MODULE ASSESSMENT

ALCOHOL
1. What is Alcohol?
Anchored from the module, stated that Alcohols are one of the most
important molecules in Organic Chemistry. They can be prepared from many
different types of compounds, and they can be converted into many different
types of compounds. Alcohols are molecules containing the hydroxyl functional
group (-OH) that is bonded to the carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl.
Alcohols also are those organic compounds that are characterized by the
presence of one, two, or more hydroxyl groups (−OH) that are attached to the
carbon atom in an alkyl group or hydrocarbon chain.
2. Give the physical and chemical properties of Alcohol.
• Moored in the module, the physical and chemical properties of Alcohol
are the following:
✓ Color - Colorless
✓ Odor - They have a faint odor (alcoholic odor) except glycerol
which is odorless.
✓ Solubility - Completely miscible with water.
✓ Flammability - Flammable with blue, non-smoky flame.
✓ State - Liquid except for glycerol which is a viscous liquid.
✓ Acid-base Properties - Neutral
✓ Boiling Point of Alcohol (ethanol) - 78.37oc(ethanol)

3. Draw the process of fermentation and distillation. Give an example.

FERMENTATION

EXAMPLE: Ginger Beer

 DISTILLATION

EXAMPLE: Tequila

4. Differentiate proof and Alcohol percent. Give an example.

According to the module, alcohol proof is twice the volume percentage

of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) in an alcoholic beverage. It is a measure of the ethanol
(a specific type of alcohol) content of an alcoholic beverage. It is also a measure
of how much ethanol (alcohol) is present in an alcoholic beverage. Aside from
that, the concept of alcohol proof is still a useful way to describe the strength of
alcoholic beverages. Proof can be used to help you make informed decisions
about how much alcohol to consume. The proof of the liquor is exactly double
that of the alcohol percentage. For example, if you know that a particular liquor
such as vodka is 80-proof, you can be sure that it contains equal to 40%
alcohol. This knowledge can help you pace yourself and avoid becoming
intoxicated more quickly than you intended.
 However, alcohol percent is denoted as the volume of pure alcohol in a
given alcoholic beverage or the degree to which a drink is an ethanol versus
water. Wherein it suggests that the higher the ethanol the higher the alcohol by
volume. In addition, it is also referring to the percentage of a drink that is pure
alcohol which helps to state the alcohol strength of a beverage and it indicates
how a drink will taste. For example, the liquor beer consists of 18 proofs and
applying the alcohol percentage is equivalent to 8%.

5. How can you assess if the person is alcohol intoxicated? (In vehicular
accident settings and/or Emergency settings)

Concerning this situation, there are different ways how to assess if a

person is an alcohol intoxicated in which if a certain individual is under the
influence of alcohol we can evaluate their level of intoxication utilizing an
objective indicator such as a blood test or breathalyzer because some of the
highly tolerant individuals may be intoxicated without showing any of the signs
and symptoms of a person under the influence of alcohol. Meanwhile, there is
also another way of assessing if the person is alcohol intoxicated if there are
unprecedented occurrences such as vehicular accident settings and/or
emergency settings some of these are if the certain person has exaggerated
emotions, slurred speech, amnesia, and a lack of coordination.

6. What are Blood Alcohol Level (BAL) Test, Phosphatidyl ethanol (Peth)
Test, and Breath Alcohol Test? What is their purpose? What is the sample
required? What does the result mean?

