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Gjkmpeqntcm lkz ’njuj egh. 9.
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Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf øÈÓ ø‰ÓV ‰„ÈÁÈ
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ghjbpyjcbncz rfr ukfcysq pder b j,jpyfxftncz pyfrjv Ø.
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Cjukfcyst ÌÈ¯ÂˆÈÚ
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vfhufhb́yf ‰È¯‚¯Ó ./ ukblf´ ‰„ÈÏ‚
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itkm Ï˘ ¸ lt́utkm Ï‚„ II
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it́vti ˘Ó˘ ¸ hbytt́ ‰È‰ «
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11
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Ghjxnbnt bvtyf d rjkjyrt 1 b gjl,thbnt r ybv hbave/obtcz bvtyf bp rjkjyrb 2.
≤ ±

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Ghjxnbnt ve;crbt b ;tycrbt bvtyf b pfgbibnt b[ d ldf jnltkmys[ cgbcrf.
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Pyfr j,jpyfxftn ckjdj. Æ‰ÏÈÓ ‚ˆÈÈÓ ÔÓÈÒ‰

Pyfr j,jpyfxftn yjkm. ÆÒÙ‡ ‚ˆÈÈÓ ÔÓÈÒ‰
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15
Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz. ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®·
Ym/-Qjhr WWW Ujkkfylbz WWW
Gthe WWW
WWW
Vtrcbrf WWW
Ijnkfylbz WWW
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II
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WWW Fvthbrf WWW

Fhutynbyf
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∫˙¯ÓÂ‡ ‰„Â„‰ ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡
Crf;bnt> xnj ujdjhbn ntnz% JWWWU

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c
h c
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ÆÌ˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ¨Â‡¯˜ ®·
Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz> crf;bnt b[ b yfgbibnt.
øÔÈÈ‰ ÔÈ‡Ó
WWWQ\ WWWQZ
WWWQ] WWWQ[ WWW :‫דוגמה‬

ÔBYÈ ‰ÈÏ
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· ∫ÏÚ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Q
Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs j UUU· b jndtnmnt yf yb[.
h :‫דוגמה‬
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fi ‚œ Æ±∞
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18
Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le lbfkjufvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Æ±±
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Õ
hU c Q
WW³/

c
hU c Q
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hU c Q
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c Q
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Ã ‚ŒœÓ È‡
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II
I
19
Yfgbibnt d ye;yjq ajhvt - ve;crjuj bkb ;tycrjuj hjlf. Æ‰·˜‰ ˙‡ Â‡ ¯ÎÊ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±≤
Æ Æ Ø ÆÊ ÆÊ
;.h. ;.h.#v.h. v.h.
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Ghjxnbnt bvtyf d cnjk,wt 1 b yfqlbnt cjjndtncnde/obt evtymibntkmyst
bvtyf d cnjk,wt 2.
≤ ±
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¿
x
x

¹

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II

¿ /
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20
Crf;bnt> xnj ds dblbnt yf hbceyrf[. Æ‰ÂÓ˙· ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ Æ±¥
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Ds,thbnt yfpdfybt cnhfys bp cgbcrf> gjrf;bnt akfu ‘njq cnhfys b yfpjdbnt tt%
/
³
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º
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II
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Yfhbceqnt b crf;bnt. ∫Â¯Ó‡Â Â¯ÈÈˆ Q
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Yfgbibnt gbcmvtyyst ,erds> rjnjhst ds pyftnt. ÆÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡˘ ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±∂
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U
U ³ UVUV
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U5UV
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22

Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf Xfcnbws Ceotcndbntkmyst
Jnrelf* h

WWW
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¹ UQWR

bp WWWXWWW
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¿

!hjlbntkmysq gflt;@ ¸ vjhj;tyjt QWR

akfu#b UQWR

ujhf QWR

Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz vfkmxbr> ht,tyjr> ltnb UQWR
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ltdjxrf#b kUQWR
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gtcyz # cnb[jndjhtybt QWR
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Ujhjlf Cnhfys
cjkywt QWR

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Ytnfybz ³
¶ Bhkfylbz /
exfobqcz QWR

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Fyukbz !extybr> extybwf@
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Bjhlfybz /ª Hfpyjt
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Vjhajkjubz% U c
Tlbycndtyyjt xbckj ceotcndbntkmyjuj - ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl
Ghbvths% ‰„ÈÓÏ˙ ¨„ÈÓÏ˙ :‫דוגמה‬
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V QZ

D cjdhtvtyyjv bphfbkmcrjv bdhbnt gjldb;yjt $idf$ ghjbpyjcbncz ldjzrbv j,hfpjv%
c yektdsv ukfcysv pderjv% ukblf Vc Q
c rhfnrbv ukfcysv $t$% Ytnfybz Vc
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b cktle/ofz ,erdf
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Yfghbvth% c
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jukfcjdrjq $wtht$.
Yfghbvth% c
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Xnj,s eghjcnbnm ntve jghtltktyyjuj fhnbrkz> pltcm ghtlcnfdktyf njkmrj tuj yfb,jktt
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24
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V
Â V
V
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n
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V
V
k Ukfcyst ˙ÂÚÂ˙
o
Â

Ckjdfhm ÌÈÏÈÓ
´
blbi ˘È„ÈÈ j «‡ k
kj ‡Ï i ’´ kt ‰Ï‡
kthbnhfjn
´ ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï k* º ´
fntv Ì˙‡ ¸
´
kjvtl „ÓÂÏ k ´
fnty Ô˙‡ ¸
´
kt[tv ÌÁÏ ´
fyukbn ˙ÈÏ‚‡
´
kbvjy ÔÂÓÈÏ k ufh ¯‚
´ vjhf´
vjht> ‰¯ÂÓ ¨‰¯ÂÓ *kU-k ´
uthvfybn ˙ÈÓ¯‚ /
´
vfqjytp ÊÂÈÓ k
htv Ì‰
‰„ÈÁÈ ´
vtkf[ ÁÏÓ hty Ô‰
III
II
I ´
vtynf ‰ËÓ dt... ÆÆÆÂ WWW®
k+ k
´
hflbj ÂÈ„¯ ´
dblt´j «‡„ÈÂ
´
hjvfybn ˙ÈÓÂ¯ k pj́n ˙‡Ê Â
´
ifkjv ÌÂÏ˘ k ¿ pt ‰Ê
ifh ¯˘ ¿ pjjkjubz ‰È‚ÂÏÂ‡ÂÊ ³kkk

njlf´ ‰„Â k [fkf´ ‰ÏÁ
´
ntktdbpbz ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË ³

´
!‘nj yjhvfnbdyjt elfhtybt> d hfpujdjhyjv bdhbnt% [fkf@
25
‫ח‬ ‫ו‬
‫ז‬
.I
![tn@ [ f !dfd@ d f
Ë
!ntn@ n f !pfby@ p f
Â
‫ז‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ט‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ח‬
‫ז‬
Æ±
® ª

Q

«
³

³

Q
®±
ÆÆÆ Â½
‰„ÈÁÈ
III
26
Æ‰Â˙ÁÏ ˙ÂÓÊ‰· ÌÈ¯ÒÁ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ˙‡ ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ≤
Bcgjkmpeqnt cktle/obt bvtyf> xnj,s pfgjkybnm ghbukfitybz yf cdflm,e.

³

‰Ï‡¯˘È
Â

Â Ô@
:‫דוגמה‬
Â „ÈÂ„
³
²
Â Ï‡È„
Â ÏË
Ã
‰²ÂÈœÊÂ
‫ח‬ ‫ח‬ Â Ê ‫ח‬ Ë .II
‫ז‬ Ë Á Ê Â ‫ז‬
‫ט‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ו‬
‫ח‬ ‫ט‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ט‬ ‫ח‬

‰„ÈÁÈ Æ≥
III
II
I
¨ ¨
¨ ¨
¨ ¨
¨ ¨
27
ÆÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ Æ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ Â·˙ÎÂ ‰ÙÓ· ÂÏÎ˙Ò‰
x
º Qa
.
Q^

¹
QZ
Qb
* Q_
.
Q[

¿
QZY

¶
Q` º
Q\
.
Q]
Gjcvjnhbnt yf rfhne. Gjvtcnbnt yf rfhne

utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz bp cgbcrf> bcgjkmpez
cjjndtncnde/obt ‘nbv yfpdfybzv wbahs.
Æ∏ ÌÁŒÏŒ
Æμ
Æ±∞
˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÓ
Æ∂
Æ≤ ¢ıW‡
fi fi‰ ÔœÓ ÌÁ
Œ ŒÏ ‡Èˆ«n
œ ‰¢
Ã
Æ∑ Q R
Æ± Æ≥
Æπ
‰„ÈÁÈ
III
Æ¥ ÌÁÏ‰ ÏÚ ‰Î¯·
28
k .III
o Â

kkkk
Â Â kk Â kk Q Æ¥
k1kkkk
Â Â ki
¨Â‚ ¨Â‡
‡ÏUi Q
ÔÂÓÈÏUk
ÊÂÈÓUk

‰¯ÂÓU-k
°ÌÂÏ˘
;.h. Æ v.h. ÆÊ
˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï

Â
°‰„Â˙
Lj,fdmnt ceotcndbntkmyst. ÆÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ Æμ

