verb can take many forms i fe nes ae ae = a 8 sentence. We use different forms of the verb to indicate different forms: (i) Indefinite or sim ect the present, the past or the future tense. Each tense has four oie oupieeee a a merely States an action or an event. It does not say anything continuing to happen. (iii) P re (ii) Continuous or Progressive— Itindicates thatanactionis Se ieee Beis It indicates that the action is complete. (iv) Perfect usually of limited duration, action that started and continues to happen. The action is SIMPLE PRESE! a NT (INDEFINITE TENSE) This has the ae, form as the root form (infinitive without 'to’) of the verb. For the third person singular, he, she, it or any name,'s'or'es'isadded. The negative is formed with ‘do not' + Ist form / ‘does not’ + Ist form of the verb for the third person plural and singular respectively. The interrogative is formed with do/does + subject + first form of the verb. Simple Present/Negative Interrogative We play Twe You do not play Do you play? They do not play they He plays he She does not play Does | she play? It does not play it Uses The simple present tense is used: © Whenwe talk about something which happens regularly, orasahabit For Example: Talwaystakemy milkwithoutsuger. __ Webuynew clothes every Monday. * Toexpress general or universal truths. For Example: The sun sets in the west. Water boils at 100°C. * Toexpressa fact or something whichis true at present. For Example: ; He teaches mathematicsina school. All trains stop at this station. 23To express future actions planned in advance, especially concerning a journey o; Programme. For Example: The train leaves at seven in the morning. Schools close in May for the summer vacation and reopen in July. To introduce quotations with the verb ‘say’. For Example: Keats says,"A thing of beauty is ajoy forever." * Inexclamatory sentences beginning with ‘here’ and ‘there’. For Example: There goes the bell! Here comes the train! ¢ Inproverbs which have the force of permanent truths. For Example: Birds ofa feather flock together. * Toexpressnatural qualities/ processes and professional activities. For Example Fruits contain lots of minerals and vitamins. (Natural quality) A dentisttakes care of the teeth. (Professional activity) PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Form This tense is formed withis/are/am + (first form +ing). Thenegativeis formed by putting 'not afteris/are/am. The interrogative is formed by placing is/are/am before the subject. Present Continuous/Negative Interrogative I am ‘m Am I am not ‘mnot He/She is ’s he, she it isnot isn't playing. Is it playing? We are ‘te we You are not Are you They aren't _‘renot they Uses The present continuous tense is used: * Toexpressan action happening now at the time of. speaking. For Example: Iam reading aletter. Someoneis knocking at the door. 24LLL * Toexpressa temporary action which may notb i ‘i ; For Example: ‘ay not behappening at the time of speaking. These days weare looking foranewhouse. Sheisteaching English ata High school. Toexpressa definite arrangementin thenear future, For Example: Tam meeting him tonight. Iam going to Americanext week. ‘The time of action must be mentioned in this case. To express some undesirable habit. ForExample: Sheisalways wasting her timein gossip. Note : Weuse simple present for things in general; we use present continuous to express actions going onat the time of speaking. For Example: Sachin Tendulkar is a famous cricketer. He plays very well. But he isn't playing now. He is watching television. Some verbs are normally not used in the present continuous tense. These verbs are: 1. Verbs of senses : see, hear, smell, notice, recognise. 2. Verbs of emotions and feelings: want, desire, love, hate, forgive, wish, respect, etc. 3. Verbs such as : think, feel, know, mean, realise, understand, suppose, believe, remember, forget, etc. 4, Verbs expressing possession / belonging: have, own, belong, possess, etc. 5. Some other verbs like seem, appear, contain, consist, keep, measure, etc. These verbs are used in simple present tense. They may, however, beused in continuous tense witha changed meaning. For Example: The judge is hearing the case tomorrow. (Conducting the trial) Architishaving abath. (Taking) PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Form The Present Perfect Tense is formed with has/ have + past participle (Illrd form). Thenegative is formed by putting ‘not’ afterhas/have. The interrogative is formed by placing has/have' before the subject and'?’ mark at the end. Present Perfect/Negative Interrogative i have Have He have not/haven't He/She | has played. | | Has he/she It hasnot/hasn't it played? We have we You. havenot/haven't Have you They they 25Uses The present perfect tense is used: * Toexpressa recently completed action. i For Exainple :[have just finished my work. ia S2P°T0) ores past: aint when the time is not given and not ieee For Example: Have youhad your breakfast? No,Thaven'thadiityet. * Toexpress pastactions or events, the results of ‘which are still present. For Example: The prisoners have escaped from the jail. (They are still at large.) * Toexpressan action that began in the past and continues up to the present moment. For Example: We have waited all day. (Weare still waiting.) Note: : * Present perfect tense expresses the completion of an action by now and not an action done ai adefinite time. * This tense expresses the present state ofa completed action. * This tense must never be used with a definite time in the past, as, yesterday, last month] week ago, etc. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ‘orm his tenseis formed by have/has + been + verb+ ing’ . he negativeis formed by placing ‘not after have/has. heinterrogativeis formed by placing have/has before the subject, Present Perfect Continuous/Negative Interrogative I have been Have I been playing? have not been He/She | has been playing. Has | he, she It has not been it not been We have been Have we playing? You have not been you They they | 2S Present perfect continuous tense is used: * Toexpress an action which’ began in the past andis still continuing. For Example: 7 Ithas been raining since morning. They have been Playing for twohours. ta Toexpress an action which has already finished, but whoseeffectorresultstillpers®™For Example: sheisshivering because she has be For and'since' are two pre 1. . SINCE is used to talk aby en suffering from fever, ‘Positions to express how lon, a period of time. The arrow ig an action hasbeen taking place for. FOR is used to express of the letter 'F’ stands for a Period of time. Example: For Andy Mumay has been a professional tennisplayerfor8 years Out a specific point in time, The ‘dot’ on the letter 'I'is the moment; the pointin time, aa ~ Since xan f Wimbledon hasbeen held in London since 1877, mu jortant : aor ast week/month year forthe last one week/ two months/ three years 1 oop oN Le al Pn Correct the following sentences and then rewrite them in the simple presenttense: ° . Hereis coming the captain! Hoe Pomes the CoPlomm Flinthebia AGS @piopriate verb fa * | Tam loving to eat French fries. Teves te oat Lnench fates. 09. aes : Wheneveritis raining, the roofleaks. Ushensu it sols joe Sune leaks My big brother leaving school in’ November Uy b fg -bucthuss Lasser Achea! ta lhvorh, ‘ i (ely AG U.2 Usaohes te How often are you hing youhai sabe hoi 1_B sha we, (has) finished thejob. tool thay + Poet Purialy ¢ m)Haveyou_Lalen (ate) yourlunch? She ‘fs not return) yet- Thou. hayn Er saw) such amess. (is)hebroughthis violin? Haveyouever__¢@is (be) to Australia? fate naar er Ages am read) all the plays of Shakespeare. Put he verb in the correct form. Use present continuous tens©! I have) agreat time here but really miss you. Soniaand Abha Sag speak) toeachother. ° 1000 baying (ry) togetane bob. > hae (rain) heavily. rrp bhudipingotdy) at Bal BhartiPublicSchool. & (do) in Bareilly? (DU. nowaddys. sndt6as fgrm of verbs o fillin the blanks: @ ‘thefilm ao bron Stn) for quite some timenow. iL Lqvait) here forhalfan hour. 1. 25, 3. Thebaby Nao Wen “S49, forfiteen minutes. 4. swat bum dalat9 onthe phone fortwohours. we cot 5, Heftas bon wiry im) foran hour. Ve 5) 6. = 1 2 3 4. We can'tgooutnowasit 5 6 7. Theman, Code (wait comerofthelane. \“X Ab Mrs. Rose, each) English for ten years. __ Rewrite the following passage using thesimple present tense of the verbs given in the brackets: @ Allbaby birds (come) from eggs. While a baby bird isin the egg, it (get) all the food it (need) from the white and the golden portion in the egg. Besides food, the baby bird (need) warmth also. So, the mother bird (sit§ over the eggs to keep them warm. Sometimes, the father (d).this, and somites. both parents (take) turns. When the baby bird is sufficiently grown up, it (begisf to move alittle inside the egg, Each baby bird (HS asa #ke on its bill. Asit (push)against the walls of the ege thespike (rag holgs init, Seon the egg (begindto split open and the little bird (push) its way out. : ALL Bob tind &s . Complete the following dialogu: do not like one of you Jo ee crtonces coene tates Sujata because she doesn! ; wiritese cesaboutthethingukeicrs joesn't do certain things she ought to. esn'tdo: 3 Complete the following letter by filling in the correct forms of the verbs givenin brackets: Dear Chand: ° : j fink, sedared ho (just receive) your letter. I'm very glad to know that you (i) (top) the @L dass. You (iii) feally make) me proud. I (iv) hove. snl e sim) ‘your father about (send) youhis congratulationsandblessings. yoursuccess. He (v) (vi) We pou Ba (pray) for your general well being. (v8) Do not _ Ake — (skip) your meals. Howabout Anita? You (viii) _\7-___—_(not mention) her inyourletterforalong time. oot A AMEN Cndso present perfect continuous Dowrite back. Mom. ¢ using appropriate sentences in the 2 form. Eh for about 1 hour and 30 minutes. 4 aa : ebeen waiting B Aes B_ :No,Ihaven'tbeenre to A. :Isee;how many letters have ading the newspaper. ° B :Justone. A. :Itlooks like you. Cee ea Oe ° B : Yes, admit it's a long Jetter. It's for mom. “x oO ' | 29 letter.onds ago or years ago. Past tense refers to the actions that happened in the past, a few sect A verb used to show that an action was completed in the pastis said to bein the past tense. SIMPLE PAST TENSE Form The simple past tense is formed with the second form of the verb. The negative is formed with'did not+1st form of the verb’. The interrogative is formed with ‘did + subject + 1st form: ofthe verb + '?' mark at theend: Simple Past/Negative Interrogative 1/We played. I/we You did not play. you safe He/She/It| didn't play. Did he/ she play? They it/ they Uses The simple pasttenseis used: + Frequency-Often, sometimes, always. 