HPSW230 1 Jan Jun2023 FA2 Memo DF V.3 12102022

HIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMMES
MEMORANDUM
Academic Year 2023: January – June

Formative Assessment 2: Workplace Psychology (HPSW230-1)
NQF Level, Credits: 6, 12
Weighting: 20%
Assessment Type: Multiple-Choice Questions
Educator: Donnay Manuel
Examiner: Donnay Manuel
Due Date: 12 May 2023
Total: 50 Marks
Instructions:
• This assignment consists of 50 multiple-choice questions.
• Each question is worth one (1) mark.
• It is based on Units 7 – 11: Chapters 10 – 11 and 13 – 17 of your Psychology in
the Work Context textbook.
• All questions are compulsory.
1 HPSW230-1-Jan-Jun2023-FA2-Memo-DF-V.3-12102022
The following Learning Outcomes (LO’s) are assessed in this paper:
• Unit 7 – Chapter 10:

o Discuss explanations for attraction, affiliation, and aggressive behaviours.
o Explain determinants of interpersonal attraction and aggression.
o Define attraction, affiliation, aggression, and conflict.
o Differentiate between types of aggression and conflict.
o Compare meanings of workplace aggression, bullying, and harassment.
o Discuss methods in the management of aggression and conflict.

o Illustrate and explain groups as part of the organisational system.
o Define groups and describe types of groups.
o Discuss the stages of group development.
o Explain various aspects of group structure.
o Discuss how group processes influence the effectiveness of groups.
o Explain the facilitation of social learning groups.
o Discuss organisational change and development.

o Explain criteria for effective personality study.
o Outline the various approaches or paradigms to explain personality.
o Discuss the cultural context of personality study.
o Identify factors that influence personality development.
o Explain approaches in work-related personality research.
o Indicate the practical use of personality concepts in the work context.
o Explain the dimension and domains in personality study.

o Identify the central themes in psychodynamic theories.
o Recognise the value of psychodynamics when applied to work behaviour.
o Describe the structure of personality as delineated by the main
psychodynamics theorists.
o Explain the development of personality as postulated in the main
psychodynamic theories.
o Describe the healthy personality as viewed by psychodynamic theorists.
o Describe abnormal behaviour as viewed by psychodynamic theorists.
o Outline the major criticisms of psychodynamics.

o Explain the behaviourist view of human nature.
o Describe the main assumptions of behaviourism or learning perspectives.
o Discuss learning principles in human motivation.
o Explain how the person and the environment contribute to personality
development.
o Use concepts and examples to illustrate the role of self-control in human
behaviour.
o Explain how faulty learning influences psychological health.

o Define the concept of a trait and cite examples of traits.
o Describe personality structure by using concepts from one or more trait
approaches.
o List personality traits and fit them into a model of personality traits.
o Identify traits in people and classify them as different types of traits.
o Explain someone’s motivation by using different trait concepts.
o Explain psychological adjustment according to trait approaches.
o Give evidence of why traits are believed to be consistent in people, across
time, and in situations.

o Explain the basic assumptions of the humanistic perspectives.
o Describe a person’s self-concept by analysing the attributes that
determine the self.
o Illustrate the meaning of the concepts of self-actualisation and peak
experience.
o Sketch the process of self-development according to the humanistic
ideas.
o List and explain humanistic concepts that denote optimal human
functioning and well-being.
Question 1: (1 mark)
When making new friends, Yumna is usually drawn to people who appear to be friendly
and who dress a certain way.
Identify the concept being portrayed above.

A. Intimacy
B. Affiliation
C. Attraction
D. Aggression
Correct Answer:
C. Attraction (Unit 7 – Chapter 10: p. 213 - Section 10.3.1)
The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Unit 7 – Chapter 10:
• Define attraction, affiliation, aggression, and conflict.
Cassy and Lizzy do not get along at all. They have very different tastes in music, books
and movies. As such, they avoid interacting with one another.
Identify the concept being portrayed above.

A. Similarity
B. Reciprocity
C. Dissimilarity
D. Complementarity
Correct Answer:
C. Dissimilarity (Unit 7 – Chapter 10: p. 214 - Section 10.4.1)

• Explain determinants of interpersonal attraction and aggression.
Researchers have found that people have a natural or instinctive need to interact
socially.
In light of the statement above, which of the following concepts is addressed?