‰„ÈÁÈ
III
II
I ‰Ê ˙‡Ê
ÌÁÏ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË
Q]]R ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÓ
29
ø‰WÂÓ ‰Ê Æ∂
hV Q h V Q
W UV WW UV
hV Q hV Q
WUV WV
Æ∑
W V h Q ÆÆÆ‰Ê
W V ø‰Ê ‰Ó
ÆÆÆ˙‡Ê
hUV Q
hUV Q
WWUV
UV
Æ∏
ÆÆÆ‰Ê
W V hV Q ø‰Ê ÈÓ
ÆÆÆ˙‡Ê ø˙‡Ê ÈÓ
W V hV Q
Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> rfr gjrfpfyj d ghbvtht. Æ‰Ó‚Â„· ÂÓÎ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰

k+k

-kk
k ‰„ÈÁÈ
:‫דוגמה‬
WU U III
WWWUU QZ
WWWUU Q[
WWWU U Q\
WWWUU Q]
WWWU U Q^
WWWU U Q_
30
k®® Æπ
k

¶
¶

k
k

kk.k
Æ Æ Ø ÆÊ ÆÊ ;.h. Æ v.h. ÆÊ
;.h. ;.h.#v.h. v.h.
tl.x. ÆÈ
tl.x. ÆÈ
vy. x. Æ¯
˙«„ÈÓ
œ ÏŸ˙
× ÌÈDÈÓœ ÏŸ˙
×
‰ÏŒ‡
Õ vy. x. Æ¯
˙« ÌÈ
ø‰Ï‡ ÈÓ Æ±∞
W1

¸ V
Â ø‰Ï‡ ÈÓ Q
ÌÈDÏfiÈ½ Q
h¿khV
W UUV

Ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz gjl[jlzobvb

erfpfntkmysvb vtcnjbvtybzvb.
‰Ï‡ Â‡ ˙‡Ê ¨‰Ê ≠ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ±±
W‰Ï‡W ˙‡Ê W ‰Ê :‫דוגמה‬

W_________Q_ W- _________QZ
W _________Q` W_________Q[
‰„ÈÁÈ W _________Qa W _________Q\
III
II
I Wx _________Qb W_______ U_________Q]
W_________Q^
Æ±≤
W h Q
W
31
Æ‰·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ø‰Ê ‰Ó Â‡ ø‰Ï‡ ÈÓ ø˙‡Ê ÈÓ ø‰Ê ÈÓ ≠ ‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Q
Pflfqnt djghjcs hhhh
bkb b jndtnmnt yf yb[.
______________________
______________________ h
______________
h :‫דוגמה‬
W
__________________
__________________
______________________
______________________
h
______________ ‰„ÈÁÈ
III
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
32
ÆÌÈ·¯‰ ˙‡ Â‡ „ÈÁÈ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±≥
Yfgbibnt ajhve tlbycndtyyjuj bkb vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf.
vy. x. Æ¯ tl.x. ÆÈ
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
øÌ˙‡ ÈÓ Æ±¥
;.h. ;.h.#v.h. v.h. Q

tl.x. ÆÈ

Ô˙‡Ã Ì˙‡
Ã
vy. x. Æ¯
Ô‰ Õ Ì‰ Õ
‰„ÈÁÈ
III
II
I
33
‰„ÈÁÈ
III
Æ˙ÂÈ„Ó‰Â ÌÈ˘‡‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ¨ÛÂ‚‰ ÈÈÂÈÎ ˙‡ ÂÙÈÏÁ‰ ª˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®·

Bycwtybheqnt gj[j;bt lbfkjub& bpvtybnt kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz> bvtyf k/ltq
b cnhfys.
34
øÌ˘ ¯‚ ÈÓ Æ±μ
Æ
;.h. v.h. ÆÊ ®≤ h
¿ Q
‰Tfi‚ ¯‚fi hw
‰ h*
‰T'˘ ‰ÈË Q
J
c
JJ c
h c
WWW c
‰„ÈÁÈ
III
II
I
ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· ®‡ Æ±∂

Ds,thbnt gjl[jlzobq ukfujk b ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz.
X W‰¯˘ :‫דוגמה‬

X W__________QZ
X WWW

__________Q[
X W___________ Q\
35
ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ‰ÂÎ‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙¯Âˆ ˙‡ Â¯Á· ®·
Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmye/ ajhve ukfujkf b ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz.
X X
W______U______U______U______U______U______U¯‚
W______U______U______U______U______U______U
˙„ÓÂÏ ¨„ÓÂÏ ®‡ Æ±∑
W k
Æ
;.h. ÆÊ
v.h.
˙CŒÓ«Ï „ÕÓ«Ï
˙
« «
W k

Wk
Wk
‰„ÈÁÈ
III
ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ˙„ÓÂÏ Ø „ÓÂÏ Â¯Á· ®·
Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmye/ ajhve ukfujkf b ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz.
W„ÓÂÏ „ÈÂ„V :‫דוגמה‬

W______W______W______W______ W______
W______W______W______W______
36
‫‡‪ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó ‰ÂÓ˘ Â·˙Î ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‬‬ ‫∏‪Æ±‬‬
‫‪Crf;bnt rfr vj;yj ,jkmit ghtlkj;tybq. Yfgbibnt djctvm ghtlkj;tybq.‬‬
‫‪ø‰Ó‬‬ ‫‪ÈÓ‬‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫‪*k‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‬
‫‪³kkk‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‬
‫ ¸‬
‫‪Â‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫¿‬
‫‪/‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫ ‪W‬‬ ‫דוגמה‪:‬‬

‫‡®‬ ‫‪Æ±π‬‬
‫˘‪°ÌÂÏ˘ ÌÂÏ‬‬
‫שלום‪.‬‬ ‫אהרן‪:‬‬
‫שלום‪ .‬אתה אהרן לוי?‬ ‫דויד‪:‬‬
‫לא‪ ,‬אני אהרן גוֹנן‪.‬‬ ‫אהרן‪:‬‬
‫אתה לומד זואולוגיה?‬ ‫דויד‪:‬‬
‫לא‪ ,‬אני לומד יידיש‪ .‬ואתה?‬ ‫אהרן‪:‬‬
‫אני מורה‪ .‬אתה מישראל?‬ ‫דויד‪:‬‬
‫לא‪ ,‬אני מאנגליה‪ ,‬מלונדון‪ .‬גם אתה מאנגליה?‬ ‫אהרן‪:‬‬
‫‪‰„ÈÁÈ‬‬ ‫לא‪ ,‬אני מטורונטו‪.‬‬ ‫דויד‪:‬‬
‫‪III‬‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫להתראות‪.‬‬ ‫אהרן‪:‬‬
‫שלום שלום‪ ,‬להתראות‪.‬‬ ‫דויד‪:‬‬
‫‪‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú‬‬
‫\‪h Q‬‬ ‫‪h QZ‬‬

‫]‪h Q‬‬ ‫[‪hQ‬‬
‫‪‰È„Ï ‰˘Â˘ ÔÈ· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰‬‬ ‫·®‬

‫ ‪Bycwtybheqnt gj[j;bq lbfkju vt;le‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
Æ˙„ÓÂÏ ‰ÂÁ ‰ÓÂ „ÓÂÏ Ì„‡ ‰Ó ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ Æ≤∞
D cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbzvb% crf;bnt> xnj bpexftn
b xnj bpexftn .
Æ˙ÈÏ‚‡ ˙„ÓÂÏ ‰ÂÁ :‫דוגמה‬
‰„ÈÁÈ
III
h wV
·
UV
38
Yfgbibnt gbcmvtyyst ,erds> rjnjhst ds pyftnt. ÆÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡˘ ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±π
UVUV ³ UVUV
UV
U5UV
UEU
U3
UlUVUV
U?UVkUVUV

‰„ÈÁÈ
III
II
I V UV
¿ ¹ UV, UkU
39

Ukfujks Xfcnbws

Ceotcndbntkmyst
ghj;bdftn bkb k fyukbqcrbq zpsr QYWWR

bpexftn k b WWW® ytvtwrbq zpsr QYWWR/

gjtn
¿ [fkf ![kt,@ QWR

blbi QYWR
[kt, QWR

Kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz kbvjy QWRk

exbntkm#ybwf QWR*kUQWR-k
ds QWWR
¸
cjkm QYWWR

ds QWWR
¸
hevsycrbq zpsr QYWWRk
jyb QWWR

jyb QWWR

Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz

Ujhjlf Lheubt
Erfpfntkmyst vtcnjbvtybz
Lbvjyf k Ujkfys k

‘njn> ‘nj QWR
Njhjynj kkk Vthndjt vjht
ª
‘nf QWRÂ
Qthb[j k.®
‘nb QWWWR

Kjyljy kk

‰„ÈÁÈ
III
Hfpyjt Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
ytn i dbltj QYWWRk

lj cdblfybz KJk*º
pjjkjubz QYWWR³kkk
plhfdcndeqnt # lj cdblfybz Kk ¿ ntktdbpjh QWR³

cgfcb,j Kk vfqjytp QYWWRk
vznf QYWWR
hflbj QYWWRk+
40
Vjhajkjubz% vyj;tcndtyyjt xbckj t U c
ceotcndbntkmyjuj - ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl
Ghbvth% ˙Â„ÈÓÏ˙ ¨ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ :‫דוגמה‬
UU U KUQERc
Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E)
> rjhyb nbgf K> yfcnjzott dhtvz>
tlbycndtyyjt xbckj> ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl
Ghbvth% ‰¯‚ ¨¯‚ :‫דוגמה‬

