ACTIVITY NO.

Give the formula and structural formula of the following:

1. ETHANE

2. HEXANE
 3. NONANE

MODULE 2
Chapter Assesment

1. DRAW THE STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF THE FOLLOWING

HYDROCARBON:

a. Heptane
 b. Butane

c. Methane

2. Why is Carbon considered unique?

Anchored from the module, carbon is considered unique in the sense
that carbon has the ability in forming very strong covalent bonds. The
small size of the carbon atom makes the compounds of Carbon
exceptionally stable. Aside from that, this element also is referred to as
incomparable because proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other
molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon
compounds as well as they can form large, complex, and diverse
molecules.
 In addendum, carbon is denoted as inimitable for a reason that
this element can form a variety of stable compounds which can exist
freely in nature that why it is highlighted as the backbone of life.

3. Do some research work. Answer the following questions:

a. Name and describe at least 2 commercial products obtained from
petroleum including their uses.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

According to the study of Advances in Colloid and Interface Science (2006),
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the liquefied form of petroleum gases
released during the extraction of crude oil and natural gas or during the
refining of crude oil. Liquefied petroleum gas is a hydrocarbon gas that
exists in a liquefied form. LPG is a colorless, low-carbon, and highly efficient
fuel. Supplied in two main forms, propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), LPG
has a range of uses—from providing fuel for leisure parks, crop-drying,
BBQs, heating homes, and much more. Aside from that, in cooking LPG is
very common and beneficial because it fuels culinary appliances such as
gas stovetops, ranges, ovens, and grills, LPG has been a dependable
kitchen partner in many households throughout the world. LPG is very
efficient and has a minimal carbon impact. It is also less expensive and
easier to use, making it a popular fuel choice in many homes and
restaurants. In addendum, LPG is utilized also in agricultural activities such
as irrigation, harvesting, crop drying, weed burning and pest control,
temperature management, and produce processing. It's also utilized in
poultry farming, garbage disposal, and distilling. As a result, LPG is a cost-
effective fuel that aids in the development and sustainability of the
agricultural sector. On the last note, LPG is valuable in manufacturing
because it supplies the energy required to run industrial plants and
processes in a variety of sectors, including chemical, metal, glass, ceramic,
textile, food, and many more. It is a favored energy source since it is less
expensive and has a lesser environmental impact than other fuels. This
precious fuel supply has been critical to the economic success of many
nations.

SOURCES:
• https://www.nexair.com/learning-center/lpg-liquefiedpetroleum-
gasesandtheirusesAgriculture
• http://www.sciencedirect./journal/-advances-in-colloid-and-
interference.combyElsevier

Diesel Fuels
Anchored in the U.S Energy Information Administration (EIA), diesel fuels
are the common term for the distillate fuel oil for use in motor vehicles that
use the compression ignition engine. It is also refined from crude oil and
biomass materials. Furthermore, diesel fuels are complex hydrocarbon
mixtures, containing all the classes of hydrocarbons: paraffin, naphthene,
aromatics, and in small concentrations, olefins.
 Moreover, diesel fuels are essential in almost all industries and can be
used as mechanical engines, power generators, or mobile drives. Apart
from that, diesel fuels are widely used by every mode of transport-rail, sea,
air, and road across every conceivable industry. The majority of the things
we consume are delivered by diesel-powered trucks and trains, and the
majority of construction, farming, and military vehicles and equipment are
likewise powered by diesel engines. Diesel fuel has a wide variety of
performance, efficiency, and safety characteristics as a transportation fuel.
Diesel fuel also has a higher energy density than other liquid fuels, resulting
in more useable energy per unit volume. Moreover, diesel engines are also
less prone to stall than gasoline engines that is why it is utilized to generate
power in diesel engine generators which is used as for backup and
emergency power supply in many industrial sites, huge buildings,
institutional facilities, hospitals, and electric utilities.

SOURCES:
• https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/diesel-fuel/use-of diesel.
farmconstructionequipment%20in%20the%20United%20States.
• http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/diesel-fuel/

b. What environmental problems arise from the use of petroleum products

as fuel?
• According to the noteworthy writer Nivendita Sharma, “Nothing is perfect in
this world, everything has its pros and cons.” This citation is a simple
reminder that everything that we create in this world will always draw a
negative impact not only on us but also on the environment for a reason that
consuming and utilizing petroleum products as fuel will create adverse
effects on the community and surrounding that might tarnish the strong pillar
of our environment. With this, excessive consumption of petroleum products
can create air pollution because transforming crude oil into petrochemicals
releases toxins into the atmosphere that are dangerous for human and
ecosystem health. Apart from that, utilizing petroleum products as fuel can
be an avenue to release CO2, although oil doesn’t produce the same
amount of CO2 that coal burning does, it still contributes greenhouse gases
to the atmosphere and increases global warming. Furthermore, it can also
cause great environmental damage for a reason that large oil spills
sometimes occur during drilling, transport, and use, which of course affect
the surrounding environment for water contamination, detrimental impacts
to soils, surface and ground waters as well as acid rain that leads to the
continued development of climate change across the globe.
c. Importance of studying hydrocarbon in your field (firefighter, police, etc.)
• In my perspective, studying hydrocarbon in my field which is being a police
officer is very significant because it is another key factor that will serve as
an avenue to solve the crime faster as well as to determine who is the real
culprit. For a reason, hydrocarbon is an organic chemical compound of
carbon and hydrogen, are one of the world’s most crucial energy sources.
 With this, if the police officer has ample knowledge about hydrocarbon
surely, he/she can solve the crime as early as possible because through the
different elements and matters he can easily formulate ideas that will
support the investigation of the existing menace that he/she wants to
resolve. Aside from that, hydrocarbons are easily combustible and form an
explosive mixture which is another imperative function of the hydrocarbon
to the police officer because they will be more particular about those
chemicals that leads to exposition such as bombing, ambush, and so on.