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 Computer Instructor
S.No. Chapter Name Page No.
Fundamental of Computer:
 Overview of the computer system 1
 Types of computer 5
 Generation of computer 7
1.
 Input Output devices 10
 Representation of Data & Number System 25
 Data Processing 33
 Concepts of files and its types 35
Data Processing
 Word Processing (MS Word) 43
2.  Spread Sheet Software (MS Excel) 53
 Presentation Software (MS Power Point) 65
 DBMS Software (MS Access) 75
Programming Fundamental
 Introduction to C 96
 Introduction to C++ 155
 Introduction to JAVA 216
 Introduction to Dot Net 273
3.
 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 290
 Python 298
 Block Chain 318
 Principles and programming Techniques 328
 Integrated Development Environment and its advantages 335
 Programming Language- C

Programming Fundamental

Introduction to C language
C language ,d programming language gS A ftldk use dj ds applications cuk ldrs gS aA
bls unix operating system dks nqckjk fy[kus ds fy, develop fd;k x;k Fkk A D;kasfd unix
operating system dks B language esa fy[kk x;k Fkk A unix operating system eas T;knkrj
progarm Hkh B language esa fy[ks x;s Fks A
B language dks Ken Thompson ds }kjk 1970 esa Bell laboratories esa develop dh xbZ Fkh A
ysfdu B language T;knk popular ugh a gks ik;h Fkh A fQj C language dks Dennis Ritchie us
1972 and 1973 esa develop fd;k Fkk vkSj C language dks Hkh bell laboratories esa gh develop
fd;k x;k Fkk A
C language ,d simple language gS A C language ds }kjk T;knkrj mathematical programs
fy[ks tkrs gS a vkSj C language dks popular gksus es tknk time ugh a yxk A
C language dks Mother language Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd C language ds ckn tks Hkh language
cukbZ x;h for example (Java, PHP, c#, ;k C++) bu lHkh language esa C language dk
concept use fd;k x;k gS A

Versions of C Language
C language dks Brain Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie us 1978 esa publish fd;k Fkk A
C language ds vc rd dbZ version vk pqds gS a tks fd fuEu gS a&

• K & R - ;g C language dk original language gS A bl version dks 19+78 eas yk;k x;k
Fkk vkSj bl version esa standard I/O library tSlh function available Fkh A
• ANSI C and ISO C - bl version dks American National Standards institute ¼¼ANSI ANSI½½
and International Organization for Standardization ¼¼ISO
ISO½½ ds }kjk 1989/
1989/1990 esa publish
fd;k x;k Fkk A
• C99 - bl version dks 1999 eas publish fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj bl version esa dqN u;s feature
add fd;s x;s Fks tSls& inline function, several new data types, long int vkfn A
• C11 - bl version dks 2011 esa publish fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj bl version esa dqN u;s feature
add fd;s x;s Fks tSls& library, including type generic macros, anonymous structures
vkfn A
• C18 - bl version dks June 2018 esa publish fd;k x;k Fkk A

96
Programming Language- C

Advantage of C language
1- C language ,d simple vkSj easy language gS A ftldk use vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk
gS A vkSj C language dh lcls cMh
cMh [kkfl;r ;g gS dh C language esa fy[kk x;k code cgqr
gh fast gksrk gS A ;kuh C language dh execution time fast gksrh gS A
2- C ,d structured programming language gS vkSj C language es ge functions cuk ldrs
gS a vkSj vius code dks vkSj Hkh vPNs ls manage dj ldrs gS a A
3- C
 language esa C 32 reserved ds }kjk dqN keyword provide dh x;h gS A tks ,sls
'kCn gS] ftudk mi;ksx fdlh vU; mís'; ds fy, ugh a fd;k tk ldrk gS A ftlds fy, os
iwoZfu/kkZfjr gS A A
4- C
 ,d middle level language gS A tks high level vkSj low level dh application cukus eas
l{ke gS A ;g feature mu programmers ds fy, ,d advantage gS] tks high level vkSj
low level dh applications create djuk pkgrs gS a A
5- Assembly language ds ckn lcls fast language C language dks gh ekuk tkrk gS A
blfy, ;s nwljh programming languages ls fast gksrh gS A C language esa create dh x;h
applications dh processing cgqr gh fast gksrh gS A