V UU UUQER

Vjltkm cghz;tybz gffkm (E)> $wtkst$ rjhyb *> yfcnjzott dhtvz>
tlbycndtyyjt xbckj> ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl
Ghbvth% ˙„ÓÂÏ ¨„ÓÂÏ :‫דוגמה‬
Cbynfrcbc% endthlbntkmyst b jnhbwfntkmyst QR c
bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz !ghjljk;tybt@
Ghbvth% ÆÔÂÓÈÏ ®‡Ï© ‰Ê :‫דוגמה‬
Endthlbntkmyst b djghjcbntkmyst
ukfujkmyst ghtlkj;tybz
Ghbvth% Æ˘È„ÈÈ ˙„ÓÂÏ ®‡Ï© ˙‡ Æ„ÓÂÏ ®‡Ï© È‡ :‫דוגמה‬
Cjtlbybntkmyfz xfcnbwf $dfd$ - m® V
Erfpfntkmyst vtcnjbvtybz - UUV
Hfpyjt% Yfpdfybz zpsrjd -

Ghbvth% ˘È„ÈÈ ¨˙ÈÓÂ¯ ¨˙ÈÓ¯‚ ¨˙ÈÏ‚‡ :‫דוגמה‬
WWWW V QZ

‰„ÈÁÈ Xnj,s eghjcnbnm djghjc j cjtlbybntkmyjq xfcnbwt $dfd$> d yfcnjzotv hfpltkt
III
II
I ghtlcnfdktyf njkmrj tt yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyyfz jukfcjdrf.
W U UVQ[

Tckb ukfujk cktletn pf djghjcbntkmysv ckjdjv > nj jy j,sxyj

egjnht,kztncz d ve;crjv hjlt b tlbycndtyyjv xbckt> lf;t tckb jndtn lftncz
d ;tycrjv hjlt bkb vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt.
ÆÌ˘ ‰¯‚ ‰¯˘ øÌ˘ ¯‚ ÈÓc
*Jcj,tyyjcnm $wtks[$ !yf bdhbnt $iktvbv$@ rjhytq cjcnjbn d njv> xnj rf;lfz bp nht[
cjukfcys[ rjhytds[ ajytv xtnrj ghjzdkztncz d k/,jq bp ceotcnde/ob[ ajhv cghz;tybz>
ybrjulf ghb ‘njv yt $ghjgflfz$ b yt vtyzzcm d cvsckt ghjbpyjitybz.
41
˙È· ÛÏ‡‰ ¥ ‰„ÈÁÈ
‫ע‬
‫ ˜צ ס‬ı
Cjukfcyst
c V Ò V
´ V Ú V
ÌÈ¯ÂˆÈÚ
‫ץ ק‬ ‫ע‬ Ò
‫ק‬
w V ı V ¨ˆ V
‫צ‬ ‫צ צ‬
r V ˜ V
l
e

Ckjdfhm ÌÈÏÈÓ
´
vfntvfnbrf ‰˜ÈËÓ˙Ó · j-rtq ÈÈ˜ Â‡ "k
´ vtjl
yfbv ´ „Â‡Ó ÌÈÚ k
´
ekfq ÈÏÂ‡ l

´
cneltyn> cneltynbn ˙ÈË„ÂËÒ ¨Ë„ÂËÒ lU
l ‘ktrnhjybrf ‰˜ÈÂ¯Ë˜Ï‡ k
%
´
cfkfn ËÏÒ ´
fyf[ye
´
ÂÁ‡ l
ckb[f´ ‰ÁÈÏÒ ‘htw ı¯‡ - ‰„ÈÁÈ
´
cthtn Ë¯Ò - he ‡Â‰ l IV
l WWW
euf´ ‰‚ÂÚ kt... ÆÆÆÏ

jct´ ‰˘ÂÚ xk
¸ ´
ktfy øÔ‡Ï h
jct´ [fbv
´ ÌÈÈÁ ‰˘ÂÚ xk ¸ Vf ybivf øÚÓ˘ ‰Ó h

º
bh ¯ÈÚ vbw ıÈÓ
bv ÌÚ ´
vtweqzy ÔÈÂˆÓ l
³
vbcflf´ ‰„ÚÒÓ
42
´
hecbn ˙ÈÒÂ¯ l rjvveybrfwbz ‰Èˆ˜ÈÂÓÂ˜ ³!
lk

hjwt´ ‰ˆÂ¯ k rjywthn Ë¯ˆÂ˜ /k

hfr ˜¯ + rjrf rjkf ‰ÏÂ˜ ‰˜Â˜ k k
´
hfr htuf Ú‚¯ ˜¯ -+
rbjcr ˜ÒÂÈ˜ k%

´
ijrjkfl „ÏÂ˜Â˘ kk rwfn ˙ˆ˜ %
ijn’´ ‰˙Â˘ k
¸ ´
htuf Ú‚¯ -
‫צ‬ ‫ס‬
.I
ı !cfvt[@ c
!fqby@ ´
f
f

‫צ‬
˜ !wflb cjabn@ w f ‫ץ‬
‫ס‬ !wflb@ w f
‫צ‬ ‫ע‬ !rfd@ r f
‫ע‬
‫ק‬
Æ±
k
$
!
k Q
#
k
$k
Q Q
³
k
‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
I
W

a UÚ
<erdf Ú yt ghjbpyjcbncz b yt gjkexftncz ybrfrjq
jukfcjdrb> tckb tq ghtlitcndetn ukfcyfz f.
Ghbvth% h :‫דוגמה‬
43
Ú‚¯ ˜¯
Wk-
∫Â¯Ó‡Â Â‡¯˜ Æ≤
k.®/ªkkkk%k
³
k
³ /

³
/
Q
·³#+
³
¶ k
%

+k
k*
xº
W :‫דוגמה‬
W
øÔÂÓÈÏ ıÈÓ ‰ˆÂ¯ ‰˙‡ ¨ÔÂÈˆ Æ≥
h UkV
W U UV
?‫ את רוצָ ה סלט‬,‫ ציוֹנה‬-

.‫ אני רוצה שוֹקוֹלד‬.‫ תודה‬,‫ לא‬-
h UV ‰„ÈÁÈ

W UkV IV
;.h. Æ v.h.ÆÊ
‰fiˆ«¯ ‰ˆ«¯
Œ ÌÚœ
‰ « ‰ «
44
‰Ï‡ ÌÈ¯ÂË· ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ÔÓ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ ÌÎÂˆ¯Î Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Æ¥
Cjcnfdmnt djghjcs gentv gjl,jhf cjjndtncnde/ob[ ckjd d lde[ cnjk,wf[.
ÔÂÈˆ Ï˘ ‰@fiÚÒ
Ÿ Ó
œ ‰
Ã

➠ X

h Vh :‫דוגמה‬
®·
Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚
h h

h h
J,dtlbnt rhe;rjv ctvfybxtcrb xe;thjlyjt ckjdj. ÆÍÈÈ˘ ‡Ï ‰Ó ÏÂ‚ÈÚ· ÂÓÒ ®‡ Æμ
‰„ÈÁÈ
XX X :‫דוגמה‬
IV
I
XX X Q_ X X X QZ

XX X Q` XXXw Q[
XXX Qa XXX Q\
XXX Qb X XX Q]
XXX QZY XX X Q^
45
‫צ‬ ‫ס‬ Ú ı ‫צ‬ ˜ .II
‫ץ‬ ˜ ı ˆ Ú Ò ‫צ‬
‫ק‬ ‫ץ‬ ‫צ‬ ‫ע‬ ‫ס‬

‫ץ‬ ‫ע‬ ‫ס‬ ‫ע‬ ‫ק‬
®‡ Æ∂
¨ ¨
¨ ¨
¨ ¨
¨ ¨
¨ ¨
˜¯ÈÚU* Q
ÌÈ¯ˆÓU+

Â˜ÈÒ˜ÓUk%

ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Æ∑

‰„ÈÁÈ
Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmysq ukfujk b yfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz.
Æ˙„ÓÂÏ Â‡ „ÓÂÏ ¨‰ˆ«¯
fi ¨‰ˆ«¯
Œ ¨‰˙«˘
' ¨‰˙«˘

IV
W‰˙Â˘ :‫דוגמה‬
W_____________ QZ
W___________ Q[
W ___________ Q\
W _________ Q]
W ___________ Q^
46
øÔ‡Ï ®‡ Æ∏
®± ÆÆÆÏŸ øÔ‡
fi ÏŸ
‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
I
47
h ‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®·
h h
WWW h h h
48
Ljgjkybnt lbfkjub> bcgjkmpez cktle/obt ckjdf b ahfps. Æ˙ÂÁÈ˘· ÌÈÈÂËÈ·‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ Æ±≥
ÌÂÏ˘ ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï ÚÓ˘ ‰Ó Ú‚¯ ˜¯ „Â‡Ó ÌÈÚ ‰„Â˙ ‰ÁÈÏÒ
W V Q
W____________V
W„Â‡Ó ÌÈÚUV
W U V
hV Q
WV
W____________UV
W V Q
W______________V
h V Q
hV
W__________U UV
W V
hU V Q
WV
‰„ÈÁÈ W___________U V
IV
I
hUV Q
hU V
h U V
WV
W___________V
49
.III
l
e

Æ±∞
lllll0ll Q
llll l
l
¿ ® Q
l
l

Kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz. ÆÛÂ‚‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ®‡ Æ±±
;.h. ;.h.#v.h. v.h.
tl.x. ÆÈ

‡»‰
»Á
Ÿ Ã‡
⁄
Ô˙‡ Ì˙‡ vy. x. Æ¯
Ô‰ Ì‰ ‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
50
ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ÛÂ‚‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®·
Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ghfdbkmyst kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz.
W __________W QZ