Moored in the Grade 8-Health Book, Blood Alcohol Level (BAL) is also
known as Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC), defined as the amount of alcohol
that entered the bloodstream at a certain period or the amount of alcohol
present in our blood as we drink a certain liquor. Wherein the purposes of these
are for legal evidence such as if you’ve been “driving while drunk” that cause a
motor vehicle accident, testing for alcohol poisoning, and monitoring treatment
for alcohol use disorder. When you drink a beverage that contains alcohol,
your stomach, and small intestines rapidly absorb the alcohol and enter it into
your bloodstream that is why this test required blood as the sample to undergo
the test. Whereas, the result mean that .02% to .04% is light-headed, .05% to
.70% is buzzed, .08% to .10% is legally impaired, .11% to .15% is drunk, .16%
to 19% is very drunk, .20% to .24% is dazed and confused, .25% to .30% is
stupor, and .31% to and up is coma.
On the other hand, the Phosphatidyl ethanol (Peth) Test is a highly
specific and modern alcohol testing method for proof of consumption within the
previous four weeks. This is utilized to differentiate social drinking from alcohol
abuse as well as this test provides the best view into past alcohol use and can
determine alcohol use patterns over several weeks. The sample required for
Peth is a blood biomarker as a clinical tool to identify past alcohol consumption
wherein the result in the Peth are evaluated in three levels: <20 ng/ml is light
or no consumption, 20-200 ng.ml is significant consumption, and >200ng/ml is
heavy consumption.
 Lastly, Breath Alcohol Test is commonly called a breathalyzer which
measures blood alcohol content. This is often used by law enforcement to
determine whether you’ve been drinking and driving. In addition, the sample
required in this kind of test is the breath of the person suspected under the
control of alcohol. In which the result means that .02 there is some loss of
judgment, relaxation, and mood changes; .05% lowered inhibitions,
exaggerated behavior, trouble steering the wheel and lowered emergency
response; .08% impaired muscle coordination, focus, and judgment; and .10%
there is the noticeable deterioration of reaction time and control, and slurred
speech.

7. Complete the table below.

a. Effect of Alcohol on the different Organ/Organ Systems

Effects of Alcohol
Liver Excessive alcohol consumption can significantly affect the
liver and contribute to three types of liver disease:
• Excessive buildup of fat in the liver, also known as fatty
liver or hepatic steatosis
• Inflammation of the liver or alcoholic hepatitis
• Replacement of normal liver tissue by scared tissue or
alcohol-related cirrhosis

Central Nervous Some conditions which affect the central nervous system and
System can develop with prolonged alcohol abuse include:
• Dementia
• permanent damage to the brain’s nerve-signal
pathways
• psychosis
• depression and anxiety
• Nerve damage throughout the PNS results in tingling,
burning, pain, numbness, and bowel and bladder
problems.
• The breakdown of muscles causes tenderness and
swelling. The heart muscle is also weakened.
• Brain damage leads to memory loss and Wernicke-
Korsakoff syndrome. WKS causes abnormal eye
movements and double vision. It also causes
confusion and a serious type of amnesia that prevents
the formation of new memories.
• Fetal alcohol syndrome – women who drink heavily
while pregnant harm the nervous systems of their
fetuses which can cause life-long challenges for the
child.
Digestive System Alcohol abuse can cause havoc in every organ of the
digestive system. Some of the most common problems
include:
 • Alcohol increases the risk that people will develop
mouth cancer. It also causes some people to develop
gum disease.