A. Social exchange
B. Conflict management
C. Aggressive behaviour
D. Social affiliation and attraction
Correct Answer:
D. Social affiliation and attraction (Unit 7 – Chapter 10: p. 218 - Section 10.4.2)

• Discuss explanations for attraction, affiliation, and aggressive behaviours.
Aggression can be understood as:
A. Any behaviour that is likely, or has the intention, to hurt someone physically or
verbally, or cause damage to something.
B. Acts that only occur among people who are in a relationship.
C. Behaviour that intentionally causes harm to people.
D. Acts that injure or irritate people.
Correct Answer:
A. Any behaviour that is likely, or has the intention, to hurt someone physically or
verbally, or cause damage to something. (Unit 7 – Chapter 10: p. 221 -
Section 10.5.1)
• Define attraction, affiliation, and aggression.
Mahendra is experiencing bullying at work. Nazeem, a co-worker, is acting
aggressively towards him, so that he will allow Nazeem to use his parking space, which
is closer to the offices.
Identify the type of aggression portrayed above:

A. Verbal hostility
B. Antisocial aggression
C. Instrumental aggression
D. Hostile aggression
Correct Answer:
C. Instrumental aggression (Unit 7 – Chapter 10: p. 222 - Section 10.5.2)

• Differentiate between different types of aggression.
Lee has recently been promoted. However, some of his co-workers are not pleased
with his promotion. These employees refuse to submit their work to him on time, and
as a result, he struggles to meet his own deadlines.
Identify the type of workplace aggression Lee is experiencing:

A. Harassment
B. Expressions of hostility
C. Obstructionism
D. Workplace bullying
Correct Answer:
C. Obstructionism (Unit 7 – Chapter 10: p. 223 - Section 10.5.2.1)

• Compare the meanings of workplace aggression, bullying, and harassment.
Which of the following statements is not true about workplace bullying.
A. Workplace bullying includes negative actions towards someone else, which may
be intentional or unconscious.
B. Workplace bullying can occur even when both parties are equal in power.
C. For workplace bullying to take place, negative actions must occur repeatedly.
D. With workplace bullying negative actions are unwanted, causing humiliation and
distress, are offensive, interfere with work performance, and / or might cause an
unpleasant working environment.
Correct Answer:
B. Workplace bullying can occur even when both parties are equal in power. (Unit
7 – Chapter 10: p. 223 - Section 10.5.2.3)

• Compare the meanings of workplace aggression, bullying, and harassment.
One of the teams working in the accounts department at Shoprite is currently
experiencing conflict. Some team members are unhappy with the tone being used in
the team update e-mails that are being circulated. It is felt that certain of the e-mails
have taken on a passive-aggressive tone, whilst others do not provide enough
information to determine what work is still outstanding and who should be allocated to
do it. As such, the team is not working well together, and it has resulted in verbal
arguments breaking out.
As the department manager, identify the most constructive way to resolve the conflict
within the group:
A. Call each member of the team to a disciplinary hearing
B. Establish policies and procedures to encourage open communication.
C. Ignore the conflict and allow the team members to figure things out on their own.
D. Pinpoint the trouble makers and remove them from the team.
Correct Answer:
B. Establish policies and procedures to encourage open communication. (Unit 7 –
Chapter 10: p. 234 - Section 10.7.5.1)

• Discuss methods in the management of aggression and conflict.
The Systems Model provides a general framework from which an organisation, and
groups in the organisation, can be diagnosed and studied.
With reference to the open-systems approach, identify which of the following

statements is true about this approach in relation an organisation:
A. The open-systems approach views the organisation as an open system, with
permeable boundaries, that is engaged in active transactions with the
environment, but that does not necessarily have to adopt optimal social and
technical systems to survive in a competitive environment.
B. The organisation receives input into the organisational system, such as goods,
services, or ideas, which is transformed by the system into outputs, e.g. new
technology and human resources.
C. Although the approach encourages interaction among different stakeholders, the
organisation is independent of changes in the environment.
D. The organisation receives input into the organisational system, such as material
and customer demands, which is transformed by the system into outputs, e.g.
goods, services, or ideas.
Correct Answer:
D. The organisation receives input into the organisational system, such as material
and customer demands, which is transformed by the system into outputs, e.g.
goods, services, or ideas. (Unit 8 – Chapter 11: p. 240 - Section 11.2)