W _________W Q[
W ___________W Q\
W__________W Q]
W __________W Q^
h V Q_
W __________V
h________UV Q`
WV
h ___________U V Qa
W UV
h ____________U V Qb
W UV
h__________UV QZY
W
³ V

tl.x. ÆÈ
˙«¯‚fi ÌÈX‚fi
vy. x. Æ¯
˙« ÌÈ
øÌ˘ ¯‚ ÈÓ ®‡ Æ±≤
hV
W
h V
tl.x. ÆÈ Wl
V

˙«„Ó«Ï
Ÿ ÌÈDÓ«Ï
Ÿ
vy. x. Æ¯ øÌÈDÓ«Ï
Ÿ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ®·
˙« «
ÌÈ
«
‰„ÈÁÈ hU c
IV
I W U c
h c
U c

W
h c
W U c
h
51
Æ®· ±≤≠Ï ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®‚
Bycwtybheqnt lbfkjub> gj[j;bt yf lbfkjub d 12 ! > bcgjkmpez lheubt bvtyf b
ckjdf> rfr gjrfpfyj yb;t%
Dvtcnj% UU U ∫ÌÂ˜Ó· QZ

Crf;bnt% UUlU
¹ ∫Â¯Ó‡
Dvtcnj% U ∫ÌÂ˜Ó· Q[
Crf;bnt% W U ∫Â¯Ó‡
øÌÈ¯˘ Ì‰ ‰Ó ®‡ Æ±≥
hW c
W Ul
³ c
h c
W c
h c
W W c
Æ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®·

Bycwtybheqnt gj[j;bq lbfkju> bcgjkmpez
lheubt bvtyf.
‰„ÈÁÈ
Dvtcnj% UU U ∫ÌÂ˜Ó·
Crf;bnt% UUlU
¹ ∫Â¯Ó‡
IV
52
ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ¨˙Â‚ÂÊ· Â‡¯˜ Æ±¥
Ghjxnbnt cktle/ott eghf;ytybt dvtcnt c lheubv extybrjv> pflfqnt lheu lheue
djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[.
ÏÚÕÈ² Ï˘
@ÚfiÒ
Ÿ Ó
œ ‰
Ã
tl.x. ÆÈ
˙«ˆ«¯ ÌÈˆ«¯
œ
vy. x. Æ¯
˙« « ÌÈ
«
h X
h X
h X
h X
˜ÁˆÈ Ï˘ ˜Ò«ÈO‰

Ã
:‫דוגמות‬
øÌÈˆÂ¯ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ≠
Æ„ÏÂ˜Â˘ ≠
‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
I ø˙Â˙Â˘ Ô‰ ‰Ó ≠
Æ‰ÏÂ˜ ‰˜Â˜ ≠
53
Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybzvb b ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Æ±μ
bkk/cnhfwbzvb.
W V hx Q W V h x Q

W x V h x Q W U V hx Q
ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÛÂ‚‰ Ì˘ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®‡ Æ±∂

Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> dcnfdbd cktle/obt kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz%
Ô‰ Â‡ Ì‰ ¨Ô˙‡ ¨ÂÁ‡
W Ì‰W :‫דוגמה‬
W ________W QZ

h _________U c Q[
h ________U c Q\
W________W Q] ‰„ÈÁÈ
W _________V h UV Q^ IV
Yfgbibnt% » Â‡ » Â·˙Î ®·
llkk ll

54
‰È²ˆKÈ»Ó«˜
Ÿ ½Â ‰‚»Ú Æ±∑
Wl c
h c
W c
h c
W U c
hU U c
WW c
h W c
h U h W c
h W c
W c
W W U c
h c
W W c
W c
Yfgbibnt> xnj ds pyftnt j% U c
Ghbvth% W :‫דוגמה‬
Dcnfdmnt ytljcnf/obt ukfujks% ÆÌÈ¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±∏
;.h. vy.x. Æ¯ ÆÊ v.h. vy.x. Æ¯ ÆÊ ;. h. Æ v.h. ÆÊ

Q
UU UU UU UU

‰„ÈÁÈ
UU UU UU UU Q
IV
I
k
¿
k

kxk
UU UU UU UU Q

55
Ghjxnbnt kjpeyub b yfgbibnt tot ldf kjpeyuf. ÆÌÈËÏ˘ ≤ „ÂÚ Â·˙ÎÂ Â‡¯˜ Æ±π
‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
56
ÆÂ‰˘Ó Â‰˘Ó ‡È‰ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡
Æ˙Ú‚Â˘Ó ‡È‰
ÆÂ‰˘Ó ‡Ï ‡È‰
ø˙‡Ê ÈÓ
ø‰˘È‡ Â‡ ˘È‡ ‰Ê
Yfgbibnt gbcmvtyyst ,erds> rjnjhst ds pyftnt. ÆÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡˘ ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±∂
UVUV ³ UVUV
UV

U5UV
‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
I
UVlUVUV
U?UVkUVUV

UVUV,UVkUV
¹ UEUVUV3

V UV
¿ ¹ x
57

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Ceotcndbntkmyst
‘ktrnhjybrf QYWWR k

% cnhfyf#s k*UQWR
-

vfntvfnbrf QYWWR · cjr QWR

cneltyn#rf QWR
l QWRl htcnjhfy QWR

cfkfn QWR rtrc QWRl
rjvveybrfwbz QYWWR³!
lk ujhjl#f .UQWR

rjywthn QWR/ k
abkmv#s *
UQWR
-

rjrf-rjkf QYWWRk k vjvtyn QWR-
rbjcr QWRk% heccrbq zpsr QWRl

ijrjkfl QWRkk
j-rtq "k

Kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf

Hfpyjt vs QWWWRl

relf* h
jy QWRl
vj;tn ,snm l
xnj cksiyj*#rfr ltkf* h º
ghtrhfcyj Kl³ Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz
jxtym ghbznyj k
bpdbybnt # ghjcnbnt
Lheubt
kx

Ujhjlf
dtctkbnmcz
ytvyjuj % Njrbj k%k Lbcytqktyl

njkmrj + Bthecfkbv l
¿ Cbyfq ‰„ÈÁÈ
IV

Cnhfys

Ukfujks Cke;t,yst ckjdf
Tubgtn +
ltkftn xk
¸ r WWW Vt[brj k%

[jxtn k c Rbnfq

gmtn k
¸ Bhfr *
Rtybz #
³
58
Vjhajkjubz% U U UQERc c
Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz gffkm (E) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> yfcnjzott
dhtvz> vyj;tcndtyyjt xbckj> ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl
Ghbvth% ˙Â„ÓÂÏ ¨ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ :‫דוגמה‬

V U U KU
Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz f - gffkm (E) >
rjhyb nbgf K > yfcnjzott
dhtvz> vyj;tcndtyyjt xbckj>
ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl Ghbvth% ˙Â¯‚ ¨ÌÈ¯‚ :‫דוגמה‬
V UKU
Vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E) >
rjhyb nbgf K > yfcnjzott dhtvz
Ghbvth% ˙ÂˆÂ¯ ¨ÌÈˆÂ¯ ¨‰ÀˆÂ¯ ¨‰ŒˆÂ¯ :‫דוגמה‬

Cbynfrcbc% ghtlkjub ghtabrcs - ÌœÚ ¨ ÆÆÆÏŸ V c
Djghjcbntkmyjt ckjdj - øÔ‡ÏV
WmV

Xnj,s eghjcnbnm ntve j ghtlkjut-ghtabrct m> d yfcnjzotv hfpltkt
ghtlcnfdktys njkmrj tuj yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyyst jukfcjdrb.
‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
I
59
˙È· ÛÏ‡‰ μ ‰„ÈÁÈ
, V a V5
r V k V ?
g V t V E
Q UR P
Ckjdfhm ÌÈÏÈÓ
´
vtlf,th ¯·„Ó 5
´
f,f ‡·‡ 5
´
veptjy ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ kl ekmgfy ´ ÔÙÏÂ‡ El
vbigf[f´ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó E º ‘qy ÔÈ‡
´
cerfh ¯ÎÂÒ ?l ‘irjkbn ´ ˙ÈÏÂÎ˘‡ k? º
cegthvfhrtn Ë˜¯Ó¯ÙÂÒ #//El ,t.. # ,f.. ÆÆÆ· Ø ÆÆÆ· WWW5XWWW5
´
jkfv ÌÏÂÚ k ´
,fqbn ˙È· 5
fkm ÏÚ ,fyfyf´ S ‰· 5 ‰„ÈÁÈ
gj ‰Ù E Â ´
,tctlth ¯„Ò· 5
V
gjkbnbrf ‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ kE

hfh,t´ ‰·¯‰ /
Á
´
gjkfybn ˙ÈÏÂÙ kE ´
zgfybn ˙ÈÙÈ Eª
´
gjhneutpbn ˙ÈÊ‚ÂË¯ÂÙ l/kE
qti ˘È «
´
ntfnhjy ÔÂ¯Ë‡˙ k · rty ÔÎ ?
´
nfgep ÊÂÙ˙ lE ¶ rbnf´ ‰˙ÈÎ ¿ ?
ktqfl ´ „ÈÏ ª
S !’nj yjhvfnbdyjt elfhtybt> d hfpujdjhyjv bdhbnt% ,fyfyf@
´
60
‫בּ‬ ? ‫פּ‬
‫בּ‬
.I
t !,tn@ , f 5
f ? ‫כּ‬
‫כּ‬
!rfa@ r
!g’@ g f E E
‫בּ‬
‫פּ‬ ‫כּ‬ ‫בּ‬