Disadvantage of C language
C language ,d powertul language gS A ysfdu C language esa dqN dfe;k¡ Hkh gS] tks C
language dks lhfer cukrh gS A
1- C
 language esa run time checking ugh a gksrh gS A C language esa fdlh Hkh variable ds type
dks identify djus esa l{ke ugh a gksrh gS A
2- C
 language esa re-usability ¼¼inheritance
inheritance½½ support ugh a djrh gS vkSj C language esa
exceptions dks run time esa handle ugh a fd;k tk ldrk gS A
3- C
 language object oriented programming dks support ugh a djrk gS A tSls & classes
classes]]
objects]] interfaces vkfn A
objects

Usage of C Language
C language dk use system application ;k network drivers cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A
D;ksafd ;g dksM dk mRiknu djrk gS A tks Assembly language esa fy[ks x, dksM ds :i esa rsth
ls pyrk gS A C language es mi;ksx ds fy, dqN mnkgj.k fuEu gS a&
• Operating Systems

97
 Programming Language- C
• Language Compilers
• Assemblers
• Text Editors
• Print Spoilers
• Network Drivers
• Modern Programs
• Data Bases
• Language interpreters
• Utilities
Åij fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa es vki ns[k ldrs gS a fd C language dk use fdu&fdu {ks= esa fd;k
tkrk gS A

Introduction of Compiler
tc Hkh ge C language esa ;k C++ eas coding djrs A rks gesa compiler dh t:jr iMrh
iMrh gS D;kasfd
fcuk compiler ds code execute ugh a gksrk gS A
vc pkgs og code C language esa fy[kk x;k gks ;k C++ eas fy[kk x;k gks] gesa nksuksa language
esa compiler dks use djrs gS a A
C++ C language dk advanced version gS A
tc Hkh ge C language esa ;k C++ esa code fy[krs gS a] rks ges code dks compile djus ds fy,
editor dh t:jr iMrh
iMrh gS A ftls ge bUVjusV ls download dj ldrs gS a A
C language ds code dks complie djus ds fy, dqN complier ge uhps ns jgs gS a] bu editor
dks vki bUVjusV ls download dj ldrs gS a vkSj vius PC ;k laptop esa install dj ldrs gS a A
• Dev C++
• Code Blocks
• Turbo C
Åij fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa eas rhu editor provide fd;s gS] ftldk use coding dks compile djus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gS A

Dev C++ compiler

bl editor ds }kjk vki C language ;k C++ ds code dks cMs
cMs gh vklkuh ls compile dj
ldrs gS a vkSj ;g editor Dev C++ dk ,d Integrated Development Environment gS] tks

98
Programming Language- C
graphical user intertace provide djrh gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk syntax highlighting vkSj
automatic code completion dh facilities Hkh provide djrh gS A

Code Blocks Compiler

Code Blocks Hkh ,d editor gS] tks C language ;k C++ ds code dks compile djus dk dke
djrk gS A bl editor esa Hkh gesa IDE provide dh tkrh gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk syntax highlighting
vkSj automatic code completion dh facilities Hkh provide dh tkrh gS vkSj bl editor dks
T;knkrj programmer gh use djrs gS a A

Turbo C Compiler
Turbo c compiler Hkh ,d editor gS] tks C language ;k C++ ds code dks compile djus dk
dke djrk gS A ysfdu bl editor esa geas syntax highlighting vkSj automatic code completion
dh facilities ugh a feyrh gS A bl editor esa geas [kqn code dks type djuk iMrk
iMrk gS vkSj bl
editor dks T;knkrj school vkSj collages esa use fd;k tkrk gS A