• Illustrate and explain groups as part of the organisational systems.
With the repeated rise of the petrol price, people across the country, working in
different industries and coming from different socioeconomic backgrounds, have
considered joining together in protest, in the hopes that the price will not be increased
again.
Identify the type of group portrayed above:

A. Task group
B. Formal group
C. Interest group
D. Friendship group
Correct Answer:
C. Interest group (Unit 8 – Chapter 11: p. 242 - Section 11.4)

• Define groups and describe types of groups.

A newly created team of employees has been experiencing conflict amongst its group
members. However, recently the conflict has subsided, the group members are now
comfortable in their roles and identity within the group, resulting in them working well
together.
Considering the Five-Stage Model of Group Development, identify the stage portrayed
in the case study above:
A. Adjourning
B. Storming
C. Forming
D. Norming
Correct Answer:
D. Norming (Unit 8 – Chapter 11: p. 243 - Section 11.5.1)

• Discuss the stages of group development.

Group members have distinctive roles within their specified groups.
Identify which of the following best describes role expectation:

A. Role expectation is concerned with the standards of behaviour that are shared
by the members of a group.
B. Role expectation has to do with the way in which others believe a person should
behave in a particular situation.
C. Role expectation refers to a person’s view of how they should act in a particular
situation.
D. Role expectation has to do with the different roles one has and learning how to
manage them.
Correct Answer:
B. Role expectation has to do with the way in which others believe a person should
behave in a particular situation. (Unit 8 – Chapter 11: p. 246 - Section 11.6.2.3)

• Explain various aspects of group structure.
Sisanda is an Educator at Boston City Campus, her work hours are from 7am until
4pm, Monday to Friday. However, sometimes she receives work emails over the
weekend, which she only responds to the following Monday, when she is back in the
office.
In terms psychodynamics and group behaviours, identify the concept Sisanda is

subscribing to:
A. Anxiety
B. Valence
C. Me-ness
D. Boundaries
Correct Answer:
D. Boundaries (Unit 8 – Chapter 11: p. 252 - Section 11.7.1)

• Discuss how group processes influence the effectiveness of groups.

Identify which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal facilitator:
A. The ideal facilitator has high levels of physical fitness, which stimulates stamina
to handle stress optimally.
B. The ideal facilitator is objective and realistic in their thinking, understanding the
contents of the group’s task.
C. The ideal facilitator has an external locus of control and works towards growth to
increase group integration.
D. The ideal facilitator has the technical know-how to work on the task at hand,
understanding the technicalities of the task, the skills to distinguish between
effective and less-effective decisions, and the ability to make sound judgements.
Correct Answer:
C. The ideal facilitator has an external locus of control and works towards growth
to increase group integration. (Unit 8 – Chapter 11: p. 262 - Section 11.9.2.1)

• Explain the facilitation of social learning groups.

Icon Insurance Group used to function according to a top-down approach, meaning
that change was dictated by those at the “top” and was filtered down to those who
work below. However, recently employees of the group have started challenging the
status quo. As a result, the group have now implemented a bottom-up approach,
whereby those working at the “bottom” are consulted and considered before change
is implemented within the organisation.
The case study above is an example of:

A. Incremental adaptation
B. Organisational transformation
C. Re-engineering
D. Resistance to change
Correct Answer:
B. Organisational transformation (Unit 8 – Chapter 11: p. 266 - Section 11.12.2)

• Discuss organisational change and development.
Identify which of the following is NOT a criterion for effective personality theories:
A. The theory needs to be understandable with fewer premises and assumptions,

rather than too many.
B. The theory must create interest in new or fresh aspects of personality.
C. The theory must be capable of explaining the many significant facets of human
behaviour in a clear and specific manner.
D. The theory should not depend on facts from other theories and research. It must
be able to stand on its own.
Correct Answer:
D. The theory should not depend on facts from other theories and research. It must
be able to stand on its own. (Unit 9 – Chapter 13: p. 292 - Section 13.2.2)

• Explain criteria for effective personality study.