Æ±
k5?
Â 5 5 ?E?
E5
?5
kE Q
5
EÂ?l5?kE
5 Q

¿ ?
El
#//El

Q
‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
61
°Ú‚W ˜U Æ≤
h c5
W c
E
hKK c
W c
WWW-+U 5 c
;.h. Æ v.h. ÆÊ ;.h. Æ v.h. ÆÊ

˙«¯aA
Ÿ ŸÓ ÌÈ¯aA
Ÿ ÓŸ Æ¯ ˙WaA
Œ ŸÓ ¯aA
Õ ŸÓ ÆÈ
vy. x. tl. x.
˙« Ÿ Ã Ó
Ÿ ÌÈ œ Ÿ Ã Ó
Ÿ ˙Œ Œ Ã ŸÓ Õ Ã Ó
Ÿ
‰„ÈÁÈ
ÏÚÃ V
ÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏkfiœÓ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ ®‡ Æ≥
Wl/kEW
5
*
?
® k/
W WkE
Wk?
Wk
k.k
WEª WEª WkEWkE kE

W
¿ ? El
WE
º
5

62
Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz> gj[j;bt yf ghbdtltyyst dsit. ÆÌÈÓÂ„ ÌËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®·
1. Bpvtybnt yfpdfybz cnhfy b zpsrjd. Æ˙ÂÙ˘‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡Â ˙Âˆ¯‡‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â˘ Æ±
2. Bcgjkmpeqnt kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz. ÆÛÂ‚‰ ˙ÂÓ˘· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ Æ≤
WXXXXX XX
‫כ‬ ‫ב‬ Ù Î ‫ב‬ Ù

.II
‫פ‬ t k a
‫ב‬
‫פ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫ב‬

‫פ ב‬ ‫כ‬ ‫ב‬ ‫פ‬
Æ¥
¨ ¨
‰„ÈÁÈ ¨ ¨
IV
¨ ¨
63
øÆÆÆ˘È ®‡ Æμ
˘È
‰„ÈÁÈ
V
Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs cj ckjdjv ¢˘È¢ . Æ¢˘È¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ÌÚ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ ®·
h V :‫דוגמה‬

WUV
64
Æμ ÏÈ‚¯˙·˘ ˙ÂÏ‡˘Ï ÌÈ¯ÎÂÓ‰ ˙Â·Â˘˙ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®‡ Æ∂
Yfgbibnt jndtns> rjnjhst lfkb ghjlfdws yf djghjcs d eghf;ytybb 5.
ÔÈ‡
Õ
°ÌÁÏ ÔÈ‡ :‫דוגמה‬
_____________ ÔÈ‡ _____________ ÔÈ‡

_____________ ÔÈ‡ _____________ ÔÈ‡
_____________ ÔÈ‡
∫‰Ï‡ ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÌÚ ®‡ ∂≠Â ¨μ ÌÈÏÈ‚¯˙· ÂÓÎ ˙Â·Â˘˙Â ˙ÂÏ‡˘ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®·
‰„ÈÁÈ Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt djghjcs b jndtns> gjlj,yst ghbdtltyysv d eghf;ytybz[ 5
IV b 6f@> bcgjkmpez cktle/obt ceotcndbntkmyst%
U U U U U U
ÆÁÏÓ ˘È ¨ÔÎ
øÁÏÓ ˘È :‫דוגמה‬
ÆÁÏÓ ÔÈ‡ ¨‡Ï
65
°ÈÙÈˆ ÌÂÏ˘ °‰ÈÙ ÌÂÏ˘ ®‡ Æ∑
ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È
¨‰ÈÙ ÌÂÏ˘
øÚÓ˘ ‰Ó
È‡Â ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ‰¯‚ È‡ ÆÏ‡¯˘ÈŸ· È‡
Æ˙È¯·Ú ˙„ÓÔÏ
‰Ù ˘ÈÂ ¨¯ÈÚ· ÔÙÏÂ‡· ˙„ÓÂÏ È‡
ÆÌÈË„ÂËÒ ‰aY
Õ ‰Ã
¨ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ Ì‚Â ¨ÔÂ¯Ë‡˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˘È
ÆÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏÎÓ ÌÈ˘‡ ˘ÈÂ
ÆÈÙÈˆ ¨˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï
˙ÏÈ‡
¨ÈÙÈˆ ÌÂÏ˘
¯„Ò· È‡ øÚÓ˘ ‰Ó

ÆÌÈ‰ „ÈÏ ‰¯‚ È‡ Æ˙ÏÈ‡· È‡
Æ˙„ÓÂÏ ‡Ï È‡ ‰„ÈÁÈ
ÆÔÂ¯Ë‡˙ ÔÈ‡Â ÔÙÏÂ‡ ÔÈ‡ ˙ÏÈ‡· V
Æ˘Ó˘Â ÌÈ ˜¯ ˘È
‰·¯‰ ˘ÈÂ ˙ÏÈ‡· ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ ˘È
ÆÌÈË¯ˆÂ˜
ÆÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏÎÓ ÌÈ˘‡ ˘È ‰Ù Ì‚
„ÈÏŸ ÆÆÆaŸ
Æ‰ÈÙ ¨˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï ¨ÈÈ·
66
ÆÈÙÈˆ Ï˘Â ‰ÈÙ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÂÏ‚‰ ÈÙÏ ‰Ï·Ë‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®·
Pfgjkybnt nf,kbwe d cjjndtncndbb c jnrhsnrfvb> yfgbcfyysvb b .

ÔÙÏÂ‡ ÌÈ
ÌÈ ÔÙÏÂ‡
‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
67
Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz. ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ Æ∏
ÔÂ·ÒÈÏ ÂÈ˜ÂË
lE ¿ª
Eª k5
x kk5

/
5 V
³ 5
kE kk
5k Ek
Ô‚‰ÙÂ˜ ‰˘¯Â 5 kl5
lkE 5
ÏÈÊ¯·
Ï‚ÂË¯ÂÙ
˙È¯·‰ ˙Âˆ¯‡
ÔÙÈ
Gthtcnfdmnt ‘nb ghtlkj;tybz nfr> xnj,s gjkexbkcz lbfkju. Æ‰ÁÈ˘Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò Æπ
U5 h °ÈÈa ÆÆ°È‰

U
WU
h
W U ‰„ÈÁÈ
Æ‰ÈÙ ÈÓ˘ ¨È‰ ≠ V
WU
h WU

h U
68
ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÂ˜Ó‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Æ±∞
Ghfdbkmyj ds,thbnt ujhjl bkb cnhfye b ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz.
ÔÂ„ÂÏ· Ô·≠‚È·‰kkX/

5V
5 :‫דוגמה‬
WlX/E kEk%

QZ
WX ? Q[
WkX³¬ ¹ ³ Q\
W.EX lEkEk
l Q]
k
¹ ª X/kl 5

¬E Q^
Xk.® k?¸ Q_
« ?X/
ª * E Q`
‰„ÈÁÈ
IV
69
Dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ±±
„Â‡Ó ÌÈÚ
W c
W___________ c
W___________ W c
W c
W___________ c
h c
h___________ W c
W c
h___________ c
h ___________W c
W___________ c
W c
W___________ c
øËÏfiÒ
fi Ãa ˘È ‰Ó ®‡ Æ±≤
W U c

WU c
h5
c
Wk?º
® lE
¶ c
h c
WUWWW c
W% U5W
h?l c
WU c ‰„ÈÁÈ
V
h
W ÆÆÆa

Ÿ c
Rjulf ghtlkju a
Ÿ ghtlitcndetn jghtltktyyjve fhnbrk/> jy gjkexftn jukfcjdre
jghtltktyyjuj fhnbrkz> f cfv jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm jgecrftncz.
a V
5
fTWWW5c
70
Æ‡±≤ ÏÈ‚¯˙· ‰ÁÈ˘· ÂÓÎ ¨ÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®·
Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[ d ajhvt lbfkjuf> rfr d
eghf;ytybb 12.
h
· 5
h
Bcgjkmpeqnt ckjdf% ¯ÎÂÒ ¨ÁÏÓ ¨ÔÂÓÈÏc
Ghblevfqnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ckjdf> Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ Æ±≥

yfgbcfyyst yf rfhnt.

5
55
El
5

¿ ?5
#//El
5
Æ‰„ÚÒÓ· ÌÈ˘‡ ˘È :‫דוגמה‬
Æ‰ÙÓ‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÂ˜ÓÏ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Æ±¥

Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybzvb
b utjuhfabxtcrbvb yfpdfybzvb d cjjndtncndbb c
rfhnjq.
øÌ'˘ ˘È ‰Ó
Ã
l
¿ ® W

W

¸
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k® W
IV

¹
W

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k W

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71
Jc hU U« k ∫· Â˘Ó˙˘‰Â ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÂÒ ˙‡ Â·˙Î
Ghblevfqnt jrjyxfybz lkz cktle/ob[ lbfkjujd> bcgjkmpez dshf;tybz>
ghbdtltyyst dsit.
Yfgbibnt gbcmvtyyst ,erds fkafdbnf. ÆÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡˘ ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±μ
UVUV ³ UVUV
UV UV
5UV
UVlUVUV
UV?UVkUVUV

UVUV,UVkUV
¹ UVEUV
UV3

‰„ÈÁÈ
V UV
¿ ¹ x V
Q_V^RK
Fkafdbn ltntq !5-6 ktn@
72

Ceotcndbntkmyst Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
jntw> jnws kUQWR5