Working with Compilers

• tc Hkh ge Compiler install djrss gS rks geas code fy[kus ds fy, project cukuk iMrk
iMrk gS vkSj
tc ge ml project dks save djrs gS a rks ml project dk type ;kfu file dk extension C
;k CPP esa save djrs gS a ugh rks gekjk code work ugh a djrk gS A
• tc ge C language esa code djuk pkgrs gS a rks ge file dk extension type C provide djrs
gS a vkSj tc ge C++ esa code djuk pkgrs gS a rks extension type CPP provide djrs gS a A
• Dev C++ editor ;k code blocks editor eas geas project create djus dh facility feyrh gS
vkSj project create djus ds ckn C language ;k C++ dk general syntax [kqn gh include
gks tkrk gS A
• DeV C++ editor ;k code blocks editor esa empty file Hkh create djus dh facility
provide dh x;h gS ysfdu empty file create djus ds ckn C language ;k C++ ds basic
general code dks gesa [kqn gh type djuk iMrk gS A
• Turbo C editor esa geas project create djus dh facility ugh a feyrh gS] rks bl editor eas
gesa empty file create djuk iMrk
iMrk gS vkSj [kqn gh code type djuk iMrk
iMrk gS A
Introduction of Tokens
vxj vki C language esa coding djuk pkgrs gS a A rks C language dk syntax le>uk vkids
fy, cgqr vko';d gS A ,d C program tokens ls feydj cuk gksrk gS A ;fn vki C language
ds lHkh tokens dks use djuk lh[k tkrs gS a] rks vki C language ds code dks cgqr gh fast
type dj ldrs gS a A

99
 Programming Language- C
mnkgj.k ds fy, uhps ,d programs fn;k tk jgk gS bl programs esa tokens dks lgh Øe esa
dSls fy[krs gS a] mls fn[kk jgs gS a A
#include <stdio.h>
stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
conio.h>
Int main()
{
¼^^programing
printf¼^^
printf best**½;;
programing language is the best**½
}
vxj vki Åij fn;s x;s codes dks ns[ksa rks int]
int] main
main]] printf ,d tokens gh gS] tks lgh Øe
esa fy[ks x;s gS a vkSj Tokens dqy 6 çdkj ds gksrs gS a A budh list ge uhps ns jgs gS a A
• Identifiers
• Operators
• Variables
• Strings
• Keywords
• Constants

Identifiers
C language esa Identifiers og uke gksrs gS a] ftldk use variables]
variables] constants vkSj functions
esa fd;k tkrk gS A bu ukeksa dks use djus ds fy, dqN rule follow djuk iMrk
iMrk gS A vxj vki bu
rules dks follow ugh a djsaxs rks programs esa error vk tkrs gS a A
• Identifiers esa % @, & characters symbol dk use ugh a fd;k tkrk gS A
• C language ,d case sensitive language gS A blfy, num vkSj Num ;g nks different
identifiers ukeksa ls tkus tkrs gS a A
• Identifiers esa ge operators dk use ugh a dj ldrs gS a A
• Identifiers dks Digits ls start ugh a fd;k tkrk gS A Identifiers dh 'kq#vkr character ;k
underscore ls dj ldrs gS a A
• C language esa A ls ysdj Z rd small vkSj capital nksuksa rjg ds letters dk use dj
ldrs gS a A

100
Programming Language- C

Example of Identifiers
Identifiers ds dqN example uhps fn;s tk jgs gS a A
-name //right Identifiers
2num //wrong Identifiers
Book-name //wrong Identifiers
Book-1-name //right Identifiers

Keywords
C language esa dqN keywords dks predefined tokens ;k reserved words dgk tkrk gS A
C language geas 32 keywords provide djrh gS] tks gj keyword dk use particular task
perform djus ds fy, define fd;k x;k gS A bu Keywords dk use fdlh vU; dkeksa eas ugh a
fd;k tk ldrk gS D;kasfd ;g ,d predefined tokens ;k reserved keywords gksrh gS A

auto double int struct

break else long swtich

case enum register typedef

char extern return union

continue for signed void

do if static while

default goto sizeof volatile

const float short unsigned

Character Set
C language esa ge characters dks ,d sequence esa fy[krs gS a A tSls& #include <stdio.
h>
> ;g
;g statement characters ls feydj cuk gqvk gS A bl statement esa i,n,c,l vkSj h ,d
characters gS A
C programming eas dksbZ Hkh characters use dj ldrs gS a ysfdu blds fy, character set
define fd;k x;k gS A tks character bl set es vkrs gS a dsoy ogh character use fd;s tk ldrs
gS a A