1. Isometimes walked homeatlunch time. 2. Toften broughtmy lunch to school. ‘Adefinite pointin time::last week, when T was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago. 1. We sawa good film last week. 2. Yesterday I arrived in Goa. ss i one ‘Anindefinite pointin time: the other day, ages, ago, along time ago. 1. People livedincavesa long time ago. 2, She played the piano when she wasa young girl. : 5 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Form * The past continuous tense is formed by was / were + Ist form + ing form. The negative is formed by putting ‘not' after was / were. a ee fF]5 rative is i: he jntertogi is formed by Putting was / were before the ‘subject and?’ : mark at th past Continuous/Negative ee at theend. ogative was Bi I Was not f Was he/she wasn't + 1 Wasnt | -playing, it os were playing? we were not We ‘weren't ere; 1m ey, Uses . phepast continuous tense is used: + Toexpress an action that was in progress at some time in the past. For Example: Iwas playing on the lawn of my house when she came. When I reached home, it was still raining. Toexpress two or more actionsin progress atthe sametime. For Example: WhileI was doing my homework, my sister was playing outside. The students were talking when the teacher was writing on the blackboard. To express an often repeated (undesirable) past action. (with a word like always or continually) ve For Example: He was always latein reaching school. The crowd was contintially making noise. Inindirect speech as the equivalent of present continuous tense. For Example: Direct + Prachi said, “Tam travelling by the Jan Shatabadi Express." Indirect: Prachi said that she was travelling by the JanShatabadi Express. Inpolite questions about how a period of time was spent. For Example: “What were you doing when called you?” Forunfulfilled plans, with verbs like hope’ ‘plan’ ete. ForExample: Iwashoping tofind anew shist. (but didn't find one) [*]Note: Carefully study the following points about this tense. points abou ef : © This tense tells that the action was in progress at a certain point of time in the past and wag not completed by that time. « Thistense doesnottell when theaction began and whenitende © This tense is frequently used with the simple past. The simple completed actionand additionally this tense shows some other act * The duration of the completed action is short while the other act duration. d. Je past is used to show th ion. tion goes on for a longe, PAST PERFECT TENSE Form b). ‘This tenseis forme the verb). ‘Thenegativeis formed by putting not! 4 with had + past participle (Third form of after ‘had’. ‘had’ before the subject and'?' mark at the end. ‘The interrogativeis formed by putting ; Past Perfect Tense/Negative Interrogative 1/We I/we You had played. you He/She | had not Had he/she | played? It/They | hadn't it / they Uses The past perfect tense is used: + Toexpressan action completed before certain moment in the past. For Exaniple: The message came after he had. left the office. ‘AtI7 years, she had passed herB.Comexamination. To express an action in the past which was completed before another action, also in the past. For Example: We had locked all the rooms before we left the house. Thad already known the result when she rang me up. + Toexpress unfulfilled desires of the past. For Example: Iwish Thad listened tomy mother's advice. (but I did notlisten) Ifonly she had not wasted her time she could have succeeded. (but she wasted) + Toexpress possible (unfulfilled) conditions of the past. : 32> For Example: ityou had worked hard, you would have passed. Ifshe had leftearlier, she would have reached on time. No donotuse the past perfect tense: fone action happensat the same time as another. por Example: When Karim's father saw the result, he was horrified. (notwhen Karim’s fatherhad seen—) fone action comes immediately after the other andis connected to it For Example : When Mrs. Bansal heard the baby cry, she ran to pick it up. (notwhen Mrs. Bansal had heard ~-) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE a 1 Form shistenseis formed with had been + (2nd form-+ing). Thenegative is formed by putting 'not after’ had’. ‘Theinterrogative is formed by putting ‘had’ before the subject. vd Past Perfect/Negative Interrogative 1/We had I/we You ‘d been you | been He/She | had not’ | playing. Had | he/she | ‘playing? It/ They | hadn't it/ they Uses Thepast perfect continuous tense isused: * Toexpress an action that began before, certain time in the past time or stopped just before it. For Example: She had been sleeping for an hour Untilhe reached class VIII, Rakesh had be * Toexpressa repeated actionin the pastas a continuous action. For Example : She had tried many times to call him up- (=Shehad been tryingto phone him) eal and continued up to that when reached her house. : en studying ina village school.| iven in the ‘A. Fill in the blanks with the simple or continuous form of the past tense of the verbs giv’ brackets: 1 Lastyear,1_Wistlecl _(visit)amonument. 2, They Buf} (build) ahouse on the top of the hill. 3, 1_bapuyht (buy, feel) acake because] hungry. 