosphorus manure application except if it is
for

(1) restoring an absence of essential phosphorus,

(2) setting up new turf, or

(3) fixing turf.

Many likewise excluded rural utilizations, business or grass ranches, cultivating, and
fairways.

Most of the states deny manure application on impenetrable, solidified, or immersed surfaces.

Different arrangements remembered for certain states' laws are

(1) difficulties from water bodies, for example, lakes or waterways, and

(2) deals limitations, for example, showing phosphorus manure independently from different
kinds of composts and posting preventative data.

15. Usage of Superphosphate as fertilizer, depletes soil minerals. But still, we use it. How
will you overcome this problem?

Answer

 High phosphorous levels in soil are typically the offender of over-treating or including
an excess of compost.
 Not just does over the top phosphorous damage plants, it can likewise remain in your
dirt for quite a long time.
 While there's nothing you can do to bring down phosphorous levels promptly,
alternatives do exist to keep taking care of your plants the supplements they need
without presenting more phosphorous.
 When phosphorus winds up in lakes and lakes, it causes exorbitant oceanic plant
development.

Here followed are a portion of the ways for relieving P.

 Plant nitrogen-fixing vegetables to expand nitrogen without expanding phosphorous.

 In the event that nitrogen levels are very low, planting nitrogen-fixing vegetables
alone won't fix your concern.
 Chemical treatment of utilizing alum, ferric chloride and lime has indicated fantastic
P evacuation efficiencies notwithstanding their cost.
 Stop including more fertilizer or manure
 Grow a harvest blend in with vegetables and crucifers. Do you have understanding
regarding which ones to suggest? Lupins, fava beans? Evacuate the yields off the
land. Potatoes have likewise been recommended, which fits the atmosphere well.
 Consider a foliar splash of Zn and Fe to maintain a strategic distance from
micronutrient inadequacy in the foliage.
  Consider including a P fixing earth. Anyway this is likewise a monetary inquiry as it
may be costly.

16. Usage of triple super phosphate as fertilizer, tends to increase efficiency in many ways.
But after 10-12 years, the soil becomes yellow. How will you overcome this problem?

17. What are the problems associated with usage of synthetic, high nitrogen fertilizers?

ANSWER

 The essential issue is that there's an excess of nitrogen. It makes an uneven

circumstance to the extent supplements in the dirt and in plants.
 High levels of nitrogen and low degrees of minor elements power quick development
that outcomes in frail watery cell development in plants.
 Synthetic manures murder advantageous microorganisms in the dirt that convert dead
human and plant stays into supplement rich natural issue.
 Nitrogen-and phosphate-based engineered composts filter into groundwater and
increment its poisonousness, causing water contamination.
 Composts that filter into streams, waterways, lakes and different waterways disturb
oceanic biological systems.
 Synthetic composts increment the nitrate levels of soil. Plants created from such soil,
upon utilization, convert to harmful nitrites in the digestion tracts.
 These destructive nitrites respond with the haemoglobin in the circulatory system to
cause methaeglobinaemia, which harms the vascular and respiratory frameworks,
causing suffocation and even passing in extraordinary situations (when blood
methaemoglobin level is 80 percent or more).
 Synthetic composts harm the normal cosmetics of soil in the long haul. Plants that
develop in excessively prepared soil are lacking in iron, zinc, carotene, nutrient C,
copper and protein.

Limiting Negative Effects

 Mix manufactured compost well into the dirt

  This will forestall overflow when it downpours.
 Dilute your water-dissolvable manufactured compost a long time before use
 Improperly weakened manure can consume your plants
 Wash all vegetables and natural product yield from artificially treated soil completely
before eating
 Keep unused manure away from water, pets and youngsters
 Consider changing to natural composts, which are more secure and cause no
contamination.

18. During manufacture of urea, Increasing the load on a prilling tower can have negative
consequences for the prill quality. Higher moisture contents and higher temperatures cause
more dust formation and an increased likelihood of caking problems. Caking can be so severe
that the product becomes damaged when it is loaded on trucks or cars. Part of the product will
be lost and complaints from customers may follow. How will you overcome this problem?.

Answer

The answer for each of these difficulties is the Sandvik Process Systems Roto
previous.
 The feed to the Roto structure is urea dissolve with a convergence of 99.6 wt%
and in existing urea plants can be fan out from the urea vanishing area
downstream of the urea liquefy siphons.
 Urea is presented under tension (2-3 barg) in liquid structure to the drop
previous.
 The Roto structure HS (High Speed) drop previous, licensed by Sandvik,
comprises of a warmed stator and a punctured pivoting shell that turns
concentrically around the stator to store drops of urea over the full width of the
belt.
 The circumferential speed of the Roto previous is synchronized with the speed
of the steel belt cooler guaranteeing that the drops are stored on the belt
without distortion and, after cementing, brings about standard pastilles with an
ideal shape.
  The pivoting shell contains lines of little gaps which are estimated to convey
the necessary item size.
 The heat delivered during crystallization and cooling is moved by the treated
steel belt to the cooling water.
 The cooling water is splashed against the belt underside, assimilates the
warmth and is gathered in skillet, cooled in a cooling framework (cooling
pinnacle) and came back to the Roto structure units.
 Under no conditions can the cooling water come into contact with the urea
item.
 The utilization of formaldehyde isn't essential in this innovation to
acknowledge pastilles with a high pulverizing quality.
 The pastilles are exceptionally uniform and extra screening isn't required.
 After hardening the pastilles are easily delivered from the steel belt by means
of a swaying scrubber.
 The item at that point falls legitimately onto a transport line for move to
capacity.
 The segment over the moving steel belt is encased with a hood and vented to a
current vent framework.
 There are no huge wind streams associated with this innovation and there is no
obvious urea dust discharge.
 What alkali fumes are created can undoubtedly be caught in a straightforward
air safeguard; this outcomes in irrelevant emanations of smelling salts and
urea, a one of a kind element of this innovation.
 Tower will be diminished, prompting lower smelling salts and urea dust
outflows from your prilling tower and a higher prill quality.
 Finally on the off chance that you work a constrained draft prilling tower, the
force utilization per ton of urea will decrease by around 9 kWh/mt as the Roto
previous devours less force than a constrained draft prilling tower.
 The nature of the pastilles is better than the nature of prills.

19. During manufacture of triple super phosphate, both SiF4 and HF are gases at
ambient temperature and collected by the Den scrubbing system. The fluoride
evolution is 25%, increasing with increase in sulphuric acid concentration. SiF4
 hydrolyses to form silica that potentially could present maintenance problem. How
will you overcome this maintenance problem?.

Answer

 For financial reasons, it is alluring to accomplish the necessary fluorine

recuperation with one scrubber stage just the feasible fluorine
recuperation to a great extent relies upon the fluorine substance of the
approaching fume just as the focus and the temperature of the
fluosilicic corrosive delivered, the P2O5 substance of the fluosilicic
corrosive is for the most part subject to the P2O5:F proportion in the
fumes from the glimmer vessel and on the productivity of the P2O5
separator.
 Fluosilicic corrosive recuperated by cleaning these unstable mixes
could in future become the essential crude material for synthetic
substances, for example, aluminium fluoride and cryolite – helpers key
in Hall-process aluminium refining – or hydrofluoric corrosive and
others which, as of recently, are regularly created from common
fluorspar.
 Even engineered fluorspar can be acquired for use as transition in steel
making