101
 Programming Language- C

Alphabet
Alphabet characters esa ge A ls Z capital case vkSj a ls z small case characters dks use
dj ldrs gS a A
Uppercase: A B C ............................................................ X Y Z
Lowercase: a b c ............................................................ x y z

Digits
Digits esa vki 0 ls ysdj 9 rd dksbZ Hkh digit use dj ldrs gS a A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Special Characters
Special Characters- uhps fn, x, symbol characters dks use dj ldrs gS a A

, < > . -
( ) ; $ :
% [ ] # ?
' & { } "
∧ ! * / |
- \ ∼ + @

Introduction of Data Types

tc Hkh ge C language esa coding djrs gS] rks geas Variables create djus iMrs
iMrs gS a vkSj bUgh a
Variable ds type dks data types dgrs gS a A
• C language gks ;k C++ gks fcuk data type declare fd;s ge dksbZ Hkh izksxzke ugh a cuk ldrs
gS a A vxj gesa fdlh Hkh rjg dk izksxzke cukuk gS] rks mlds fy, gesa variables create djuk
iMrk
iM rk gS vkSj vxj variables create ugh a djrs gS] rks T;knk ls T;knk ge statement print
dj ldrs gS a A
• C language esa eq[;r% rhu izdkj ds data types ik, tkrs gS a A igyk int (integer) vkSj nwljk
float gksrk gS vkSj rhljk char gksrk gS A ftls ge character type data dgrs gS a A
• C language eas ge tks Hkh variables create djrs gS a A oks lkjs ds lkjs variables dqN u dqN
memory consume djrs gS a A ;kuh space ysrs gS a A

102
Programming Language- C
• C language esa create fd, tkus okys variables (data types) dk list uhps fn;k tk jgk
gS A ftudk use vyx vyx dkeksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A
• Integer Types

‚ int

‚ short int

‚ long int

‚ signed int

‚ unsigned int
• Floating Point types

‚ float

‚ double
• Character Types

‚ char
Integer Data Types
bl izdkj ds data types esa only numbers store fd;s tkrs gS a ij /;ku jgs integer data
type esa fcuk n'keyo ds numbers store fd;s tkrs gS a vkSj vxj n'keyo ds lkFk numbers
store djasxs rks program esa error vkrk gS A Integer data types 5 izdkj ds gksrs gS a vkSj bUgS
A memory size vkSj range ds vuqlkj ck¡Vk x;k gS a A

Data type Size (bytes) Range

int 2 -32768 ls 32767
short int 1 -128 ls 127
long int 4 -2,147,483,648 ls 2,174,483,647
signed int (negative value ds fy,)
fy,) 2 -32768 ls 32767
unsigned int 2 0 ls 65535

Floating Point Data Types

Floating point data types esa ge number dks n'keyo ds lkFk store dj ldrs gS a A Floating
point data types nks izdkj ds gksrs gS a A igyk rks float gh gksrk gS vkSj nqljs dks ge double
data types dgrs gS a A
Floating data types esa n'keyo ds ckn 7 digits rd number store dj ldrs gS a vkSj Double
data types eas n'keyo ds ckn 17 digits rd number store dj ldrs gS a A

103
 Programming Language- C

Data type Size (bytes) Range

float 4 3.4E-38 ls 3.4E+38
double 7 1.7E-308 ls 1.7E+308

Character Data Types

Character Data Types esa ge only ,d gh Character store dj ldrs gS a vkSj tc Hkh ge
fdlh Character dks store djrs gS a rks mls single quotes (") esa type djrs gS a A Character
data types dks nks categories eas divide fd;k x;k gS a A