4. TilAmish Quod Ltd (arrive wait) at thestation, his sister. tao ibeol _ forhim. 5. Madhuri_G.ob jeueog(try, want) anew dress, which she CAqn49A_to wear toa party. 6. We__Lgf. (meet) many Japanese tourists on the way. ~ Lo 7. Meenakshi lee (leave) the city ina greathurry. 5 { ; 8 Ruch’ Cf Uddhtogo te radio when she in. shsonesl disten, hear) aloud knock, ; | 9. Whentheheadmaster -7oxoeh theroom, thechildren ASteoleoM enter, greet) him. > | 10. Whenwe. i the aftefnoon, it_Ca 40s. SLOuaLag(leave, rain). iI (understand, say) about the workers strike. 12. Theconcert, (begin) at 8'o' clock. i 13. Anubhav. Mis ded (visit) the temple frequently whilehe wasin Bihar. i 14. Garima. (think) abouther pet rabbit, Bunny. B. Combine each of he following pairs of sentences into one using past perfect / simple past tense. You may have tomake some other changes too: 1. Icompleted my call. om° Then the battery of my cell phone died, a Mi r i 1 < qhebirds returned to theirnests, ‘Thesunsetlater, & ie Maal’ nid Allthe students left. ‘Theannouncement was made later. ;,_Ireached there late. Allthe forms were already sold. Fillin the blanks with the past perfect continuous form of the verbin the bracket: . oO 1 Hal helo Casella ite film scriptsbeforehetookto wrtingnovelt 2 Mesnawas delighted withhernew keyboard. Sneha fta (yan neforalongine 3 re unr in throughout August that year. £ Inseptember they hol yam Bickira(pick)apples. 5. The survivors cha inn (3 inthe bitter cold snd Hitunges for two days betorette rescue team could reach them » the plione for several hours without success. 6) food all through the summer, while the grasshopper fmein singing songs. & » Whe thepiner .hpBscig onto: oboty ac gen a al * Tewasmidnightand he was dead tired becausehe ". Theoldman bad buon vate forhistumatne denis 35 |Sd) Sepa eet eile pastor past ontinng tense: I (Rave) a strange dream last night. Se es ina small car when accidentally (bump) into a witch who Apic potion in a huge pot. The pot (Pell) ib sienat ingredients inside. The witch (s82) thepotion with a long feather When I (hf) her and @pill) the magic potion, the angry witch iin) me into a frog ! Soon I (eroak) ant i) fiRe a frog. The dr ao gh sneand (wake) up witha oud shriek.I (shake) with Teareven after] (become) fully awake. | BN miei correct farm St¥erbs given in brackets: beard When we (a) Husehoel (reach) the airport we (b) Lulen f__— (go) '© the enquiry window, The man behind the window told us to check in our luggage. The lounge (©) (become) very crowded, so we went to thé duty free shop and (d) (purchase) some presents for: our friends. Thenit wastime to board the plane. Unibrtunately, the plane could not take-off because the weather was bad. After several hours of waiting, 1(e) woud, (heat) the take-off annourcejnent, After a few minutes, the plane finally (f) (take) off. C.. Rewrite the following sentence: brackets: S; ‘past perfect continuous tense’ using the phrases in the | 1. Gary Kirsten was coaching the Indian cricket team. (fortwo years) 0, 4a. * pe = 3 as 2 5 gE Fi 4 2 E Sf ei 3 B a 2 = sana ls (orovet eek) for Qtun ‘ = Riegel , (since 2008) jn this factory asa watchman, i Be : Org ih Gaurav was working._ future tense isused to express an action thatis to take place in the future. ved used to show that an action will be completed in the future is said to be in the future tense. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE form 5 7 } qristense is formed with shall/ will + 1st form of the verb. ‘Thenegative ‘is formed by putting 'not' after shall / will. speinterrogative is formed by putting shall / will before the subject and"? markat the end. Note : ‘Shall’ is used with the 1st person (I, we) and will’ with the 2nd person (you) and ‘he’ ‘ke, it 'they' with the 3rd person in the normal future. ‘Will can alsobe used with the 1st person hntheaffirmative and negative, butnotin the interrogative. | Simple Future/Negative © no yo Interrogative : I I shall Shall we | Inot We shall not play. re play? | He / She 3 you It/ They will Will | younot | You will not he/she/it/ | they he/she/it not | they not | | Uses ‘Tesimple future tenseis used: ‘ : * Toexpress an action or event thatis yet to take place with or withoutan exPressi0n- | For Example: “ Ishall visit younext week. They willhelp us. * Toexpress the speaker's opinion or assumption about the future. For Example: ee Ithinkhe will come back. Perhaps weshall find him there. 4 rp The simple future generally expresses sure future. Pa etc ‘will’ with the Ist: person (I, we) expresses intention or promise [>7|For Example: Thanks for the book. I'll return itby Monday. (promise) We will fight to the finish. (determination) We will wait for you. (intention) ‘Shall’ with 2nd person (you) and 3rd person (he, compulsion, duty or: restraint, threat or command. she, it, they) expresses promise, For Example: ' ‘You shall haveitback tomorrow (proiniise you) ‘They shall defend their country. (duty / determination) She shall suffer for this. (threat/warning) You shall report for duty tomorrow. (command) Important: Whenin: doubt, use 'will', exceptin questions. Other ways of expressing the future: © We can use the simple present tense to t plans that will not change; particularly when For Example: We leave Pune