Chapter 10: Respiratory Drugs
Drug Category Action
Expectorants  Increase the flow of respiratory
secretions to allow the coughing
up of material from lungs.
Mucolytics  Decrease viscosity or thickness
of respiratory secretions
Antitussives  Work centrally by affecting
cough centers of brain stem.
 Work locally by soothing
irritation to mucous lining of
respiratory tract. Limited use in
veterinary practice
Decongestants  Decrease the congestion of nasal
passages by reducing swelling
(limited veterinary use).
Antihistamines  Block the effects of histamine on
bronchiole smooth muscle
causing bronchioconstriction
Respiratory Stimulants  Act centrally to stimulate CNS
Asthma Drugs  Glucocorticoids reduce
inflammation
Examples
 guaifenesin (Guailaxin®,
Gecolate®,
Robitussin Cough Syrup®, and
Triaminic®14
acetylcysteine (Mucomyst®)
• butorphanol (Torbugesic®,
Torbutrol®)
• hydrocodone (Hycodan®)
• codeine (generic)
• dextromethorphan (Dimetapp®)
• trimeprazine and prednisolone
(Temaril-P®)
• phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
• pseudoephedrine (Sudafed®)
• diphenhydramine (Benadryl®)
• chlorpheniramine (ChloroTrimeton®)
• doxapram (Dopram-V®)
• prednisone (Deltasone®)
• prednisolone (Meticorten®)
• fluticasone (Flovent®)
• see above
  Bronchodilators (previously
covered in this table)
 Antiseratonin properties prevent
bronchoconstriction due to mast
cell degranulation
 T lymphocyte modulator that
controls allergic response
COPD Drugs  Glucocorticoids
 Bronchodilators
Bronchodilators  Cholinergic blockers (work by
counteracting the action of
acetylcholine by binding to
acetylcholine receptors), beta-2-
adrenergic agonists (stimulate
beta-2 receptors that cause
bronchodilation), or
methylxanthines (inhibit an
enzyme in smooth muscle cells
that normally causes
bronchoconstriction)
• cyproheptadine (Periactin®)
• cyclosporin (Sandimmune®)
• see above
• dexamethasone (Azium® Dexasone®)
• see above
Cholinergic blockers:
• aminopentamide (Centrine®)
• atropine (Atropine SA®, Atropine
LA®)
• glycopyrrolate (Robinul-v®)
Beta-2-adrenergic agonists:
• epinephrine (Adrenalin Chloride®)
• isoproteronol (Ventoline®)
• terbutaline (Brethine®)
• albuterol (Alupent®, Proventil®)
• clenbuterol (Ventipulmin®)
Methylxanthines:
• aminophylline (Aminophyllin®)
• theophylline (Theo-Dur®
 Chapter 10: Hormonal and Reproductive Drugs
Insulin Type Route of Onset of Action Duration of
Administration Action
Regular insulin Recombinant • IV • Immediate • 1–4 hours
(injection) human • IM • 10–30 minutes • 3–8 hours
• SQ • 10–30 minutes • 4–10 hours
NPH (isophane Recombinant • SQ • 20–120 minutes • 6–18 hours (dog)
insulin suspension) human • 4–12 hours (cat
Lente (porcine Recombinant • SQ • 30–120 minutes • 14–24 hours
insulin zinc human Purified
suspension) pork
PZI (protamine zinc Beef-pork • SQ • 60–240 minutes • 6–28 hours (dog)
suspension) • 6–24 hours (cat
Insulin glargine Recombinant • SQ • 60–120 minutes • 18–24 hours
(insulin analog human

SomeAntimicrobial GrowthPromotants Used in Livestock

Compound Effects
bacitracin Promotes growth in poultry
flavomycin Increases feed efficiency, promotes growth in poultry and
cattle
virginiamycin Promotes growth in poultry
avoparcin Increases feed efficiency; promotes growth in poultry, pigs,
and cattle.
 lasalocid Increases feed efficiency, promotes growth in cattle
monensin Increases feed efficiency, promotes growth in cattle