Which of the following theorists is not considered a socially-orientated psychoanalyst:
A. Erich Fromm
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Karen Horney
D. Alfred Adler
Correct Answer:
B. Sigmund Freud (Unit 9 – Chapter 13: p. 294 - Section 13.3.1)

• Outline the various approaches or paradigms to explain personality.
Chandre was raised to believe that there should be co-operation amongst the
members of one’s community, and that we are collectively responsible for the growth
or demise of our community.
With reference to the African worldview, identify which dimension is portrayed by the
case study above:
A. Ethos
B. Values and customs
C. Psychological modalities
D. Rights and responsibilities
Correct Answer:
B. Values and customs (Unit 9 – Chapter 13: p. 303 - Table 13.1)

• Discuss the cultural context of personality study.

Amy did not grow up in an affluent household. She remembers, as children, how she
and her siblings often did not get to celebrate their birthdays, as there wasn’t always
the money to do so. Once Amy grew older, she moved away from home. Being on her
own, she does not celebrate her birthday, nor does she acknowledge her friend’s or
family’s birthdays.
With reference to how environmental factors can shape our psychological and social
behaviours, identify the environmental agent portrayed in the case study above:
A. Family influences
B. Cultural and ethnic membership
C. Socioeconomic circumstances
D. Social affiliations outside the family
Correct Answer:
C. Socioeconomic circumstances (Unit 9 – Chapter 13: p. 308 - Section 13.5.2)

• Identify factors that influence personality development.

Point-to-Point Logistics is in the process of recruiting new account managers. The
candidates are required to complete a personality test. This will aid in identifying which
of the candidate’s will best suit the position.
Identify the method of data collection utilised by a personality test:

A. T-data
B. S-data
C. L-data
D. O-data
Correct Answer:
A. T-data (Unit 9 – Chapter 13: p. 310 - Section 13.7)

• Explain approaches in work-related personality research.
Identify which of the following is not true about the clinical approach to personality
assessment?
A. The clinical approach uses a person’s own verbalisations and experiences of

events, as well as dream analyses, to assess behaviour.
B. The clinical approach uses both subjective and statistical methods for analysis,
but only validates the qualitative data if the quantitative data supports it.
C. The clinical approach relies on an individual’s personal experiences in the here-
and-now, as the most reliable source for analysis.
D. The clinical approach emphasises an intensive qualitative analysis of the
individual and the uniqueness of behaviour, often using subjective means of
assessment and relying strongly on qualitative sources of information, for
instance test results and the psychologist’s interpretation and judgement of
events and communication.
Correct Answer:
B. The clinical approach uses both subjective and statistical methods for analysis,
but only validates the qualitative data if the quantitative data supports it. (Unit 9
– Chapter 13: p. 309 - Section 13.6.5)

• Indicate the practical use of personality concepts in the work context.
Structure of personality refers to the basic building blocks that constitute personality
and how these are organised.
In an effort to explain the structure of personality, Carl Rogers utilised:

A. The self-concept
B. Cognitive constructs
C. Id, ego, and superego
D. Traits as structural concepts
Correct Answer:
A. The self-concept (Unit 9 – Chapter 13: p. 308 - Section 13.6.1)

• Explain the dimension and domains in personality study.

Which of the following statements best describes the psychodynamic approach to
human nature?
A. It is the objective study of observable human behaviour, which can be observed

in how people respond to stimuli from their environments.
B. Human functioning is based upon the conflict that exists between what people
would naturally like to do (the id), and what society has taught them to do (the
superego).
C. It explains and predicts personality along personality characteristics that can be
more or less consistent across time and situations.
D. Human functioning is based upon the conflict that exists between what people
would naturally like to do (the superego), and what society has taught them to do
(the id).
Correct Answer:
superego). (Unit 10 – Chapter 14: p. 317 - Section 14.2)

• Identify the central themes in psychodynamic theories.