at five, arrive in Delhi atnineand take a plane for, * Wecanalso talk about plans for the future and other future happenings using going to+ first form of the verb (infinitive) alk about facts in the future and to talk about these concern a journey. Jammu ateleven. For Example: ‘Momis going to buy mea dress. Iam going to build anew house. © We can use the present continuous tense to talk about things that we have planned or arranged to doin future. For Example: Weare leaving at the end of the week. The minister of education is visiting the college tomorrow. * Theverbs ‘come’ and 'go' can be used without time expression: For Example: Tam going fora walk. This tense conveysno idea of intention. * Planned future can also be exy aboutto+ Ist form, For Example: The minister of education is too The train is about to leave soon. Are you coming with me? ‘pressed by (is / are/ am) + to + 1st form or (is/ are/ am) + pen the exhibition on Saturday. [|“FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE FOr” eis formed with shall/ willbe + (Ist form +ing) rive is formed by putting ‘not after shall /will. Them errogativeis formed by putting shall / will before the subjectand be afterthe subject, ‘Theit" future Continuous/Negative Interrogative i7we | willbe I a shall be Shall | we willnotbe | playing. be playing? shall not be wit | you nthe soa will be he, she, it, | playing? He/She/It} will not be they They Uses ‘Thefuture continuous tenseis used: » if ae + Toexpressan action which will occur in thenormal course. For Example: She will be taking the examination in April. Iwill be seeingher tomorrow. feoieae Inthis respect, itis less definite than the present continuous, Toexpressan action that will be in progress ata given time in future. For Example: We shall be havinga party next week. ‘ In the negative, the future continuous tense merely states that a certain action will not take place in thenormal course. For Example: She willnotbe coming tonight because she is going out. (Itisnota request) Inthe interrogative, the fuiture continuous expresses a polite question and not a request orinvitation. For Example: Will yoube going to the market today? FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Form spite formed with shall/willhave + past participle (ard form of the verb) “Negative is formed by putting" + after Will /shall. ‘ y putting ‘ndthave' after will / shall. ue interrogative is formed by putting shall / will before the subject and have after the subject. rr [*]Si Future Perfect/Negative Interrogative t shall/will I | We shall not shall | we 2 You will/shall have played. Will you have played? He/She | willnot : he, she | nothave played? ie it They they Uses The future perfect tenseis used: * Toexpress an action which is ex For Example: eee By the end of this year, he will have saved alot of money. | ‘The film will have started before we reach the cinema hall. | Inthis respect, itis always used witha time expression: by then, | + Toexpress the speaker'sbelief that something has taken place. For Example: Youwillhaveheard about thisnews. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE pected tobe completed by acertain timein the future. by that time, etc. Form ‘This tense is formed with will/shall have been+ 1st form +ing. ‘The negativeis formed by putting ‘nothave besn' after will /shall. ‘The interrogative is formed by putting shall / will before the subject and have been after the subject. Future Perfect Continuous/Negative Intertogative I shall have Shall 1 ~ “| have been We been |) owe: playing for two] will have 3 hours? been : will not Will you pave been he not have ‘ ae : ; she been playing ave been | playing. it for two hours? You will have te He/She | been z It will not " Kod They have been ee eeUses "The future perfect continuous tense is used: : A Toexpress an actionas being in progress over a period of time that will end inthe future. For Example: Bynext year(Ishall havebeen workingherefor five years. ) This fense combines the meaning of completion and continuity. Although the duration of time will be completed, the action will still be in progress. A. Rewrite the following sentences in the simple future tense: 1. Tamsureyou (pass)., 2. Thopeyou (forgive) me. 3. (appear) fortheinterview tomorrow. Jyh 4. I(have) some restnow. 5. Michael, when you (grow) up? 6. He (not come) till the meeting begins. a 1 B. _Fillin the blanks with future continuous form of the verb given in thebrackets for each blank: L Themigratory birds nuilf hadieave) for Bharatpurlakeforbreedinginamonth from now. 2. Theprincipal nnd) invitations for the concert to all the parents. 3 ThetreetaLLL be Benin bear 4. Theshepherds 5. We iple of years. (graze) their sheep tomorrow. ‘e) in five minutes, [*]6. 1; sony, Aba bongl od eat 7. Doyouthink,allthe teams weull by stay) in the same hotel? c Rewrite the following sentences in the futur ict tense: ys The clothes (dry) by the time return. Be, pial 2. They (complete) all theassignments by the next week. 3. By the timerain setsin, the raging fire (destroy) over 2000 hectares 0 of a forest. Dur 4. By the time theboss comes, the meeting (end). 