Drugs Covered in This Chapter

Endocrine System Drug(s) Used to Treat
Condition or Action Condition
Diabetes insipidus (insufficient ADH) • vasopressin
• desmopressin
Dystocia (induction of uterine contraction • oxytocin
Blood glucose regulation • insulin
• glipizide
• glyburide
• glimepiride
• acarbose
• diazoxide
Hypothyroid • levothyroxine
• liothryonine
Hyperthyroid • methimazole
• radioactive iodine I-131
Adrenocortical insufficiency • desoxycorticosterone (DOCP)
• fludrocortisone
• prednisolone
Hyperadrenocorticism • mitotane
• ketoconazole
• selegiline
• trilostane
• cyproheptadine
 • pergolide mesylate
Testosterone or testosterone-like • testosterone cypionate
product • testosterone enanthate
• testosterone propionate
• methyltestosterone
• danazol
• mibolerone
• finasteride
Estrogen or estrogen-like products • estradiol cypionate
• diethylstilbesterol
Progesterone or progesterone-like • megestrol acetate
• medroxyprogesterone acetate
• altrenogest
• progesterone
• melengestro
Prostaglandins • dinoprost
• fluprostenol
• cloprosteno
Gonadotropins • gonadorelin
• PMSG
• FSH-P
• hCG
Growth promotants (antimicrobial) • bacitracin
• flavomycin
• virginiamycin
• avoparcin
• lasalocid
• monensin
Growth promotants (hormonal)
Anabolic steroids
• estradiol
• testosterone
• progesterone
• trenbolone acetate
• melengestrol acetate
• zerano
• boldenone undecylenate
• nandrolone decanoate
 Chapter 13: Drugs Affecting Muscle Function
Drug Category
Neuromuscular blockers
Antidotes (anticholinesterases)
Spasmolytics
Anabolic steroids
Examples
 pancuronium (Pavulon®)
 atracurium (Tracrium®)
 gallamine (Flaxedil®)
 vecuronium (Norcuron®)
 metocurine (Metubine®)
 succinylcholine (Anectine®, Quelicin®, Sucostrin®)
 neostigmine (Prostigmin®, Stiglyn®)
 pyridostigmine (Mestinon®)
 edrophonium (Enlon®, Tensilon®, Reversol®
 methocarbamol (Robaxin-V®)
 guaifenesin (Guailaxin®, Gecolate®)
 diazepam (Valium®)
 dantrolene (Dantrium®
 nandrolone decanoate (Deca-Durabolin®)
 boldenone undecylenate (Equipose®)
 Chapter 14: Mechanisms of Action of Antibiotic Drugs
Action
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Alteration in cell membrane
permeability
Inhibition of protein interference
Interference with metabolism
Nucleic acid impairment
Effect
Bactericidal effect by inhibition of an
enzyme in the synthesis of the cell wal
Bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect; as
the membrane permeability is
increased, the loss of cellular
substances causes cell lysis
Bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects due
to interference with bacterial protein
synthesis, but not animal cell protein
synthesis or inhibition of the steps of
protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic effects due to the
deprivation of essential material for
bacterial metabolism
Bactericidal effects due to inhibition of
nucleic acid enzymes
Drug Examples
penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin,
vancomycin, carbapenems,
monobactams,
aminocoumarins
polymyxin B
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines,
chloramphenicol, florfenicol,
macrolides, lincomycins,
aminocoumarins, diterpines
sulfonamides
quinolones, fluoroquinolones