,fyfy QWR5

cnelbz !ekmgfy@ QWREl veptq QWRkl

uhtqgahen kk?
º UQWR
k?
º
cf[fh QWR?l
ljv#f ¹ 5UQWR5
cegthvfhrtn QWR#//
El

zgjycrbq zpsr QYWWREª gjkbnbrf QYWWR
kE

rkfcc> rkfccyfz rjvyfnf QWR
¿ ? ntfnh QWRk

·
ctvmz QWRE
º

vbh#s kkUQWRl Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz
gjkmcrbq zpsr QYWWRkE
gjhneufkmcrbq zpsr QYWWRl/kE
QWRlE
¶ Cnhfys
fgtkmcby
C.I.F. .5k/

<tkmubz ³5
Cke;t,yst ckjdf Ukfujks
<hfpbkbz * 5
WWW5 /
d hfpujdfhbdftn 5

Lfybz
e # jrjkj ª Zgjybz Eª
j # ghj Gjkmif kE

Gjhneufkbz l/kE
Gthe lE
Hfpyjt

Ujhjlf
‰„ÈÁÈ ytn> ytne !xtuj-k.> rjuj-k.@
IV dct d gjhzlrt K 5 -®k
l5

<e’yjc Fqhtc
k?
dct
<jcnjy kk5
vyjuj KUK/Á <h/cctkm .
5
tcnm> bvttncz « <fn Zv
³ 5
tcnm^ Ehf^ WUKJ« Dfhifdf / ¿ ª
dtcm vbh Wk? Kbvf
lf ? Kbccf,jy k5
pltcm KE Â Rjgtyufuty k Á
73
Vjhajkjubz% UUc c
Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gb’km (
E) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> yfcnjzott dhtvz
Ghbvth% ˙Â¯·„Ó ¨ÌÈ¯·„Ó ¨˙¯·„Ó ¨¯·„Ó:‫דוגמה‬
Cbynfrcbc% XVQR c
Endthlbntkmyst b jnhbwfntkmyst bvtyyst
ghtlkj;tybz !ghjljk;tybt@ X
Bvtyyjt ghtlkj;tybt !ghjljk;tybt@ Ï‡¯˘È· È‡VQR

Ghtlkjub b ghtlkjub-ghtabrcs „ÈÏ ¨ÏÚÃ ¨ÆÆÆaŸV
Ghtlkju-ghtabrc ÆÆÆa } jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm Ã‰ Ω Ãa Ω Ã‰ ≠ ÚÂ„ÈÈÈ ´ÆÆÆaŸV
Ghbvth% ÆÔÙÏÂ‡Ã· ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ‰·¯‰ ˘È :‫דוגמה‬
c WKK VEU?U5

,> r> g QZ
WVEUV?UV5cUW
gj rbnf ,fqbn
UV
‘i-rjkbn k?
º UV
hfh-,t 5/cU W
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vbi-gf[f
º

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nfg!g@ep ¶ cer!r@fh ?lUV
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¶ vtlf,!,@th Á cU
1@ <erds EU?U5 >,> r> g bvt/n lfuti !dphsdyjq pder@ b ghjbpyjczncz $ndthlj$.
Jyb gjzdkz/ncz%
f@ D yfxfkt ckjdf> yfghbvth% 5 - ,fbqn> ? - rbnf> EÂ - gj.
,@ D yfxfkt ckjuf> cktle/otuj pf cjukfcyjq ,tp ukfcyjuj pderf> yfghbvth% 5/ -
hfh,t> º - ‘i-rjkbn> Eº - vbi-gf[f. Lheubt ckexfb $ndthljuj$ ghjbpyjitybz
cdzpfys c ntv> xnj cjukfcyfz eldfbdftncz gj uhfvvfnbxtcrbv ghbxbyfv> yfghbvth% 5 - ‰„ÈÁÈ
vtlf,!,@th> 5 ¶ - if,!,@fn> l
Á - cer!r@fh.
V
WWW Q[
2@ Xnj,s eghjcnbnm ntve j ghtlkjut 5

> d yfcnjzotv hfpltkt ghtlcnfdktys njkmrj
tuj yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyyst jukfcjdrb.
WWW Q\
W
3@ Xnj,s eghjcnbnm ntve j ghtlkjut 5
> ghtlitcnde/otv ceotcndbntkmyjve c
jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv> d yfcnjzotv hfpltkt ghtlcnfdktys njkmrj tuj
yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyyst jukfcjdrb.
74
˙È· ÛÏ‡‰ ∂ ‰„ÈÁÈ
‫· כפ ב‬
Î Î ‫פ‬
х
в V · V
V Î V
‫כ‬ ‫פ‬
‫פ ב‬ ‫ב‬ ‫כ‬ ф V Ù V
Ckjdfhm ÌÈÏÈÓ
´
vtjl „Â‡Ó k fdjrflj´ Â„˜Â·‡ k k
´
vf ikjvt[* øÍÓÂÏ˘ ‰Ó h3k
º fdfkm´ Ï·‡
´
vf ikjv[f* øÍÓÂÏ˘ ‰Ó h2k

º jhtd ´ ·‰Â‡ k
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vepbrf ‰˜ÈÊÂÓ l ´
eybdthcbnf ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡ / l
´
vfpfkm njd ·ÂË ÏÊÓ k ´
bynthytn Ë¯ËÈ‡ /
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vf[itd ·˘ÁÓ · ‘qaj´ ‰ÙÈ‡ Â
´
vb[nfd ·˙ÎÓ ¿ ,f ‡· 5
´
vfkjy ÔÂÏÓ k ,tdfrfif´ ‰˘˜·· ¿ 5
´
ctath ¯ÙÒ ´
,jrth njd ´ ·ÂË ¯˜Â· k#k5
´
cafhflbn ˙È„¯ÙÒ + ,fyr ˜· 5
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bdhbn ˙È¯·Ú . ´ hfItv
,fhe[ ´ Ì˘‰ ÍÂ¯· · l
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5
l5
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‘htd njd ·ÂË ·¯Ú k- lhbifn´ ifkjv ´ ÌÂÏ˘ ˙˘È¯„ k
¿ . ¶
VI
II
I ´
fhfdbn ˙È·¯Ú * hjkt[ ´ ÍÏÂ‰ k
´
afkfatkm ÏÙ‡ÏÙ [fkfd ´ ·ÏÁ
´
ghjatcjh ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯Ù kkE njd ·ÂË k
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wfhafnbn ˙È˙Ù¯ˆ ¹ / ´
qjab ÈÙÂÈ Jk
rjht´ ‡¯Â˜ ,k !hf@ rytcctn
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ibeh ¯ÂÚÈ˘ l ¹
75
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Î .I
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Ù
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‫פ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫ב‬ ‫כ‬

Q Æ±

¿ 5
J Jk

k
Q

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¿

ø˙·ŒŒ‰«‡ ˙‡ ‰Ó ø·Õ‰«‡ ‰˙‡ ‰Ó ®‡ Æ≤

W
Wk k
‰„ÈÁÈ
W VI
W
W
76
Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®·
ghtlkj;tybzvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb.
W. QZ
W Q[
W Q\
W Q]
W Q^
W Q_
Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚
h h

h h
Bcgjkmpeqnt ‘nb
ckjdf% WWWUU UU U U ∫ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰
ø‰ÙÈÕ‡ ®‡ Æ≥
h c

W c
h c
W U c
h c
W c
W U c
‰„ÈÁÈ
VI
II
I h
Æ‰ÁÈ˘Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò ®·

Gthtcnfdmnt ‘nb ghtlkj;tybz nfr>
xnj,s gjkexbkcz lbfkju.
77
ÆÌÈÈÂÈ‚‰ ÌÈËÙ˘ÓÏ ÌÈ˜ÏÁ‰ È˘ ˙‡ Â¯·Á Æ¥
R xfcnzv ghtlkj;tybz> yf[jlzobvcz d ghfdjv cnjk,wt> gjl,thbnt cjjndtncnde/
obt xfcnb d ktdjv cnjk,wt> xnj,s gjkexbkjcm pfrjyxtyyjt ghtlkj;tybt.
Ï·fi‡
⁄
W U

W U
W U
W U
W U
WV U
W U
Æ¯„Ò· ‡Ï ‡Â‰ Ï·‡ ¨·˘ÁÓ ‰Ù ˘È :‫דוגמה‬
Gthtcnfdmnt cktle/obt ckjdf nfr> xnj,s gjkexbkbcm ÆÌÈËÙ˘ÓÏ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò Æμ

pfrjyxtyyst ghtlkj;tybz.
X XXXXX :‫דוגמה‬

Æ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ÏÚÂ ˙È·‰ ÏÚ ˙¯·„Ó ÏÎÈÓ ‰„ÈÁÈ
VI
XX XX X QZ
XXXX X Q[
XXX X X Q\
XXXX X X Q]
78
XXXX Q^
XX XX Q_
X XXX Q`
XXXX Qa
XXXXX X X Qb
XXX X XXX QZY
X XXX QZZ
‫ך‬
Û Í ‫ך‬ ‫ף‬ .II
f
‫ף‬ ![fa cjabn@ [
‫ף‬
!atq cjabn@ a f
‫ך‬ ‫ך‬
‫ף‬
Æ∂
¨ ¨
¨ ¨
°ÌÈ‡
œ a
fi Ã‰ ÌÈœÎ»¯Ÿa ¨ÛÒ«ÈÂ
Õ _»¯a
fi
øÍÓÂÏ˘ ‰Ó øÍÓÂÏ˘ ‰Ó ®‡ Æ∂
‰„ÈÁÈ
VI
II
I W
h3k
º
W
W
h2k
º
W
79
Æß‡ ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‰ ˙ÓÈ˘¯ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÂÎ‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ „ÈÏ ✔ ÂÓÒ ®‡ Æ∑
Jnvtnmnt ufkjxrjq ghfdbkmyst ghtlkj;tybz> d cjjndtncndbb cj cgbcrjv
extybrjd gthdjuj rkfccf> ghbdtltyysv yb;t.
W QZ
‰·˜ÒÂÓ ÈÂÏ ÍÂ¯·
W Q[
ÔÂËÒÂ· Ô‰Î ‰È¯
W Q\
ÔÂ„ÂÏ ÔÈÈË˘ ÌÈ¯Ó W Q]
Ì„¯ËÒÓ‡ ˙ÈÓÒ ·˜ÚÈ W Q^
Ô¯‰Ë ıÈ·ÂÈ·¯ ‰Á W Q_
‰··‡≠ÒÈ„‡ Ï‡¯˘È Ì‰¯·‡ W Q`
ÏÂ·ËÒÈ‡ ÔÂÓÂÏÒ ÛÒÂÈ W Qa
‚¯Â·Ò‰ÂÈ ÔÈÈÏ˜ ˙Â¯
ÆÌÎÏ˘ ‰˙ÈÎ‰ ÔÓÂÈ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Ì‰ ÔÈ‡Ó ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÏ‡˘ ®·

