PROGRAMMING INTRODUCTION

Written by:Elshana Mustafayeva

Faculty:Pedagogy,physics teacher 3/5
 İntroduction to programming
A program is a set of instructions that tell the computer to do various
things; sometimes the instruction it has to perform depends on what
happened when it performed a previous instruction. This section gives
an overview of the two main ways in which you can give these
instructions, or “commands” as they are usually called. One way uses
an interpreter, the other a compiler. As human languages are too
difficult for a computer to understand in an unambiguous way,
commands are usually written in one or other languages specially
designed for the purpose.
Structure of a C++ program
A C++ program is structured in a specific and particular manner. In
C++, a program is divided into the following three sections:
 Standard Libraries Section
 Main Function Section
 Function Body Section
For example, let’s look at the implementation of the “Hello
Elshana!”program:
1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main() {
4. cout << "Hello Elshana!" << endl;
5. return 0;
6. }
Standard libraries section:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 #include is a specific preprocessor command that effectively copies
and pastes the entire text of the file, specified between the angle
brackets, into the source code.
The file <iostream>, which is a standard file that should come with
the C++ compiler, is short for input-output streams. This command
contains code for displaying and getting an input from the user.
Namespace is a prefix that is applied to all the names in a certain set.
iostream file defines two names used in this program - cout and endl.
Main function section:
int main() {}
 The starting point of all C++ programs is the main function.
 This function is called by the operating system when your
program is executed by the computer.
 { signifies the start of a block of code, and } signifies the end.
Function body section:
cout << "Hello Elshana" << endl;
return 0;
 The name cout is short for character output and displays
whatever is between the << brackets.
 Symbols such as << can also behave like functions and are used
with the keyword cout.
 The return keyword tells the program to return a value to the
function int main
 After the return statement, execution control returns to the
operating system component that launched this program.
 Execution of the code terminates here.
While statements-is the simplest of the three loop types that C++
provides, and it has a definition very similar to that of an if statement.
A while statement is declared using the while keyword. When a while
statement is executed, the condition is evaluated. If the condition
evaluates to true, the associated statement executes.However, unlike
an if statement, once the statement has finished executing, control
returns to the top of the while statement and the process is
repeated.This means a while statement will keep looping for as long as
the condition evaluates to true.
while (condition)
statement;
If Statement-Use the if statement to specify a block of C++ code to
be executed if a condition is true. In the example below, we test two
values to find out if 20 is greater than 18. If the condition is true, print
some text:
Example
if (20 > 18) {
cout << "20 is greater than 18";
}
Arrays- are used to store multiple values in a single variable, instead
of declaring separate variables for each value. The array, which stores
a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An
array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to
think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.To
create an array of three integers, you could write:
int myNum[3] = {10, 20, 30};
For statements-The for statement is preferred when we have an
obvious loop variable because it lets us easily and concisely define,
initialize, test, and change the value of loop variables.
Let’s take a look at a sample for loop and discuss how it works:
for (int count{ 1 }; count <= 10; ++count)
std::cout << count << ' ';
Do while statements-Consider the case where we want to show the
user a menu and ask them to make a selection and if the user chooses
an invalid selection, to ask them again. A do while statement is a
looping construct that works just like a while loop, except the
statement always executes at least once. After the statement has been
executed, the do-while loop checks the condition. If the condition
evaluates to true, the path of execution jumps back to the top of the
do-while loop and executes it again.
do
statement
while (condition);
Rand(Random number generation)- is a program that takes a
starting number (called a seed), and performs mathematical operations
on it to transform it into some other number that appears to be
unrelated to the seed.It then takes that generated number and performs
the same mathematical operation on it to transform it into a new
number that appears unrelated to the number it was generated from.By
continually applying the algorithm to the last generated number, it can
generate a series of new numbers that will appear to be random if the
algorithm is complex enough.
Char-The char data type is an integral type, meaning the underlying
value is stored as an integer, and it’s guaranteed to be 1-byte in size.
However, similar to how a boolean value is interpreted as true or false.
You can initialize char variables using character literals, printing
chars, printing chars as integers via type casting, inputting chars.
The break statements-When a break statement is encountered inside
a loop, the loop is immediately terminated and the program control
resumes at the next statement following the loop.It can be used to
terminate a case in the switch statement. If we are using nested loops,
the break statement will stop the execution of the innermost loop and
start executing the next line of code after the block.
Syntax: break;