Classes of Antibiotics and Their Effectiveness

Class of Action of Considerations Examples
Antibiotic Antibiotic
 penicillins •Inhibit cell wall • Oral and injectable • penicillin V (V-Cillin K®), penicillin G
synthesis forms procaine (Crystacillin®), penicillin G
•Bactericidal • Given orally, most benzathine with penicillin G procaine
•Mainly work on gram+ absorption occurs in (Dual Pen®)
bacteria; some gram– stomach and small • amoxicillin (Amoxi-tabs®, Amoxi-
with intestine drops®, Biomox®, Robamox-V®)
amoxicillin, ampicillin, • Rapidly distributed • ampicillin (Polyflex®, Omnipen®)
ticarcillin, and • Give 1–2 hours before • ampicillin with sulbactam (Unasyn®)
carbenicillin eating • amoxicillin with clavulinic acid
•Carbenicillin, (Clavamox®)
ticarcillin, and • ticarcillin (Ticar®)
piperacillin are • carbenicillin (Pyopen®, Geocillin®)
effective • cloxacillin (Dari-Clox®, Orbenin-DC®)
against Pseudomonas • dicloxicillin (Dynapen®, Pathocil®)
bacteria • oxacillin (Add-Vantage®)
• piperacillin (Pipracil®)
• piperacillin with tazobactam (Zosyn®)
• ticarcillin with clavulanate (Timentin®)
•hetacillin (Hetacin-K®)
• nafcillin (Nafcil®)
cephalosporins • Inhibit cell wall • Oral and injectable • First generation: cephapirin (Cefa-
synthesis forms Dri®,Cefa-lak®), cefadroxil (Cefa-
• Bactericidal • GI absorption not good; drops®, Cefatabs®), cefazolin (Kefzol®),
• First generation usually administered cephalexin
mainly parenterally (Keflex®)
work on gram+ • Well distributed to • Second generation: cefoxitin
bacteria, tissues, (Mefoxin®), cefaclor (Ceclor®), cefotetan
second through fourth except CNS (Cefotan®), cefuroxime (Ceftin®)
 generation work on • Vomiting and diarrhea • Third generation: ceftiofur (Naxcel®,
gram+ may Spectramast®, Excenel®), cefovecin
and gram– bacteria with occur when given on (Convenia®), cefoperazone
fourth generation empty (Cefobid®),cefotaxine (Claforan®),
having stomach cefpodoxine
the broadest spectrum • If animal is allergic to (Simplicef®), ceftriaxone (Rocephin®)
(including penicillin, it may be •Fourth generation: cefepime
Pseudomonas) allergic (Maxipime®)
• Can cross placenta to cephalosporin
polypeptides • Inhibit either cell wall • Absorption is poor; used • polymyxcin B (found in Optiprime®
or for ophthalmic ointment)
cell membrane topical infections or • bacitracin (found in Mycitracin® and
synthesis wound Trioptic® ophthalmic ointment)
• Bactericidal lavage
glycopeptides • Inhibit cell wall • Treats drug-resistant • vancomycin (Vancocin®
synthesis Staphylococcus spp
• Bactericidal • Injectable form used in
veterinary medicine
carbapenems • Inhibit cell wall • Injectable form only • imipenem-cilastatin (Primaxin®)
synthesis • Broadest spectrum • meropenem (Merrem®)
• Bactericidal beta-lactam antibiotic
• Used to treat resistant
bacteria
monobactams • Inhibit cell wall • Injectable form only • aztreonam (Azactam®)
synthesis • Gram-negative spectrum
• Bactericidal of
activity
aminoglycosides • Inhibit protein • Injectable form only • gentamicin (Gentocin®, Garacin®)
 synthesis[en] (except neomycin which • neomycin (Biosol®, Mycifradin®)
• Bactericidal is topical) • amikacin (Amiglyde-V®, Amikin®)
(concentration • Not absorbed readily • tobramycin (Nebcin®)
Dependent) from • dihydrostreptomycin (Ethamycin®)
• Work mainly on GI tract; usually given • spectinomycin (Adspec®, Spectam®)
gram– parenterally
bacteria • Nephrotoxicity and
• Can cross placenta ototoxicity concerns
• Do not mix with
penicillin
in the same syringe
(makes
penicillin inactive)
tetracyclines • Inhibit protein • Oral and injectable • tetracycline (Panmycin
synthesis forms Aquadrops®,
• Bacteriostatic • Once given, quickly Oxy-Tet 100® injectable, Tetracycline
• Work on gram+ and distributed, sometimes to HCl® soluble powder)
gram– bacteria, as well CNS • oxytetracycline
as rickettsial bacteria, • Very little metabolism (Terramycin®,Liquamycin®)
spirochetes, and some • Bind to calcium, causing • chlortetracycline (Aureomycin®)
protozoa side effects (do not give • doxycycline (Vibramycin®, Doxirobe®
with dairy products or Gel)
antacids/antidiarrheal • minocycline (Minocin®)
drugs) • demeclocycline (Declomycin®)
• Can cause yellow
discoloration of teeth due
to
calcium binding
chloramphenicol • Inhibits protein • Oral, injectable, and • chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin®,
synthesis ointment forms Viceton®, Amphicol®)
• Bacteriostatic • Readily absorbed into
• Works on gram+ and tissues
gram– bacteria as well • Side effect of bone
as marrow
rickettsial bacteria suppression makes use not
recommended
lorfenicol • Inhibits protein • Injectable form • florfenicol (Nuflor®)
synthesis • Well distributed in body;
• Bacteriostatic can achieve therapeutic
levels in the CNS
macrolides • Inhibit protein • Well distributed to most • tilmicosin (Micotil®)
synthesis body tissues, but not the • tylosin (Tylan®)
• Bactericidal or CNS • erythromycin (Erythro-100®,Erythro-
bacteriostatic Dry®)
• azithromycin (Zithromax®)
• tulathromycin (Draxxin®)
lincosamides • Inhibit protein •Recommended for • clindamycin (Antirobe®)
synthesis abscesses and dental • pirlimycin (Pirsue®)
• Bactericidal or infections • lincomycin (Lincocin®)
bacteriostatic
aminocoumarins • Inhibit protein and • Used as a combination •
nucleic product in dogs
acid synthesis; also • Used as a mastitis novobiocin/tetracycline/prednisolone
interferes with cell wall treatment in dry dairy (Delta Albaplex®)
synthesis cattle •novobiocin/penicillin G procaine
• Bactericidal (Albadry Plus®)
 • Works mainly on • novobiocin (Biodry®)
gram+ bacteria
diterpines • Inhibit protein • Premix, solution, and • tiamulin (Denagard®)
synthesis powder formulations
• Bacteriostatic • Used to treat pneumonia
• Works on gram+ cocci in
and limited gram– swine
bacteria
sulfonamides • Inhibit folic acid • Can have anti- • sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (Tribrissen®)
synthesis inflammatory • sulfadimethoxine (Albon®)
• Sulfonamides are effects • sulfadimethoxine/ormetroprim
bacteriostatic • Well distributed through (Primor®)
• Trimethoprim and the • sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®)
ormetroprim are body, including eye and • sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim
bactericidal and CNS (Bactrim®)
used to potentiate sulfas and synovial fluid
• Potentiated sulfas are • Can cause increased
bactericidal salivation in cat
fluoroquinolones • Inhibit DNA function • Readily absorbed into • enrofloxacin (Baytril®)
• Bactericidal tissues and body fluids • orbifloxacin (Orbax®)
after oral and parenteral • difloxacin (Dicural®)
administration • marbofloxacin (Zeniquin®)
• sarafloxacin (SaraFlox®)
• ciprofloxacin (Cipro®)
• danofloxacin (Advocin®)
nitrofurans • Inhibit bacterial • Eliminated from body • nitrofurazone (Furazone®, NFZ
enzyme quickly; usually used in Puffer®)
systems urinary tract infections • nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin®)
 • Bactericidal • Banned for use in • furazolidone (Topazon®, Furox®)
foodproducing animals
nitroimidazoles • Disrupt DNA and • Well absorbed after oral • metronidazole (Flagyl®)
nucleic administration
acid synthesis • Use with caution in
• Bactericidal pregnant animals
rifampin • Disrupts RNA • Relatively well absorbed • rifampin (Rifadin®, Rimactane®)
synthesis from GI tract
• Bactericidal or • Can cause red urine,
bacterioistatic tears,
depending sweat, and saliva
on dose • Usually used in
combination
with other antibiotics