5. Theflight (take offby the time wereach the SO ac seid F Ua EE 6 They nish) theworkby the tim teinspston tam arvestomotow Sail! hay Ai Tes A. Rewrite thi brackets: sentences using the future perfect continuous form of the verbs given in the Alosttrg 1. BynextSaturday, the labourers (uff (be) enstsike for exactly six months, 2. Bynextyear, we (export) thése electronic; onic gopd is for five years. 3. Inanother fiveminutes, when the clock strikes ‘ten, you, Lutte (watch) televi | 4. When you visit the school next month, )) there for three years. | B. Given below are some ideas to describe changes that will hav come a Express them in complete sentences using the future perfect tense: - Computerstaking overmosto the office work. $n den yeatlo Genatceneesngbsconing rey Popul ero “MOA GY dhe Offrce om bout in ten years time. ._ India becoming agreatindustrial power, Cities turning into concretejungles, People forgetting tocalculate orally, 1 2 3, 4 5. The ageing process slowing down, 6. 7. Countries close toone ‘another thre 8. Compact discs replacing books 9. Going to other planetsa common event, ter, 1 Ss ‘Travellingbecoming much faFill in the blanks with po: sive: nivel yoy) : ‘The subject of ____talk is the need of abolishing homework. Giving homework is a very old practice. But it leaves children with no time to attend to hobbies. My neighbour Suntia reads in a progressive school. In school, they have abolished homework. But in brother's school, the practice still continues. teachers probably compete with one another to burden the children with homework. As a result, when Sunita is watching favourite television programme or tending ______ plants, Dushyant is pouring over books. If you look at faces, you will find that Sunita is always fresh while Dushyant is always tired. Choose the appropriate verb forms of the words in brackets to fill in the blanks: A fox (fall) into a deep well and fails to find a way to get out. A thirsty goat, (come) to drink at the same well. (Gee) the fox, the goat said in surprise, “Friend fox what have you (do) down there?” The fox (think) it best to conceal its unhappy plight. “Ah” he (reply), “Could not resist this excellent water. I (intend) drink it up myself, but since you are a friend, I ______ (save) some for you.” Lounbia (site paw Coat Fe One Sees Enswovash oe ee, Tekwor . a tort 0. Korrmon Buont \) ty don pon Growulbiy wit how Socorracl tmuuch te » 43‘Thereare two ways ofcomumunicating whata person has aid : Direct and Indirect. In Direct Speech, we quote the, actual words of the speaker; as: Sunita said, "Iam well now." Note:In Direct Speech: 1. Weuse inverted comma 2. Acommaoracolonisplaced immediately before the re: In Indirect (Reported) Speech, we give the exact meaning © necessarily using the speaker's words, as: Sunita said that she was well then. Relevant Changes Inchanging the Direct Speech into Indirect Speech certain changes aremade as givenbelow: ‘+ Theconjunction that is used before the indirect statement. + Thepronoun, lischanged toshe. « Theverb,am is changed towas. + Theadverb,now ischanged tothen. Rules for Changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech Itis to be noted that in the example : Sunita said, "Iam well now’, said is the reporting verb andl am wellnow are theactual words of thespeaker. (79 = 9% 0» s tomark the exact words of thespeaker. mark. a remark or a speech, without Rule 1: If the Reporting Verb is in the Present or Future Tense, th » the t f Reported Speech isnot changed. nee ochre She says, "Iam tall." (Direct) Shesaysthatsheistall. (Indirect) Rule 2:1f the Reporting Verb is in the Past Tens, the tense of the v. , erb in the Reported speech is changed into one of the forms of the Past Tene. In short, we should change re veto a oe the norms given below: shall into —_ should come into came will into. would iscoming into wascoming may into might hascome into hadcome can into. could hasbeencoming into ““hadbeencoming [*], "Tstu listory ever, a Hestidthathestudiedtuonn (Direct) a ‘yday. (Indirect) present Continuous becomes, Past Continuous : Co eae ee hesaid. (Direct) lying History at thatmoment. (Indirect) present Perfect becomes Past perfect "Thavestudied History fortwo years’ hesaid. (Direct) Hesaid thathe had studied History fortwoyears. (Indirect) simple Past becomes Past Perfect: Hesaid, "Istudied History." (Direct) Hesaid thathehad studied History. (Indirect) Present Perfect Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous: "Ihave been studying History fortwo years',hesaid. (Direct) He said thathe had been studying History fortwo years. (Indirect) Future becomes Conditional : “shall study History next year", he said. (Direct) He said thathe would study Historynextyear. _(Indirect) Future perfect becomes Conditional Perfect: "[chall have studied History for three years by next March", he said. (Direct) He said thathe would have studied History for three years by next March. (Indirect) Note1. Ifthe Reported Speech express some universal truth or habitual fact, the tense of the verb inthe Reported Speechis not changed into the corresponding Past. The teacher said, "The Earth goes round the Sun." (Direct) The teacher said that the Earth goes youndtheSun. (Indirect) 2. When the Reporting Verb ‘say’ takes an indirect object, itis changed into ‘tell’ in the IndirectSpeech. 