Leroy was recently called to a meeting with his boss, because of a number of deadlines
he has failed to meet. Instead of taking responsibility for his poor work performance,
Leroy argues that the real reason his boss is reprimanding him, is because he does
not like Leroy.
Identify the ego defence mechanisms portrayed above:

A. Displacement
B. Identification
C. Repression
D. Projection
Correct Answer:
D. Projection (Unit 10 – Chapter 14: p. 319 – Table 14.1)

• Recognise the value of psychodynamics when applied to work behaviour.
Busi wants to sleep for an extra hour, because she was out late the night before and
is tired. However, she knows that there will be negative consequences if she arrives
late for work.
The above statement is an example of conflict between the:

A. Id and ego
B. Id and superego
C. Ego and superego
D. Id, ego and superego
Correct Answer:
B. Id and superego (Unit 10 – Chapter 14: p. 322 - Section 14.5)

• Describe the structure of personality as delineated by the main psychodynamics
theorists.

Mpilo is described by his colleagues as being argumentative and sarcastic. In addition
to this, they report that he seldom shows enthusiasm regarding work projects during
the weekly team meeting.
Identify the psychosexual stage Mpilo’s personality type is associated with:

A. Oral stage
B. Anal stage
C. Phallic stage
D. Genital stage
Correct Answer:
A. Oral stage (Unit 10 – Chapter 14: p. 325 – Table 14.3)
• Explain the development of personality as postulated in the main psychodynamic
theories.

According to Adler, a healthy individual:
A. Is measured by their ability to love.

B. Is able to operate from the depressive position.
C. Is characterised by the emergence of the self through the individuation process.
D. Is measured by his/her success in fulfilling the three major challenges of life:
society, occupation, and love and marriage.
Correct Answer:
D. Is measured by his/her success in fulfilling the three major challenges of life:
society, occupation, and love and marriage. (Unit 10 – Chapter 14: p. 329 -
Section 14.8.1)

• Describe the healthy personality as viewed by psychodynamic theorists.
Elizabeth is experiencing a great deal of anxiety. She is required to attend a work
function, which is meant for employees to socialise and network. However, she is
worried about how people will perceive her.
Freud distinguishes between three (3) forms of anxiety. Identify the form of anxiety
depicted in the case study above:
A. Moral anxiety
B. Reality anxiety
C. Fixated anxiety
D. Neurotic anxiety
Correct Answer:
D. Neurotic anxiety (Unit 10 – Chapter 14: p. 330 - Section 14.8.2)

• Describe abnormal behaviour as viewed by psychodynamic theorists.

Freud was widely criticised for his psychosexual theory of human development.
Identify the aspect, according to Horney, that Freud ignored in his theory of the
development of the individual:
A. Transference
B. Sociocultural influences
C. Identity confusion
D. Cognitive control
Correct Answer:
B. Sociocultural influences (Unit 10 – Chapter 14: p. 331 Section 14.8.2)
• Outline the major criticisms of psychodynamics.

Which of the following statements best describes the Behaviourist view of human
nature?
A. The subjective study of human behaviour, which can be observed in how people
respond to stimuli from their environments.
B. Behaviourists consider human behaviour as more or less dependent on
conflicting, and often hidden, forces outside a person’s conscious control.
C. The objective study of observable human behaviour, which can be observed in
how people respond to stimuli from their environments.
D. Behaviourists view being a person, or having a sense of self, as a continuous
rational process, a combination of all personal experiences and choices made in
relation to the world, and the taking of responsibility for these.
Correct Answer:
C. The objective study of observable human behaviour, which can be observed in
how people respond to stimuli from their environments. (Unit 10 – Chapter 15:
p. 336 - Section 15.2)

• Explain the behaviourist view of human nature.
Identify which of the following is NOT considered a main assumption of Behaviourism.
A. Behaviourists recognise that people are“co-shapers”of their personality.