Classes of Antifungals and Their Effectiveness

Class Mechanism of Considerations Examples
Action
polyenes Bind to fungal cell Not well absorbed; fairly • amphotericin B
membrane toxic (Fungizone®)
• nystatin (Panalog®)
imidazoles Cause leakage of fungal cell Less toxic; used for systemic • ketoconazole (Nizoral®)
membrane mycotic infections and some • miconazole (Monistat,®
dermatophyte infections Conofite®)
• itraconazole (Sporanox®)
• fluconazole (Diflucan®)
• voriconazole (Vfend®)
 antimetabolics Interfere with RNA and
protein synthesis
superficials Disrupt fungal cell division
Used mainly in combination • flucytosine (Ancobon®)
with other antifungals to treat
Cryptococcus infections
Used for dermatophyte • griseofulvin
infections (Fulvicin-U/F®, Grifulvin
V®)
• terbinafine (Lamasil®)

Types of Disinfectants and Antiseptics

Disinfectant Product Use Action Comments
Group Examples
phenols and • ortho-phenylphenol Laundry, floors, walls, Moderately • Action not affected
phenolics (Lysol®, Amphyl®, equipment bactericidal, by organic
Tek-Trol®, 1 Stroke virucidal, and material
Environ®) fungicidal • Used as a 2–5%
• hexachlorophene solution on
(Phisohex®) contaminated objects
quaternary • didecyl dimethyl  Instruments,rubber Moderately • Action not affected
ammonium ammonium chloride , bactericidal, by hard water
compounds (Roccal®-D) virucidal, and
• benzalkonium  Inanimate objects fungicidal
chloride
(Zephiran®)