3 "We shall go ona holiday", hesaid tome. He told me that they would goona holiday. Ruled: Promouneand Possessive Adjectives ofthe First and Second Personsin Direct Speech are changed into Third Person in Indirect Speech. you (singular) become he, she My,your(singular) become his, her We, you (plural) ‘become they become their Our, your (plural) a irunrsald, "Uhaye been cheated." (Direct) Arunsaidthathehadbeencheated. _ (Indirect) Theteachersaid tohim,"Youareabrilliantboy." (Direct) ‘Thoteachertold him thathewasabrilliantboy. indirect) | Shesaid,"Mybangleisstolen." (Direct) | Shesaid that herbanglewasstolen. (Indirect) | Shesaid to Ankit, "Yourworkis neat." (Direct) | She told Ankitthat his work was neat. (Indirect) Note 1. Nouns or Pronouns in Vocative Case are turned into objects in the’ Indirect Speech. Thedoctorsaid, ‘Madam, youshould take yourmedicine.” | medicine. ‘The doctor told the lady that she should take her 2, Ifthe pronoun he or she stands for different persons; : to are inserted in brackets after the pronouns. Besides, ; Pronouns wherever possible: ; Noel said toNayneet, "like yourshirt." ‘ Noel told Navneet thathe (Noe) likedl his (Naoneet’s) shirt. Rule 4: In the Reported Speech, the words expressing neamess © then thenames of the person referrei Nouns could be used instead of time or place are changed into words showing distance. Now becomes then ago becomes _ before this becomes that come becomes gO | here becomes _ there today becomes _thatday | these becomes _those yesterday becomes _thepreviousday | hence becomes thence tonight becomes _—_thatnnight | hither becomes thither lastnight becomes _thepreviousnight thus becomes so tomorrow becomes __thenextday The teachersaid, "Iamverybusynow." (Direct) ‘The teachersaid thathe was very busy then. (Indirect) ‘Amansaid, "Imet this man two weeks ago." (Direct) “Aman said thathe had met that man two weeks before. (Indirect) She said, "Itmay rain tonight." She said thatitmight rain thatnight. feed ‘Assertive Sentence (Statements) | “Accertive Sentences in the Indirect Speech are usually introduced by the Conjunction, ‘that: He said to Raman, "Youareabrave boy." He told Raman thathewasabraveboy. 70 dp, Interrogative Sentences jnreporting a Question in IndirectSpeech : Reporti ri . 4, TheReporting Verb is changed into asked, inquired, demanded, etc. If the question ins wi 2 ety ce bening with an Interrogative Pronoun or an Interrogative Adverb, such as, 7 when, whose, who, where, how and why", the same word is used in the indirect speech to introduce th Pett replaced by a fullstop. he words spoken by the speaker. The Interrogation sign is 3. Ifor annie is used to introduce the "Question part” in the Indirect Speech, when the question begins with a helping verb, eg, is, are do, has, shall, will and. can. Such a question has yesor noasananswet. 4, The Interrogative formis changed into the Assertive form. 5, The rules for the change of the tenses of the verbs and the person of Pronouns must be observed. Seema said tome, "Whatareyoudoing?” (Direct) Seema asked me whatIwas doing. (Indirect) Ghesaid toSumana, "Doyourecogniseme?" (Direct) She asked Sumana whethershe recognised her. (Indirect) He said tome, "Do youknow thesum?” (Direct) He inquired of me ifl knew thesum. (indirect) 3, Imperative Sentences 1. Inreporting an Imperative sentence, the Reporting verb, say or tells changed into a verb expressing @ command, adviceor request Command: command, order, bid, tell Prohibition: forbid Advice: advise, urge Request: request, desire, ask Proposal: propose suggest Entreaty: entreat, implore, pray, beg 2, ‘The Imperative Mood is changed into the Infinitive. That is commonly not used. If itis used then instead of 'to', ‘should’ is placed before the Imperative. 4, Therules for the change of Pronouns mustbe observed. e shesaid torhe, "Lendme yourbdok fora few days." (Direct) She requestedme tolend hermy book forafewdays. (Indirect) Devesh said tohis servant, "Do this work.” (Direct) 71Devesh ordered his servant to do that work. (Indirect) The teacher said to Jonaki, "Work regularly." (Direct) The teacher advised Jonaki to workregularly. (Indirect) ‘The beggar said tous, "Givemesomemoney.” (Direct) The beggar entreated usto give him some money.” (Indirect) The servantsaid to the master, "Pardon my fault, Sir." (Direct) ‘The servantbegged his master to pardon his fault. (Indirect) ' Note: When ‘let in the Direct Speech expresses a proposal or a suggestion, We and change the Reporting Verb to propose orsuggest. He said tome, "Letushavesome tea.” (Direct) He proposed (or suggested) tome that weshould have some fea. Grdiree)) : When let does not express a proposal, it should be changed into might or might be allowed, or into some other Verb, according to the sense. Hesaid, "Letmehavesome water.” He wished that he mighthave some water. 4. Exclamatory Sentences 1. When the contents of an Exclamatory Sentence are reported, the Reporting Verb, ‘say’ or ‘tell'is changed into exclaim, cry out, wish, pray, confess, etc. 2. The Exclamatory form is changed into the statement form and the Exclamation sign is replaced by afullstop. 