People have powers and standards of control and self-control, and self-efficacy
- this last term meaning they believe they can do certain tasks.
B. Through cognitive self-regulating behaviours, people can learn to control their
behaviour, and not their environments.
C. Human personality can best be studied by means of objective observation of
external and observable behaviours through methods such as, controlled
experiments and observations in natural settings
D. All human behaviour (including emotions and self-expressions) and personality
development are no more than learned responses and habits aroused and
strengthened by environmental factors.
Correct Answer:
B. Through cognitive self-regulating behaviours, people can learn to control their
behaviour, and not their environments. (Unit 10 – Chapter 15: p. 337 - Section
15.3)

• Describe the main assumptions of behaviourism or learning perspectives.
Employees of Woolworths were given a bonus, after the financial results for the 2022
financial year indicated that sales had increased exponentially. It must be noted
however, that bonuses are not given every time sales numbers increase.
The above statement is an example of:

A. Partial reinforcement
B. Cognitive control
C. Drive reduction
D. Habituation
Correct Answer:
A. Partial reinforcement (Unit 10 – Chapter 15: p. 341 - Section 15.5.1)

• Discuss learning principles in human motivation.

Damian is a manager at Happy Cow Dairies. The employees in his department have
noticed that whenever he arrives early for work, he is in a bad mood and avoids having
any face-to-face interaction with them. However, when he comes in later, he is much
more relaxed and interacts amicably with them. As such, whenever Damian is at work
early, the employees stay out of his way.
Identify the concept that is being portrayed in the case study above:
A. Cognitive control
B. Partial conditioning
C. Classical conditioning
D. Operant conditioning
Correct Answer:
C. Classical conditioning (Unit 10 – Chapter 15: p. 341 - Section 15.5.4)
• Discuss learning principles in human motivation.

Reciprocal determinism, a term coined by Bandura, refers to:
A. The interactional influence between a person’s characteristics, situation and

observable behaviours.
B. The interaction between the individual and the environment.
C. The interaction between the person’s behaviours and characteristics.
D. The reward for learning.
Correct Answer:
A. The interactional influence between a person’s characteristics, situation and
observable behaviours. (Unit 10 – Chapter 15: p. 342 - Section 15.5.5)

• Explain how the person and the environment contribute to personality
development.
Larisa has an assignment due on Friday. She is considering waiting until Thursday to
start working on it. However, based on her experience of doing this with her last
assignment and receiving a low mark as a result, Larisa instead decides to start
working on her assignment earlier.
According to Rotter, Mischel, and Bandura, the above case study is an example of
practicing:
A. Habits
B. Learning
C. Transference
D. Cognitive control
Correct Answer:
D. Cognitive control (Unit 10 – Chapter 15: p. 342 - Section 15.5.5.1)

• Use concepts and examples to illustrate the role of self-control in human behaviour.

Cornelius is an administrative clerk at the University of the Western Cape. He seldom
completes his work on time and dresses in an unprofessional manner for someone
who works in an office environment. When Cornelius is asked about his poor
performance and shoddy appearance, he says that his boss has not commented on
either, so he doesn’t feel it is a problem.
According to Skinner, this is an example of:

A. Habituation
B. Behaviour deficiency
C. Observational learning
D. Modelling
Correct Answer:
B. Behaviour deficiency (Unit 10 – Chapter 15: p. 347 - Section 15.7)

• Explain how faulty learning influences psychological health.

A job advertisement requires the candidate to be hardworking, possess good
communication skills, excellent time management, and work well under pressure.
The abovementioned advertisement is an example of:

A. Traits
B. Entrepreneurship
C. Human behaviour
D. Constructs used to explain human motivation
Correct Answer:
A. Traits (Unit 11 – Chapter 16: p. 352 - Section 16.1)

• Define the concept of a trait and cite examples of traits.
According to Eysenck, the personality consists of three (3) major factors or types,
namely:
A. Id, ego, and superego

B. Extroversion / stability, introversion / tough mindedness, and neuroticism /
psychoticism
C. Neuroticism / stability, extroversion / introversion, psychoticism / tough
mindedness
D. Extroversion, introversion, neuroticism
Correct Answer:
C. Neuroticism / stability, extroversion / introversion, psychoticism / tough
Mindedness (Unit 11 – Chapter 16: p. 355 - Section 16.5.1.1)

• Describe personality structure by using concepts from one or more trait
approaches.