aldehydes • gluteraldehyde  Instruments  Highly • Action not affected

(Cidex®, Glutarol®)  Instruments bactericidal, by organic material or
• ortho-phthalaldehyde  Tissue biopsies virucidal, and hard water
 (Cidex-OPA®) and footbaths fungicidal • All items
• formaldehyde  Highly processed with
bactericidal, aldehydes
virucidal, need to be rinsed with
fungicidal, and water prior
tuberculocidal to use
 Highly • Use in areas of good
bactericidal, ventilation
virucidal, • Avoid skin and eye
fungicidal, and contact and
tuberculocidal inhalation of vapors
alcohols • 70% isopropyl  Instruments  Highly • 70% solution usually
• 50% ethyl alcohol  Thermometers bactericidal, used
some virucidal • Affected by organic
action, and material and
poor fungicidal dirt
action
halogens • chlorines:  Chlorines:  Moderately • Corrosive
(Chlorox®) floors, cages to highly to surfaces;
• iodophors:  Iodophors: bactericidal, • Vapors
(Betadine®, presurgical, scrub, highly can be irritating
Povidine®) thermometers virucidal, • Iodine tincture is
moderately to about 2%
highly •
fungicidal, iodophors:
and some (Betadine®,
sporicidal Povidine®)
activity Iodophors:
 presurgical
scrub,
thermometers
• Iodine tincture is
about 2%
biguanide • chlorhexidine  Skin wounds,  Highly • Residual action of
(Nolvasan®, presurgical scrub, bactericidal, about 24 hours
Hibiclens®, oral cleaning Moderately due to binding to skin
Virosan®) solutions, and virucidal, and
cages poorly
fungicidal
ethylene oxide  Rubber goods,  Highly •“Gas sterilization”
blankets, bactericidal, for objects
and lensed virucidal, and that cannot withstand
instruments fungicidal heat
• Carefully read
MSDS prior to
handling
• Keep away from
flames
and sparks
oxidizing agents • hydrogen peroxide  Cleaning  Moderately to • Causes oxygen
• peracetic acid wounds and highly release, which kills
(Virkon®S) floors, foot bactericidal, anaerobic bacteria
bath virucidal, and • Action not affected
fungicidal by organic
matter or hard water
Chapter 18: Ophthalmic Anti-Infectives, Anti-Inflammatories, and Tear Supplements
Category Example Action
Topical antibacterial drugs bacitracin (Mycitracin®, Trioptic-P®, Works against gram-positive organisms;
(read labels to determine if Vetropolycin®, Neosporin® usually found in combination with
glucocorticoids are used in Ophthalmic) neomycin and polymyxin B
these preparations
polymyxin B (Mycitracin®, Trioptic- Works against gram-negative
P®, Vetropolycin®, Neosporin® organisms; usually used in combination
Ophthalmic) with bacitracin and neomycin

oxytetracycline (Terramycin®) Broad-spectrum antibiotic that is

effectiveagainst Chlamydia sp.; may be
used in combination with other drugs

tetracycline (Achromycin®, Broad-spectrum antibiotic that is

Aureomycin®) effective against Chlamydia sp.

aminoglycosides Work against Staphylococcus sp. and

• gentamicin (Gentocin®, Garamycin®, gramnegative organisms, including
Genoptic®, OptVet®) Pseudomonas sp.;may be formulated
• tobramycin (Tobrex®) alone or with corticosteroids; neomycin
• neomycin (Mycitracin®, Trioptic-P®, is a broad-spectrum antibiotic usually
 Vetropolycin®, Neosporin®
Ophthalmic)
erythromycin (Ilotycine Ophthalmic®,
Ak-Mycin®)
fluoroquinolones
• ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan®)
• norfloxacin (Chibroxin®)
• ofloxacin (Ocuflox®)
• moxifloxacin (Vigamox®)
chloramphenicol (Bemacol®,
Chlorbiotic®,
Chloricol®, Vetrachloracin®,
Chlorasol®)
sulfonamides
• sulfacetamide (Bleph-10®)
Topical antifungal drugs natamycin (Natacyn-Ophthalmic®)
Topical antiviral drugs • idoxuridine (Stoxil®)
• trifluridine (Viroptic®)
• vidarabine (Vir-A Ophthalmic®)
used in bacitracin and in combination
with polymyxin B
Broad-spectrum antibiotic; usually used
for gram-positive infections
Broad-spectrum antibiotic
Broad-spectrum antibiotics; handle with
care due to
human side effects; cannot use in food-
producing
animals
Broad-spectrum antibiotic
Works in treating mycotic keratitis
(mainly
Fusarium sp., Candida sp., Aspergillus
sp.)
Used to treat viral infections of the eye,
mainly
in cats (ocular herpes). These drugs