3. Allinterjections, Nominatives of Address are omitted or sometimes putas the object of the Reporting Verb, but the force of Interjection is kept by suitable adverbs or other expressive wordsas indicated below: Hurrah! or Oh! expresses joy. What! or Oh! expresses surprise. Hash! or Hush! expresses attention. Bravo! or Hear! expresses approval. Alas! expresses grief. Pooh! expresses contempt. Shesaid, "Alas! heis dead." (Direct) She cried outwith sorrow thathe was dead. (Indirect) “Hurrah! We have won thematch’, shouted thehockey team. (Direct) The hockey team shouted with joy that they had won the match. (Indirect) may use should The soldiers said, "Curse on the traitor!" (Direct) The soldiers bitterly cursed the traitor. (Indirect) I i 72- Change the following sentences in Indirect Speech. as. ry 5. B. Change the following sentences in Direct Speech. @ ‘is 3; ac “Cheer up, father, The candidate said, The old man. exclaimed, "Will none of you help me?" “Hurry up, son" said his mother, "You'll be missing the school bus." Tl go and work somewhere,” said Varun. "How difficult the Paper is" Isaid, "Virat, which game do you play best?” Shyam said that he took tea in the afternoon. Lasked her to be quiet. I told him that I hoped he would pass the examination that year. Mother said that she had seen that picture. He forbade him to enter the house. The lady said that Complete the incomplete sentence in each pair of the following sentences: The lady said, "Anybody who finds the ring will be rewarded.” I» 10. » The driver said, "Iwill arrive before the sunset if the jeep doesn't break down.” The driver said that he rn Virendra said, "I would have played with you last Monday if it hadn't rained.” He said that The teacher said, "You must finish your assignment before the end of this period." ‘The teacher told me that To _——— The businessman said, "Our earnings from exports will enable us to expand our business. The businessman told that = ———————— J My friend said, "Did you watch television last night? My friend asked me I said to the teacher, "Some of the questions are difficult and we have to think about them! I told the teacher that Tsaid to the my friend, "Please give me your pen as soon as you have finished writing." Irequested my friend ‘The girl said, "Good heavens! What are we to do now that the electricity has failed?" The girl |. The Manager said to the Secretary, "Did anyone telephone me while I was out?" The Manager asked his Secretary SHUM 0/b Caw basi ste ie Bie TalSentences ani Transformation of Sentences SIMPLE SENTENCE ‘The sun is shining brightly. We observe that the above sentence has one subject and one predicate. It also has one finite verb. Such a sentence is called a simple sentence. COMPOUND SENTENCE ‘The soup was cold and I warmed it in the microwave. This sentence has two parts : 1. The soup was cold 2. I warmed it in the microwave. These two parts are joined by the conjunction ‘and’. Each part contains a subject and predicate of its own. Each part is what we call a clause. Each clause makes good sense by itself as a separate sentence. Each clause is therefore independent of the other and is called a principal or main clause, Such a sentence made up of two or more main clauses is called a compound : sentence. COMPLEX SENTENCE When the night fell, the stais appeared in the sky. This sentence has two parts : 1. When the night fell, 2, the stars appeared in the sky. 'the stars appeared in the sky’ makes good sense by itself and can stand independently. It is therefore the principal or main clause. ‘When the night fell’ cannot stand by itself and make good sense. It is dependent on the ‘the stars appeared in the sky.’ It is therefore called a dependent or subordinate / clause, Clause, 87A. Add coordinate clauses to complete these sentence: 1. Madhu went out to play .. ‘Mr. Kapoor lives on the Ist floor of the apartment. This dog is aggressive... Don'tinterfere in others business so - Iwalked for a mil: Ifinished my dinner Idislike selfish people Weshould always help theneedy.... Now complete the exercises in 'A' by adding subordinate clause. (Use your exercise books) Write'S' forsimple, Cd for compound and Cx for complex sentences. PNA ew Dy The houses are brightly painted. Runoryou will be late forschool. Tagree to your proposal for I think itis reasonable. We sang and danced at the party. 1 2. 3. 4 5. When therain stopped, we set off for the picnic. 6. This problem is complex. 7. Ifyou don'tdrink enough water, you will be dehydrated. 8. While we were playing outdoors, we heard a loud sound. 9. He worked hard buthe did not succeed. BERR aaon 10. He completed his exercise and went outto play. _ 8] ke© jnteschanging Simple and Compound sentences gtudy the following examples carefully : simple : He must work hard to make up for the lost time- Compound : He must work hard and make up for the lost time. simple : The teacher punished the boy for disobedience. Compound : The boy was disobedient and the teacher punished him. simple : In spite of ill health, he did well in the examination. Compound : He suffered ill health but he did well in the examination. simple : To avoid punishment he ran away. Compound : He ran away for he wanted to avoid punishment. for, not, OF into compound ones. @ simple sentences dat less than half the speed. Change the following’ the ship saile 1. The fog being very dense jhe was not! elected. 2. Inspite ofhis popularity, ged into the sea. 3. Throwing offhisjacket he PIU" 4. Thadnotcompleted my. projectby sunset. 89