Nathan is described as someone who does not like sharing, is rude and seldom tries
to help others in need.
According to the Five Factor Model of personality, under which factor descriptor do
Nathan’s traits fall:
A. Agreeableness
B. Closedness
C. Neuroticism
D. Antagonism
Correct Answer:
D. Antagonism (Unit 11 – Chapter 16: p. 357 - Section 16.5.1.3)

• List personality traits and fit them into a model of personality traits.

Allport and Cattell viewed traits, such as: neuroticism, ambitiousness, friendliness,
intelligence, extroversion, introversion, masculinity and gregariousness, as examples
of:
A. Surface traits
B. Common traits
C. Source traits
D. Unique traits
Correct Answer:
B. Common traits (Unit 11 – Chapter 16: p. 364 - Section 16.6.1)

• Identify traits in people and classify them as different types of traits.
At the beginning of her matric year, Anna’s parents insisted she start applying to
universities to study engineering. At first, Anna was not sure about studying
engineering, but as she worked through each semester, she realised that she was
really enjoying the programme. Even more so, when she started realising the
opportunities that were available to her based on having an engineering degree.
With reference to Allport’s theory of motivation, identify the concept depicted in the
case study above:
A. Functional autonomy
B. The teleological principle
C. Dynamic traits
D. Ability traits
Correct Answer:
A. Functional autonomy (Unit 11 – Chapter 16: p. 367 - Section 16.8)

• Explain someone’s motivation by using different trait concepts.

Identify the statement that is not true about trait approaches and psychological
maladjustment?
A. Adult personality is understood as being independent from possible childhood

problems.
B. Trait approaches propose specific theories and concepts to explain
psychological maladjustment.
C. Most theorists are interested in the healthy, mature personality.
D. Both A and C are not true.
Correct Answer:
B. Trait approaches propose specific theories and concepts to explain
psychological maladjustment. (Unit 11 – Chapter 16: p. 368 - Section 16.9)

• Explain psychological adjustment according to trait approaches.

Alicia is described as quiet by her co-workers, but as talkative and excitable by her
family. This is because Alicia does not know her co-workers on a personal level, and
so she is not very vocal at work. On the contrary, because she is comfortable with her
family and feels she can be herself, she is always talking and boisterous when around
them.
With reference to consistency in personality, identify the concept that is being

portrayed in the case study above:
A. Subsidisation
B. Temperament
C. Interactionism
D. Optimal functioning
Correct Answer:
C. Interactionism (Unit 11 – Chapter 16: p. 370 - Section 16.10.3)

• Give evidence of why traits are believed to be consistent in people, across time,
and in situations.
Identify which of the following statements best describes the Humanistic approach to
subjective experiences:
A. The objective study of observable human behaviour, which can be observed in

how people respond to stimuli from their environments.
superego).
C. People do not react only to physical realities, which are perceived (seen, felt,
heard and smelt), but also to how they subjectively interpret events and
phenomena.
D. People’s experiences are subjective, but not necessarily unique, and can be the
same as those of someone else.
Correct Answer:
C. People do not react only to physical realities, which are perceived (seen, felt,
heard and smelt), but also to how they subjectively interpret events and
phenomena. (Unit 11 – Chapter 17: p. 377 - Section 17.3.1)

• Explain the basic assumptions of the humanistic perspectives.

According to Rogers’ theory on self-concept, the ______________ is an organised,
rational entity that controls what a person wants to experience and wants to retain
from these experiences.
A. Ego
B. Proprium
C. Self
D. Organism
Correct Answer:
D. Organism (Unit 11 – Chapter 17: p. 379 - Section 17.4)

• Describe a person’s self-concept by analysing the attributes that determine the self.