•
Heartburn is frequently caused by excessive alcohol
intake. It does this by relaxing the sphincter that is
there to control the acidic contents of the stomach
from passing into the esophagus. If this fluid makes it
past the sphincter it can be highly irritating to the
esophagus, and this is what causes heartburn.
• Alcohol abuse can damage the lining of the stomach.
This can lead to problems including inflammation of
the stomach – gastritis.
• Alcohol may increase the risk of people developing
stomach cancer, but there is no conclusive proof of
this.
• Alcohol abuse can increase the risk of people
developing small intestine cancers.
• It can cause malabsorption so that the individual is not
absorbing all the nutrients from the food they need.
• It may cause leaky gut syndrome where unwanted
toxins can leak through the intestine into the rest of
the body. These toxins then cause problems and lead
to ill health.
• It can exacerbate irritable bowel syndrome.
• Alcohol can cause both diarrhea and constipation
• Excessive alcohol intake can lead to inflammation of
the pancreas. This is known as pancreatitis and it can
lead to life-threatening complications. It can also
interfere with the ability of digestive system to function
effectively.
Skeletal and Some of the possible effects of alcohol on muscles include:
Muscle System • Alcohol’s effects on the joints and muscles may
extend to arthritis for some people. Arthritis is the
result of inflamed joints and can make movement
painful. While moderate drinking has been found to
reduce the risk of developing arthritis, heavy drinking
can cause more inflammation that may agitate
rheumatoid arthritis and gout.
• A possible long-term effect of alcohol on the muscular
system is type II muscle fiber atrophy. Type II muscle
fibers are considered anaerobic fast-twitch muscle
fibers. They are used for faster reactions but fatigue
easily. Atrophy is the gradual decrease in muscle
mass and strength that can make movements harder.
In one study of chronic alcoholics, 33% of them had
type II muscle fiber atrophy. This condition can lead to
noticeably impaired movements, especially after an
extended time of alcohol abuse.
 • Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscles.
Because of alcohol’s effects on muscle tissues, one of
the major causes of rhabdomyolysis is chronic alcohol
use. In one study, as many as 67% of nontraumatic
rhabdomyolysis cases involved alcohol. Not only does
it leave a person weak, but this condition also includes
the release of myoglobin, a damaging protein, into the
bloodstream that can harm the kidneys. Early
detection of rhabdomyolysis can minimize the
damage.
Immune System Side Effects Alcohol Has on Your Immune System:
• It can change your gut microbiota.
• Your likelihood of developing alcoholic liver disease
increases.
• It could make you susceptible to pneumonia.
• It could impair wound healing.
• Worsen your cold

Cardiovascular • The cardiovascular effects of alcohol like increased

System blood pressure, increased heart rate, abnormal heart
rhythm, and weakened heart muscle all contribute to
an increased clot risk. These risk factors can lead to
two kinds of events that encourage clot formation in
the veins: damage to the vessels and stagnant blood.
• Data from numerous epidemiologic studies over the
last two decades have revealed complex associations
between alcohol use and cardiovascular (CV)
conditions such as hypertension (HTN), coronary
heart disease (CHD), stroke, peripheral arterial
disease (PAD), and cardiomyopathy.
Psychological • Alcohol numbs your emotions making you feel excited
Effect and not very lonely. You are less irritated, time passes
by faster and you feel relieved. But this is temporary.
Once the alcohol wears off, the problems come right
back. In the long run, alcohol may cause depression.
For most people, depression symptoms reduce once
stop drinking. Depression can be treated with therapy
or medication.
• Psychological effects of alcohol also include
aggression. Normally, people develop inhibitions to
keep their behavior towards each other civilized.
However, these inhibitions are no longer present
when you are affected by alcohol. Indulging in alcohol
may lead to outbursts of aggression, which helps to
explain the connection between alcohol and domestic
violence.
• Self-harm and suicide are some of the psychological
effects of alcohol. People tend to lose their inhibitions
after taking alcohol leading to actions that could not
 have happened if they remained sober. People could
harm themselves or even commit suicide.
• Psychosis can be caused by extreme drinking which
involves taking more than 30 units of alcohol a day for
several weeks. Psychosis is a severe mental illness
where one develops hallucinations and delusions of
persecution. Heavy drinkers who suddenly stop
drinking can develop psychotic symptoms associated
with a condition called delirium tremens.
C.
STRUCTURAL FORMULA IUPAC NAME CLASSIFICATION OF
ALCOHOL (PRIMARY,
SECONDARY, AND
TERTIARY)
2 – methylpropane – 1 Primary
– ol