Data type Size (bytes) Range

char 1 128 ls 127
unsigned char 1 0 ls 255

Void Data Type

main¼½ {}
Void Data type dks T;knkrj function esa use fd;k tkrk gS for example & void main¼½
;gk¡ ij void ,d data types gS A
vxj vkidk function dksbZ value return ugh a djrk gS a ] rks mldk return type void define djrs
gS  A mnkgj.k ds fy, vki bl çdkj ls function define dj ldrs gS a  tSls& void myFunction()%
myFunction()%
vxj vki function esa dksbZ parameters ikl ugh a djrs gS a  A rks mldh txg ij void define dj
ldrs gS a A Void type ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd bl function esa dksbZ argument ugh a fy;k x;k
gS a A vkSj bl çdkj void dks parameter ds :i eSa pass fd;k tkrk gS a A int myFunction(void);

Declare the variables and function

ge data types vkSj function dks dSls declare djrs gS a  bldk ,d example uhps fn;k x;k gS a A
Example
void main()
{
int age = 20;
float year = 2019.0;

104
Programming Language- C
double num = 2019.00;
char name = 'R';
}

Introduction of Variables
• tc Hkh ge data ds lkFk dksbZ operations perform djuk pkgrs gS a] rks lcls igys data dks
computer ds memory esa store djuk iMrk iMrk gS a A Computer memory esa data dks store
djus ds fy, gesa variables dks create djuk iMrk
iMrk gS a A
• tc Hkh ge Variables create djrs gS a] rks ;gh t:jh ugh a dh ogh ij value Hkh assign dj
ns vxj ge pkgs rks ogh ij value Hkh assign dj ldrs gS a A
• ,d variable memory esa fdlh location dk uke gksrk gS a A ;g uke ml memory location
dks uniquely identify djus ds fy, use fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blh uke ds }kjk ml memory
location esa data store djrs gS a vkSj ml data dks iqu% çkIr djrs gS a A
• vki ftl rjg dk variables create djrs gS a] mlh çdkj ls memory esa space feyrk gS a A
;kuh vxj vki int ¼¼integer
integer½½ variables create djrs gS a rks 2 bytes variable dks memory
esa compiler allot djsxk A
• blds ckn gesa ml memory location dk ,d uke define djuk iMrk iMrk gS A rkfd tc Hkh pkgs
ml memory location esa store dh xbZ value dks ml uke ds }kjk access dj lds vkSj
blh uke variable dgk tkrk gS a A
• Variables dh values changeable gksrh gS A vki ,d value dks gVkdj nwljh value Mky ldrs
gS a vkSj program execution ds nkSjku Hkh dj ldrs gS a A
Creating Variables
tc Hkh ge dksbZ variables create djrs gS a]  rks lcls igys gesa data types define djuk iMrk
iMrk
gS fQj mlds ckn ml data types dk uke nsrs gS a A vxj ge pkgs rks ogh ij value Hkh assign
dj ldrs gS a A vc uhps fn;s x;s example dks ns[ksa A
<data-type> <variable-name
data-type> >;
variable-name>;
<data-type> <variable-name
data-type> > = <variable value>;
variable-name> value>;
int age;
int age = 20;

105
 Programming Language- C

Scope of Variables
Variable dks nks categories eas divide fd;k x;k gS A ;kuh ge variables dks iwjs program eas
dgk¡ declare dj ldrs gS a A blh dks ge scope of variables dgrs gS a A

Local Variables
Local Variables oks Variables gksrs gS a] tks progarm ds fdlh function esa define fd;s tkrs gS a 
vkSj ml variables dk use only mlh function eas fd;k tk ldrk gS A ftl function esa og
variables create fd;k x;k gS A bl variables dk use fdlh nwljs function esa ugh a dj ldrs gS A
Example

#include <stdio.h>
stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
conio.h>
void main Function ();
int main()
{
int num1=10;
printf(" this is num1 value: %d", num1)
main Function();
getch ();
}
void main Function();
{
/* local variable num2 */
int num2=15;
printf(" this is num2 value: %d", num2)
}