Nothando is a first-generation university student, meaning she is the first in her family
to attend university. She does not come from an affluent background, but has a sense
of conviction, and believes that no matter the challenges she has to face, if she works
hard and stays focused, she will graduate and become a successful architect.
With reference to the humanistic perspective, the case study above is an example of:
A. Self-efficacy
B. Self-awareness
C. Self-actualisation
D. Self-schema
Correct Answer:
A. Self-efficacy (Unit 11 – Chapter 17: p. 381 - Section 17.4)

• Describe a person’s self-concept by analysing the attributes that determine the self.
The tendency toward self-actualisation refers to:
A. An acquired psychological need to strive to become what your potential allows

you to become, which explains people’s continuous need to grow, achieve more,
and explore further.
B. When people are related in a special way to events in themselves or in their
environment.
C. People’s ability to rise above themselves and circumstances in order to grow or
find meaning in life.
D. The need for positive valuing, acceptance, love and respect from others.
Correct Answer:
A. An acquired psychological need to strive to become what your potential allows
you to become, which explains people’s continuous need to grow, achieve
more, and explore further. (Unit 11 – Chapter 17: p. 384 - Section 17.6.2)

• Illustrate the meaning of the concepts of self-actualisation and peak experience.

According to Rogers, optimal self-development depends on an atmosphere of positive
valuing, acceptance, love, and respect from others. This is referred to as a person’s
need for:
A. Self-representation
B. Self-verification
C. Positive regard
D. Self-efficacy
Correct Answer:
C. Positive regard (Unit 11 – Chapter 17: p. 383 - Section 17.5)
• Sketch the process of self-development according to the humanistic ideas.

Charlie has noticed that when he plays well in a soccer match and scores a goal, his
father lavishes praise and attention on him for the rest of the day. But any other time,
when they are just together at home, his father barely notices that Charlie is around.
According to Rogers’s, the above case study is an example of:

A. Conditional positive regard
B. Heuristics
C. Unconditional positive regard
D. Distortion
Correct Answer:
A. Conditional positive regard (Unit 11 – Chapter 17: p. 383 - Section 17.5)

• Sketch the process of self-development according to humanistic ideas.
Humanists believe in the intrinsic goodness and potential of people, and that these
qualities can be realised through the positive influence of other people and the
environment.
With reference to the Humanistic approach to optimality, identify which of the following
is NOT required for optimal growth:
A. The freedom to develop potential without any environmental opportunities.
B. Unconditional acceptance from others as having self-worth and potential as a
person.
C. Self-regard, which develops in the person through experiences about him/herself
in relation with other important people.
D. Self-esteem, which develops as the person gets feedback from others, and from
the manner in which he/she is accepted and grows towards, and experiences,
self-actualisation.
Correct Answer:
A. The freedom to develop potential without any environmental opportunities. (Unit
11 – Chapter 17: p. 387 - Section 17.7)

• List and explain humanistic concepts that denote optimal human functioning and
well-being.
TOTAL: 50 MARKS

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HIGHER EDUCATION PROGRAMMES

Academic Year 2023: January – June

• Unit 7 – Chapter 10:

• Unit 8 – Chapter 11:

• Unit 9 – Chapter 13:

• Unit 10 – Chapter 14:

• Unit 10 – Chapter 15:

• Unit 11 – Chapter 16:

• Unit 11 – Chapter 17:

Identify the concept being portrayed above.

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Identify the concept being portrayed above.

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

In light of the statement above, which of the following concepts is addressed?

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Identify the type of aggression portrayed above:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Identify the type of workplace aggression Lee is experiencing:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

With reference to the open-systems approach, identify which of the following

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Identify the type of group portrayed above:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Question 11: (1 mark)

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Question 12: (1 mark)

Identify which of the following best describes role expectation:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

In terms psychodynamics and group behaviours, identify the concept Sisanda is

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Question 14: (1 mark)

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Question 15: (1 mark)

The case study above is an example of:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

A. The theory needs to be understandable with fewer premises and assumptions,

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Question 17: (1 mark)

B. Sigmund Freud (Unit 9 – Chapter 13: p. 294 - Section 13.3.1)

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Question 19: (1 mark)

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Question 20: (1 mark)

Identify the method of data collection utilised by a personality test:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

A. The clinical approach uses a person’s own verbalisations and experiences of

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

In an effort to explain the structure of personality, Carl Rogers utilised:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Question 23: (1 mark)

A. It is the objective study of observable human behaviour, which can be observed

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Question 24: (1 mark)

Identify the ego defence mechanisms portrayed above:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

The above statement is an example of conflict between the:

The following Learning Outcome is assessed in this question:

Question 26: (1 mark)

Identify the psychosexual stage Mpilo’s personality type is associated with:

Question 27: (1 mark)