Topical glucocorticoid drugs
• acyclovir (compounded) interrupt
viral replication and are virostatic, not
virucidal;
treatment must be continued past
clinical
resolution
• prednisolone acetate drops (Pred Glucocorticoids are used to treat
Mild®, inflammation
Econopred®, PredForte®) of the conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, and
• prednisolone sodium phosphate drops anterior
(generic brands) chamber. Penetration to the vitreous
• dexamethasone drops and ointment chamber
(Decadron Phosphate®, Maxidex®) and eyelids is poor. Glucocorticoids
• loteprednol etabonate (Alrex®) delay healing
• triple antibiotic with hydrocortisone and should not be used in patients with
(Neobacimyx H®, Trioptic-S®, corneal
Vetropolycin ulcers, fungal infections, or viral
HC®) infections
• triple antibiotic with dexamethasone
(Maxitrol®)
• neomycin with isoflupredone acetate
(Neo-Predef®)
• gentamicin with betamethasone
(Gentocin
Durafilm®)
• chloramphenicol with prednisolone
(Chlorasone®)
• sulfacetamide with prednisolone
 (Blephamide Liquifilm®)
Topical nonsteroidal • flurbiprofen sodium (Ocufen®)
anti-inflammatory drugs • ketorolac tromethamine (Acular®)
• diclofenac sodium (Voltaren®)
• suprofen sodium (Profenol®)
• bromfenac (Xibrom®)
• nepafenac (Nevanac®)
Tear supplements • artificial tears (Bion Tears®, Liquifilm
Tears®, Hypotears®, Adsorbotear®)
• lubricants (Lacri-Lube S.O.P.®, Akwa
Tears®, DuraTear® Naturale)
Optic Drugs
Category Example
Topical antibiotic otic • aminoglycosides:
drugs • gentamicin (Otomax®, Getocin Otic
Solution®,
Tri-Otic®, GentaVed Otic®);
• neomycin sulfate (Tresaderm®,
Topical NSAIDs are used to treat
inflammation,
usually after surgery
Artificial tears are isotonic, pH-buffered
solutions
that lubricate dry eyes and provide eye
irrigation.
Lubricants are petrolatum-based
products that
lubricate and protect eyes (mainly used
during
anesthesia, in which the eyes may
remain open
while tear production is reduced)
Action
Broad-spectrum antibiotics that are
usually combined with a glucocorticoid,
antifungal agent, and/or antiparasitic
agent. Neomycin sulfate products
also contain thiostreptin, a gram-
 Panalog®, Tritop®)
• thiostreptin (Tresaderm®, Panalog®,
Tritop®)
• chloramphenicol (Liquichlor®,
ChloraOtic®
• fluoroquinolones:
• enrofloxacin (Baytril Otic®)
Topical antiparasitic otic • thiabendazole (Tresaderm®)
drugs
positive antibiotic; tympanic membrane
should be intact when using this
medication; aminoglycosides are
ototoxic.
Gram-positive antibiotic that is usually
combined with a glucocorticoid,
antifungal agent, and/or antiparasitic
agent.
Broad-spectrum antibiotic usually
combined with a glucocorticoid and/or
topical anesthetic. Do not use in food-
producing animals. Handle this drug
with caution.
Broad-spectrum antibiotic that is
combined with silver
sulfadiazine (has both antifungal and
broad-spectrum antibacterial
properties).
Used to treat ear mites in dogs and cats.
Thiabendazole has antiparasitic and
antifungal properties.
Preparation may contain an antibiotic
(such
as neomycin) and a glucocorticoid
(such as

• pyrethrins (Mita-Clear®, Cerumite®,
Aurimite®)
• milbemycin oxime (MilbeMite®)
• ivermectin:
• injectable (Ivomec®)
• topical (Acarexx 0.01 percent
suspension®)
• selamectin (Revolution®)
dexamethasone).
Used to clear mite infestations of the
ear; treatment
should continue for at least three weeks.
Used to treat ear mite infestations in
cats and kittens
four weeks of age and older.
Treatment consists of administering
solution from one
tube per ear as a single treatment.
MilbeMite® is available
in a foil pouch that contains two tubes
of solution (one
tube for each ear).
Milbemycin oxime is also available
orally.
Injectable treatment that is given SQ
extra-label to treat
ear mites in dogs and cats.
Otic solution is labeled for use in cats
and kittens (more
than four weeks of age) and is packaged
in ampules.
Once-monthly treatment for ear mites in
cats;
applied to dorsal cervical skin; (also
 protects against
heartworms, roundworms, hookworms,
mange mites,
the American dog tick, and fleas).
Topical otic antifungal • clotrimazole (Otibiotic®, Otomax®) Works against Malassezia,
agents Microsporum, Trichophyton,
Epidermophyton, and Candida fungi;
antifungal agent is
combined with gentamicin and
betamethasone.

• nystatin (Dermagen®, Panalog®, Works against Candida fungi;

Derma-Vet®, Dermalone®) antifungal agent is
combined with neomycin sulfate,
thiostreptin, and
triamcinolone.

• miconazole (Conofite®) Works against Microsporum and

Trichophyton; local
irritation may be seen with miconazole
treatment.