106
Programming Language- C
output
this is num1 value : 10
this is num2 value : 15

Global Variables
Global Variables oks Variables gksrs gS a] ftudk scope iwjs progarm eas gksrk gS A bu variables
dks vki iwjs program esa dgh Hkh access dj ldrs gS a A bu variables dks progarm dh 'kq:vkr
esa gh define dj fn;k tkrk gS A
#include <stdio.h>
stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
conio.h>
int num3=50; /* num3 is a global variable */
void main Function ();
int main()
{
int num1=10;
printf(" this is num1 value: %d", num1)
main Function();
printf(" this is num3 value: %d", num3)
getch ();
}
void main Function();
{
int num2=15;
printf(" this is num2 value: %d", num2)
}
output

107
 Programming Language- C
this is num1 value : 10
this is num2 value : 15
this is num3 value : 50

Introduction of Constants
C language eas Constants oks variables gksrs gS a] ftudh value change ugh a gksrh gS A tc ge
dksbZ constant declare djrs gS a A rks mldh value fixed jgrh gS a A ;fn bldh value change djus
dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gS ] rks program esa error vk tkrk gS A ;kuh constant variables dh value
fix gksrh gS A tks program ds run time eas Hkh bldh value change ugh a dh tk ldrh gS A
C language eas Constant nks çdkj ds gksrs gS a A igyk Constant Literals vkSj nwljk Constant
Variables bu nksuksa constant ds ckjs eas uhps details fn;k tk jgk gS A
• Constant Literals
• Constant Variables
C Language - Constant Literals
C language eas Constant literals ,slh values gksrh gS fTkUgS A ge program esa directly use
dj ldrs gS a A vc uhps fn, x, code dks nsf[k;s A
x = y+5;
• Åij fn, x, code essa 5 ,d constant literals gS a] bls program eas directly use dj ldrs
gS a A tc ge program run djasxs rks bldk value change ugh a gksxk A
• Constant literals dks ge integer uacj gh ekurs gS a A D;kasfd bldh value changeable ugh a
gksrh gS A blhfy, Constant literals dks dgha&dgha use fd;k tkrk gS A
• mnkgj.k ds fy, eku yhft;s vkius ,d program cuk;k vkSj ml program eas Constant literals
dk use fd;s gS A vxj vkidks Constant literals dh value change djuh gks rks vkidks iwjs
program esa Constant literals dks search djuk iMs iMsxk mlds ckn gh value change dj
ldrs gS a A
C Language - Constant Variables
Constant variables oks variables gksrs gS  a 
A ftls ge [kqn declare djrs gS a vkSj Constant
variables dk lcls cMk cMk benefit ;g gksrk gS a A vxj Constant variables dh value change djuk
gks rks cMs
cMs gh vklkuh ls dj ldrs gS a A Constant variables dks ge nks çdkj ls declare dj ldrs
gS a A bldk details uhps fn;k tk jgk gS A

108
Programming Language- C
• pre processor (#define)
• const Keyword
C Language - Using pre processor (#define)
C Language esa #define ,d pre processor gS A bldk use djds ge constant variables
declared dj ldrs gS a A #define pre processor ds }kjk constanst variable main function
ds igys gh create fd;s tkrs gS a A pre processor ds }kjk define fd;s x, constant variables
dks progarm esa dgha Hkh use dj ldrs gS a  vkSj t:jr iMus
iMus ij bldk value Hkh change dj
ldrs gS a A
Example

#include <stdio.h>
stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
conio.h>
#define num 20 /* this is constant variable num */
int main()
{
printf(" your Result is : %d", num);
return 0;
}
output
Your Result is : 20

C Language - Using const Keyword

C Language eas constant variables declare djus ds fy, ge const keyword dk Hkh use dj
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Example

#include <stdio.h>
stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
conio.h>

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 Programming Language- C
int main()
{
const int a = 10;
const int b=10;
int c;
c = a+b;
printf(" your Result is : %d", c);
return 0;
}
output
Your Result is : 20

Type of C Constant
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1. Integer Constants
2. Character Constants
3. String Constants
4. Floating-point Constants
5. Enumeration Constants

Introduction of Flowchart
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le> lds A

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