1-ethylethan – 2 – ol Secondary

Ethanol Primary

1,1 – dimethylethan – Tertiary

1 – ol

SOURCES:
• https://recoveringchampions.com/alcohol/affect-cns/
• https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-
health/effects-of-alcohol-on-your-health-and-liver
• https://alcoholrehab.com/alcoholism/effects/alcohol-effects-on-the-digestive-
system/
• https://chennailiverfoundation.org/liver/effects-of-alcohol-on-the-liver-2/
• The Effects of Alcohol on Muscles & Joints - Banyan Heartland (banyantreatmentcenter.com)
 MODULE ASSESSMENT
KETONES and ALDEHYDES
1. Compare and contrast aldehydes and ketones. Discuss their functional
group.
According to the module, the aldehyde has only carbon and hydrogen
atoms bonded to the carbonyl group and it has at least one H atom bonded to
the carbonyl group also. The chemical formula of aldehyde is R-CHO where
the carbon atom is double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to hydrogen
and R or an alkyl group. This organic compound is named by using the suffix –
al and it is more reactive than ketones. Aside from that, the aldehydes are more
natural to undergo oxidation because of their hydrogen atom in one of its sides.
The aldehydes form when the primary alcohol compounds are oxidized and can
be removed from the mixture via distillation before it forms carboxylic acid. In
addition, in the case of the aldehydes functional group, it is all compounds with
the formula R–CHO. Here, –CHO is the functional group and R is either a
hydrogen atom or a carbon chain. The functional group of aldehydes is
composed of a carbonyl group (C=O) linked to a hydrogen atom. The electrons
of the carbonyl group are pulled closer to oxygen than carbon, resulting in an
electric dipole moment.
Meanwhile, ketones as defined in the reference it has two alkyl groups
bonded to the carbonyl group. Ketone also is a class of organic compounds
that are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (CO) as a functional
group and its nomenclature is named by using the suffix – one. Apart from that,
the ketones are less reactive to the oxidation process since it lacks the
Hydrogen atom, unlike the aldehydes. But once they're exposed to overheating,
they can be oxidized with powerful oxidizing agents. Ketones are organic
compounds having the carbonyl group C=0 and have alkyl groups on both
sides. They are represented in the form of R-(C=0)-R', where R and R' are alkyl
groups, present on the left and right sides of the compound. They occur in the
middle of a Carbon chain because of the presence of alkyl on both ends. The
IUPAC approves the naming of ketones with the suffix 'one' like acetone, and
pentanone, and can undergo reduction to yield respective alcohols. They are
generally used as industrial solvents across many manufacturing processes.

2. Discuss the physical properties of ketones and aldehydes.

Physical properties are one of the characteristics that we can foresee in
any kind of organic compound. With this, the physical state of ketone and
aldehyde is that methanal is a pungent-smelling gas. Aldehydes and Ketones
contain up to eleven carbon atoms and are colorless liquids while higher
members are solids. On the other note, except for the lower carbon aldehydes,
which have unpleasant odors, all other aldehydes and ketones generally have
a pleasant smell. As the size of the aldehyde and ketone molecules increases,
the odor becomes less pungent and more fragrant. Many naturally occurring
aldehydes and ketones have been used in the blending of perfumes and
flavoring agents. In the means of solubility, the aldehydes and ketones with up
to 4 carbon atoms are miscible in water because of the presence of hydrogen
bonding between the polar carbonyl group and water molecules.
 The solubility of aldehydes and ketones decreases by increasing the
length of the alkyl chain. All aldehydes and ketones are fairly soluble in
organic solvents and ketones are good solvents themselves. On the other
hand, the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than those of non-
polar compounds (hydrocarbons) or weakly polar compounds of comparable
molecular masses. However, their boiling point is lower than those of
corresponding alcohols or carboxylic acids. This is because aldehydes and
ketones are polar compounds having sufficient intermolecular (between the
molecules) dipole-dipole interactions between the opposite ends of carbonyl
dipoles.

3. Discuss the Reactions of aldehydes and ketones with alcohols.

Aldehydes react with one molecule of monohydric alcohol in the
presence of dry hydrogen chloride to yield an alkoxy alcohol intermediate.
This intermediate is known as hemiacetals, which react with one more
alcohol molecule to give a gem-dialkoxy compound known as acetal.
However, ketones react with ethylene glycol in the presence of dry hydrogen
chloride to form cyclic products known as ethylene glycol ketals. Dry
hydrogen chloride protonates the oxygen of the carbonyl group, which in
turn increases the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon. This facilitates the
nucleophilic attack of ethylene glycol. Both acetals and ketals are
hydrolyzed with aqueous mineral acids to yield corresponding aldehydes
and ketones, respectively.