• thiabendazole (Tresaderm®) Works against Microsporum and

Trichophyton; also
contains antiparasitic, antibiotic, and
glucocorticoid.
Topical otic drying Various products that contain salicylic Reduces moisture in the ear to help
agents acid, acetic acid, boric acid, or tannic prevent or treat certain infections of the

Topical otic cleansing
agents/local anesthetics
Topical otic dewaxing
agents
Topical antiinflammatories
Ophthalmic Drugs Covered in This Chapter
acid. Examples include Dermal Dry®, ear. Ears should be cleaned prior to
VetMark Ear Powder®, OtiRinse putting in drying agents.
Cleansing/ Drying Ear Solution®, Oti-
Care-B®
Various products contain antibiotics, Used to clean ears and control odor.
antiseptics (such as chlorhexidine and Also used for gentle flushing of the ear
povidone iodine), and/or anesthetics/ using a bulb syringe or tubing. Ears
soothing agents (such as lidocaine). should be dried thoroughly after use.
Examples include Solvaprep®,
Epi-Otic®, Oti-Clens®, Fresh-Ear®
Various products that contain cerumenUsed to remove debris and wax before
softeners or drying agents such as treatment
benzyl alcohol, cerumene, and similarwith topical medications, and to aid in
chemicals. Examples include wax removal by
Cerulytic® and Cerumene®. flushing of the ear with a bulb syringe
or tubing.
• fluocinolone plus DMSO (Synoptic®) DMSO enhances percutaneous
absorption of
glucocorticoids. Avoid contact with
human skin to
reduce risk of absorbing the drug.
Glucocorticoids are used to reduce
• hydrocortisone (Buro-Otic®, Clearx® inflammationassociation with local
Ear Treatment) irritation.
 Category Example
Topical ophthalmic • proparacaine hydrochloride
anesthetics • tetracaine hydrochloride
Diagnostic stain • fluorescein
Miotic • pilocarpine
Mydriatic • phenylephrine
Mydriatics/cycloplegics • atropine
• homatropine
• tropicamide
• epinephrine
Prostaglandins • latanaprost
• bimatoprost
• travoprost
Carbonic anhydrase • acetazolamide (systemic)
inhibitors • dichlorphenamide (systemic)
• methazolamide (systemic)
• brinzolamide HCl (topical)
• dorzolamide HCl (topical)
Beta-adrenergic blockers • timolol maleate
• betaxolol
• carteolol
• levobunolol
• metipranolol
Alpha-adrengeric • aproclonidine
agonists • brimonidine
Osmotic diuretics • mannitol
• glycerin
Lacrimogenic • pilocarpine
Immunomodulators • cyclosporine
• tacrolimus
Topical antibacterial • bacitracin
ophthalmic drugs • neomycin
• polymyxin B
• oxytetracycline
• tetracycline
• gentamicin
• tobramycin
• erythromycin
• ciprofloxacin
• norfloxacin
• ofloxacin
• moxifloxacin
• chloramphenicol
• sulfacetamide
Topical antifungal • natamycin
ophthalmic drugs • amphotericin B
• povidone iodine
• miconazole
• itraconazole
Topical antiviral • idoxuridine
ophthalmic drugs • trifluridine
• vidarabine
• acyclovir
Topical glucocorticoid • prednisolone acetate
ophthalmic drugs • prednisolone sodium phosphate
• dexamethasone
 • triple antibiotic with hydrocortisone
• neomycin with isoflupredone acetate
• gentamicin with betamethasone
• chloramphenicol with prednisolone
• loteprednol etabonate
• triple antibiotic with dexamethasone
• sulfacetamide with prednisolone
Topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory ophthalmic • flurbiprofen sodium
drug • ketorolac tromethamine
• diclofenac sodium
• suprofen sodium
• bromfenac
• nepafenac
Tear supplement • artificial tears
• lubricants
Topical antibiotic otic drugs • gentamicin
• neomycin sulfate
• thiostreptin
• chloramphenicol
• enrofloxacin
Topical antiparasitic otic • thiabendazole (neomycin/thiabendazole/
drugs dexamethasone solution)
• pyrethrins
• milbemycin oxime
• ivermectin
• selamectin
Topical otic antifungal • clotrimazole
agents • nystatin
 • miconazole
• thiabendazole
Topical otic drying agents • salicylic acid
• acetic acid
• boric acid
• tannic acid
Topical otic cleansing antibiotics, antiseptics (such as chlorhexidine
agents/local anesthetics and povidone iodine), and/or anesthetics/
soothing agents (such as lidocaine) used to
clean the ear
Topical otic dewaxing cerumen softeners or drying agents containing
agents chemicals such as benzyl alcohol, cerumene,
and similar chemicals
Topical anti-inflammatories • fluocinolone plus DMSO
• hydrocortisone

Chapter 22: Behavior Disorders and Some of Their Drug Therapies

Behavioral Disorder Drugs Used for This Disorder
Urine spraying/marking • benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, diazepam, and
chlordiazepoxide
• buspirone
• TCAs such as clomipramine
• SSRIs such as paroxetine and fluoxetine
• pheromones
Aggression • TCAs such as amitriptyline
• benzodiazepines such as diazepam
• SSRIs such as fluoxetine
 • hormones such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and
megestrol acetate
Obsessive-compulsive • TCAs such as amitriptyline
disorders • antihistamines (especially when due to pruritus)
• benzodiazepines such as diazepam
• pheromones
Anxiety • phenothiazines such as acepromazine
• TCAs such as amitriptyline
• buspirone
• antihistamines (especially when due to pruritus)
• benzodiazepines such as diazepam and clorazepate
• pheromones
Noise phobias • benzodiazepines such as alprazolam and clorazepate
• buspirone
• TCAs such as clomipramine
• pheromones
Fear aggression • TCAs such as amitriptyline and clomipramine
• buspirone
• benzodiazepines such as diazepam

Behavior-Modifying Drugs
Drug Category Drug Function Examples
Antianxiety agents Benzodiazepines • Promote the inhibitory • diazepam (Valium®)
neurotransmitter GABA in • lorazepam (Ativan®)
 the brain
• Used to treat separation
anxiety, phobias, aggression,
and urine spraying
antihistamines • Cause CNS depression,
resulting in sedation
phenothiazines • Work as dopamine
antagonists
Azapirones • Serotonin blockers
• Used to treat urine spraying
Anticonvulsants • Blocks sodium channels
thusinhibiting the generation
of repetitive action potentials
• Used to treat seizurelike
anxiety
• Increases GABA
amino acid concentrations
derivative in the brain
• Increases serotonin and
dopamine in the brain
• Nutraceutical product
• alprazolam (Xanax®)
• chlordiazepoxide
(Librium®)
• flurazepam (Dalmane®)
• clorazepate (Tranxene® T
tab)
• hydroxyzine (Atarax®)
• diphenhydramine
(Benadryl®)
• chlorpromazine
(Thorazine®)
• acepromazine (PromAce®)
• promazine (Sparine®)
• perphenazine (Trilafon®)
• prochlorperazine
(Compazine®)
 buspirone (BuSpar®)
• carbamazepine (Tegretol®)
• l -theanine (Anxitane®)
Antidepressants Tricyclics • Prevent uptake of
neurotransmitters
• Used to treat separation
anxiety, obsessive licking,
hypervocalization, and urine
spraying
Selective serotonin reuptake • Inhibit serotonin uptake
Inhibitors from the synapse
• Used to treat obsessive
licking,phobias, separation
anxiety, and aggression
Monoamine oxidase • Block dopamine uptake
inhibitors from the synapse
• Used to treat canine
cognitive dysfunction or
dementia
Hormones Synthetic progestins • Believed to correct
hormonal imbalance
Synthetic estrogens • Believed to correct
hormonal imbalance
testosterone • Inhibit testosterone
inhibitors production or
conversion to its potent form
Pheromones DAP Believed to provide chemical • dog appeasing
• amitriptyline (Elavil®)
• clomipramine
(Clomicalm®,
Anafranil®)
• imipramine (Tofranil®)
• doxepin (Sinequan®)
• fluoxetine (Prozac®)
• sertraline (Zoloft®)
• paroxetine (Paxil®)
• fluvoxamine (Luvox®)
• citalopram (Celexa®)
• escitalopram (Lexapro®)
• selegiline (Anipryl®)
• phenelzine (Nardil®)
• isocarboxazid (Marplan®)
• tranylcypromine sulfate
(Parnate®)
•megestrol acetate
(Megace®,Ovaban®)
• medroxyprogesterone
(Depo-Provera®)
• diethylstilbestrol (DES)
(Stilphostrol®)
• delmadinone (Terdak®)
• finasteride (Proscar®)
 in environment that provides pheromone (D. A. P.®
feeling of comfort and safety Spray, D. A. P.® Diffuser,
used to treat separation D. A. P.® Collar)
anxiety, destruction,
excessive barking, house
soiling, phobias, and
excessive licking

FFP Believed to provide • feline facial pheromone

substance that marks territory (Feliway® Diffuser,
so that cat does not mark Feliway® Spray)
territory by urine marking
used to treat urine
marking/spraying, avoidance
of social contact, stressful
situations, intercat
aggression, vertical
scratching, or appetite loss

Believed to provide chemical

EAP found in mammae of nursing • equine appeasing
mare used to alleviate hormone (Modipher EQ®
stressful situations such Spray)
as transport, shoeing,
clipping, new environments,
and training