Cghjcbnt e dfib[ cjextybrjd> jnrelf jyb ghbt[fkb> b yfgbibnt cgbcjr
extybrjd dfituj rkfccf.
ÌÈ‡
œ afiÃ‰ ÌÈÎ»¯
œ aŸ Æ∏
hhh c
hU c
W c
h c
W c
h W J c
J· 3l5 c
h c ‰„ÈÁÈ
W W c VI
hh c
W U UU l5c c

h c
WU c
J c
h
80
Æπ
Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt. ÆÂÓÈ‡˙‰
ø‰Ó øÈÓ

º
5
!kE
kE3lº 5
kk 5ª 5
k
!kE .$.
! k
*
!l
k
ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È·
ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ÌÈÂ˘ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó· ÌÈ˘‡ È˘ ÔÈ· ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ ≥ Â·˙Î ®‡ Æ±∞
Æ‰Ó‚Â„· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰
Yfgbibnt 3 gj[j;b[ lbfkjuf vt;le ldevz k/lmvb d hfpys[ vtcnf[
Bthecfkbvf> d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbzvb. Djcgjkmpeqntcm ghbvthjv.
ÌÈœÙ«ˆÃ‰ ¯‰a
Ã :‫דוגמה‬
h V
Wªk
W V
h V
®≤ W V
®±
‰„ÈÁÈ
VI
II
I
®≥
ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó ÏÚ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î ®·

Yfgbibnt lbfkju> gjlj,ysq ghbdtltyyjve dsit> j lheub[ bpdtcnys[ dfv vtcnf[.
81
ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ËÙ˘Ó· ‰Ù˘‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±±
Dgbibnt yfpdfybt zpsrf d cjjndtncnde/ott ghtlkj;tybt.
kE
ª l+
.

* ¹ /

W˙ÈÒÂ¯K K :‫דוגמה‬
W__________K K QZ

W__________K K Q[
W__________K K Q\
W__________K K Q]
W__________K K Q^
W__________K K Q_
®≤
®±
®≥
‰„ÈÁÈ
VI
®¥
®∂
®μ
82
ÌÈ·œ˙
' ÎŸÓ
œ ®‡ Æ±≤
·È·œfi‡ ≠ Ï˙aŸ QZ
h U ¿ x UV
W ¿ WV
h V
Wk

+

5V

Â˜ÒÈÒ¯Ù ÔÒ
Ã aŸ Q[
hx U V
W³ V
hV
WVV
˙‡V«˜ ‡V«˜ tl. x. ÆÈ
˙«‡Y«˜ ÌÈ‡Y«˜
œ vy. x. Æ¯
Ë¯ËÈ‡afi Q\
3k
ºU
Wk
¿ kE U/ l
5
WE º
k

¿ .
¶
W/

5
W ÏÃ h
W U
‰„ÈÁÈ h

VI
II
I
U U ÆÆÆÏŸc

WQ^ RÆÆÆaŸ
Ghtlkjub-ghtabrcs WWW5 b WWW
> ghtlitcnde/obt ceotcndbntkmysv c jghtltktyysv
fhnbrktv> gjkexf/n jukfcjdre jghtltktyyjuj fhnbrkz> f cfv jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm
jgecrftncz.
?Ï V?

f?TWWW
Yfgbibnt jndtn> rjnjhsq lfkf . Æ‰ÙÈ Ï˘ ‰·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®·
83
øÌÈ‡
œ fia Ì˙‡ ÔÈ‡Ó ®‡ Æ±≥
‰
Ã Ó
Õ h
Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c hbceyrfvb. ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ ®·
Æ˙È·‰Ó ‰‡· È‡ h :‫דוגמה‬
h Q[
h QZ
h Q\
h Q]
h Q^
‰„ÈÁÈ
VI
h Q_
h
Q`
84
øÔ‡ÏÂ ÔÈ‡Ó Æ±¥
Æ‰Ó‚Â„‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®‡
Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz> d cjjndtncndbb c ghbvthjv.
ÆÔÙÏÂ‡Ï ‰„ÚÒÓ‰ÃÕÓ ÌÈÎÏÂ‰ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‰ :‫דוגמה‬
Lj,fdmnt tot ytcrjkmrj ghtlkj;tybq ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈËÙ˘Ó „ÂÚ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ®·

gj dfitve ;tkfyb/.
øÌ˘ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì‰ ‰Ó
ÆÔÙÏÂ‡· ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ Ì‰ :‫דוגמה‬
QPP UR ¢_ÕÏ«‰ ‰˙

' Ã‡ Ô‡
fi Ï»
Ÿ ˙‡
' fia ÔÈ‡
Ã ÕÓ ÚA¢ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÓ
ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÈÙÏ ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±μ

‰„ÈÁÈ Dgbibnt ytljcnf/obt ckjdf d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbzvb.
VI
II
I
‰ÙÈÁ ≠ ·È·‡ Ï˙ ≠ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È
WÌÈ¯‰ _______________ QZ
W_______________ _______________ Q[
W_____________ ____________ _______________ Q\

85
Yfgbibnt bdhbncrbq fkafdbn ÆÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡˘ ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±∂

gbcmvtyysvb ,erdfvb.
˙È·≠ÛÏ‡‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡
UVUV ³ UVUV
UV UV
5UV
UVlUVUV
UV?UVkUVUV

UVUV,UVkUV
¹ UVEUV
UV3

V UV
¿ ¹ x
‰„ÈÁÈ
V UV UV UV UV VI
˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÓ
QcK R ¢·«Ë Ï«kÃ‰ ·«Ë Û«Ò¢

Zb[bU
86

Ceotcndbntkmyst Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
vjkjrj QYWWR lUQWR/

eybdthcbntn k/
l

rjvgm/nth QWR
·

fdjrflj QWRk k
gbcmvj QWR
¿
bynthytn QWR/
ujcnbybwf> jntkm kkUQWR
k ,fyr QWR
rybuf .UQWR

vepsrf QWR l
bcgfycrbq zpsr QYWWR+
afkfatkm QWR
fhf,crbq zpsr QYWWR*
ghjatccjh QWWRkk E
ahfywepcrbq zpsr QYWWR
¹ / rjat QYWWR
ehjr QWRl
¹

Hfpyjt Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz
gj;fkeqcnf ¿ 5

lj,hjt enhj WJk#k
Ujhjlf Cnhfys
ckfdf <jue W · 3l5
lj,hj gj;fkjdfnm WJ 5
l5 Fllbc-F,t,f 55
“abjgbz ³Ek
º

ghbdtn !gthtlfnm ghbdtn rjve-kb,j@ Wk ¿ . ¶ {fqaf Bcgfybz +
rytcctn QWR ? Zaaj k³ Ahfywbz /
[jhjij Kk Cfy-Ahfywbcrj k
+

Hjccbz ³l

ghtrhfcyj^ KJk Ntkm-Fdbd V ·
jxtym Kk
‰„ÈÁÈ
rfr gj;bdftnt* QWRh3k º
VI
II
I
rfr gj;bdftnt* QWRh2k º
Ukfujks
ntgthm K ¿
WJk-
lj,hsq dtxth k/,bn k

ghb[jlbn 5
bltn # [jlbn k
Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf Cke;t,yst ckjdf gbitn k?
·
h
Â

xbnftn ,k
ult* yj

87
Vjhajkjubz% V UKUQERc c
E)> rjhyb nbgf K > yfcnjzott dhtvz
Ghbvth% ˙Â‡¯Â˜ ¨ÌÈ‡¯Â˜ ¨˙‡¯Â˜ ¨‡¯Â˜ :‫דוגמה‬
Cbynfrcbc% TmUmV c
Ghtlkjub-ghtabrcs WWWWWW } jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm%
Ghbvth% ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰Ó ‡· È‡ Æ¯ÂÚÈ˘ÃÏ ÍÏÂ‰ È‡ :‫דוגמה‬

Cj/p Ï·À‡⁄t
Djghjcbntkmyjt ckjdj ø‰ÙÈ‡t

WEU?U5 QRVUU
d> [> a QZ
c
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ujhnfyysvb cjukfcysvb UU .
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qjlf-fn -kW

$f$ ¥
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Bcgjkmpeqnt cktle/obt ckjdf%
‰ÏŒÕ‡ Ø ˙‡›Ê Ø ‰ÊŒ
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100
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Æ‰Ï‡ ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰Â ÌÈ·¯· ËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ Â¯Ó‡ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ Æ˙‡Ê Â‡ ‰Ê ≠ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®·

Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt ˙‡Ê bkb ‰Ê > gjnjv crf;bnt rf;ljt ghtlkj;tybt d ajhvt
vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf b bcgjkmpeqnt - ‰Ï‡
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W* VVV QZ
WVVV Q[
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ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â ¯ÂÈ‡·˘ ÌˆÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘· Â˘Ó˙˘‰
Yfgbibnt ntktajyysq hfpujdjh vt;le Hj,bypjyjv Rhepj b tuj vfnthm/.
Bcgjkmpeqnt ceotcndbntkmyst> bvt/obtcz yf bkk/cnhfwbb> b lj,fdmnt r ybv lheubt
gj dfitve ;tkfyb/.
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Djn rjytw hfpujdjhf% ∫‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÛÂÒ ‰ÊÂ

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102
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∫‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ‰ÂÂ‰· ‰ÈÈË‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ Æ∂

Ghjcghzufqnt dcke[ cktle/obt ukfujks d yfcnjzotv dhtvtyb%
WW WW WW WW

XX XX XX XX
˙«„Ó«Ï
Ÿ ÌÈDÓ«Ï
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Rjulf jlyf bp cjukfcys[ rjhyz - ujhnfyyfz> ghjbpyjitybt ytcrjkmrj bpvtyztncz%
X² /² U/² U,² U,² X²

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Dcnfdmnt gjl[jlzobt kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz !cv. dsit@
h ˙‡UV :‫דוגמה‬

W WV
h¾ VVVUV QZ
W
¾ VVVV
hVVVU V Q[
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Dgbibnt gjl[jlzobt ukfujks. ÆÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ∏

‰ÁÂ „ÈÂ„ ®‡
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hVVVUU c
WU c
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XX X X XXQZ

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105
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U UUWh
W m UU
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5
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‡ Crf;bnt > rjnjhsq xfc d rhegys[
ÆÌÏÂÚ· ˙ÂÏÂ„‚‰ ÌÈ¯Ú· ‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®‡
ujhjlf[ vbhf.

ZZcYY Z[cYY ZYcYY ^cYY

[YcYY ZbcYY Z\cYY [cYY
107
øÍÏ˘ ¯ÈÚ· ‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ¨±≤∫∞∞ ‰Ú˘‰ ·È·‡ Ï˙· ¯˘‡Î ®·
Rjulf d Ntkm-Fdbdt 12%00> rjnjhsq xfc d dfitv ujhjlt*
Crf;bnt dcke[ b yfgbibnt ckjdfvb dhtvz. ÆÌÈÏÈÓ· ‰Ú˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚
hV hUV
hUV
J[\cZ^ J V hUU V
hV
Dgbibnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®‡ Æ±∂
U
VVVWU
W
VVV VVVUVVVV
W W W ˜ÒÙ
W UVVV
¾ ÔÓÊ
W VVV WVVV ‡
h V ² ² U VVVh hVVVh
WVVV
U

Yfgbibnt jndtn yf gbcmvj> rjnjhjt È„ yfgbcfk ÈÒÂÈ . ÆÈÒÂÈÏ È„ Ï˘ ‰·Â˘˙ ·˙ÎÓ Â·˙Î ®·
108
ÌÈÏÈÓ ¨ÌÈÏÈÓ Æ±∑
Crf;bnt% ∫Â¯Ó‡
Nhb ckjdf> yfxbyf/obtcz c ,erds c‰‚ÂÚc WV \ QZ
Nhb ckjdf> jrfyxbdf/obtcz yf ,erde c ÌÂÏ˘c WV \ Q[
Nhb gznb,erdtyys[ ckjdf% ˙È¯·Úc W ^\ Q\
Nhb nht[,erdtyys[ ceotcndbntkmys[% ¯·Ác W \ \ Q]
Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le lbfkjufvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰
hWWW
º UV
QZ
J5W W?V

h2 U V Q[

J
· 39
5V
h V
J
· 395U· 395V
hV Q\
W V
hV
W W V
˜ÒÙ
ÔÓÊ h9U2 V Q]
‡ hhV
h U V
WV
hU
V
Q^
h U?V
WUV
109
Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡

Utjuhfabxtcrbt
yfpdfybz Ceotcndbntkmyst
lheu # gjlheuf KQWR*

UQWR

Cnhfys Vbiyf QWRº
rb,,ew QWR95$
Bylbz 9² Ce,,jnf QWR5 ¶
Ujyjkeke 99² ² Nfkvel QWR9 ¶
Pfypb,fh 5 <b,kbz - tQWRK ¶
Nb,tn 5
Gznbryb;bt> 9? U
U*²
Ghjhjrb> Gbcfybz

Ujhjlf

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
Filjl ²
º
Firtkjy ² % º lbcrjntrf QWR
²

<th-Itdf
¸ Á ntktajy QWR²

Wafn qjuf QWR²
vtlbnfwbz QWR©

abkjcjabz QWR© ² ²
QWR% E
Lheubt utjuhfabxtcrbt
gbrybr
yfpdfybz
rfatnthbq QWR/ ©
˜ÒÙ
Fynfhrnbrf %/

ÔÓÊ
Ufkbktz hfpyjt
‡
dct 9?
110
± ¯ÂÚÈ˘
ÆÆÆÈ‡ ¨ÌÂÏ˘ ®‡ Æ±
WU c
hWW c
W U W c
h c
Jk ª W c
h
W c
Jk ª c
h Uh c
WW c
h c
W c
h c
W UU U c
Jk ª c
Jndtnmnt yf cktle/obt djghjcs. Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ ®·
h QZ
h Q[
h Q\
¯ÂÚÈ˘
h Q]
± h Q^
Æ‰È¯Â ‰È„ ∫˙Â¯ÂÁ· È˙˘ ÔÈ· ®‡ Æ± ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚

Ghtj,hfpeqnt lbfkju ®‡ Æ± rfr lbfkju vt;le ldevz ltdeirfvb% ‰È„ b ‰È¯ .
ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈË¯Ù Â˘ Æ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®„

Hfpsuhfqnt gj hjkzv c[jlysq lbfkju.
Bpvtybnt gjlhj,yjcnb gj cdjtve ecvjnhtyb/.
111
Rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ±∞≠± ‰·˜· ÌÈÂÓ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ Æ≤
;tycrjuj hjlf
®Æ© ±∞≠±
˙Á Ã ‡ Ã Z
ÌÈÈ˙×˘ " [
˘«Ï˘ − \
ÚÃaY‡ Ã ]
˘ÓÕ Á À ^
˘˘ _
Ú·Ã˘ `
‰«Ó
Œ ˘ " a
Ú˘
× ˙ b
¯◊ÚŒ ZY
¯ÂÚÈ˘
‰ÁÈÏÒ ®± ®‡
±
h h V
W W V
h\^]bZ`]h V
W\^\bZ`^W V
W V
W V
112
±¥¥ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ ®≤
W V
W* E W
V
h V
Wkk/U
V
h V
W V
WY\Vb\Y]Za^c V
W V
W V
±∏∏ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ ®≥
W V
UkPk.5
k
PP/k
P P/kP W V
W
WYYVZV^^VZ[V_]a`b\cJ V
ø‰¯ÈÓ ‰ÙÈ‡ ®¥
hW cx
WW c
h cx
W WJWWW c
h cx
W c
h cx
W c
¯ÂÚÈ˘ h cx
± W_\`bâ c
hY\ cx
Y\V_\`bâW c
W cx
113
Yfpjdbnt b yfgbibnt yjvthf ntktajyjd. ÆÔÂÙÏË‰ È¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®·
fY
μπ∞≥±∑∑VUUU UUU:‫דוגמה‬
UU UUUU UU QZ

U U UUU U Q[
UU UUUU UU Q\
UUUUUUU U Q]
Æ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈË„ÂËÒ Ï˘ ÔÂÙÏË È¯ÙÒÓ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚

Yfpjdbnt b yfgbibnt nhb ntktajyys[ yjvthf extybrjd dfituj rkfccf.
¯M«aaÃ
ÆÆÆ· øÈ˙Ó Æ≥
ÌÈÈU‰
fl ˆÀaÃ W#k55

·WÚŒaÃ W
¸ 5k
‰ÏÀÈ½ÏÃaÃ W+5
QZ øÈ˙
× Ó
À
˙Á‡aŸ
˘ÂÏ˘aŸ
ÆÆÆaŸ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
±
W · 5W-5

W ®5
W
W
W #k55
5
114
Ï‡¯˘È· ÂÈ„¯ ®‡ Æ¥
¯˜Â·
FM 955
UUc _cYY

c `cYY
Q[ -5 acYY
bcYY
V ZYc\Y
ZZc\Y
ÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ
AM 576
c V Z[cYY

Q\U Uc Z\cYY
c Z\c\Y
Z]cYY
·¯Ú
‰˜ÈÊÂÓ ≠ FM 913
P c ZbcYY

^ c [YcYY
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±
·È·‡≠Ï˙ ÂÈ„¯
Zbc\Y
[ZcYY
115
Æ¢Ï‡¯˘È· ÂÈ„¯¢ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯„˘Ó‰ ÁÂÏ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®·
Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c ghjuhfvvjq hflbjdtofybz $Hflbj Bphfbkz$.
h V :‫דוגמה‬

ÆÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ· ÌÈÈ˙˘· V
h WZ
h W[
h W\
h W]
h W^
h W_
h W`
h Wa
ÆÔ‰ÈÏÚ ÂÚÂ ÌÈ¯„˘Ó‰ ÁÂÏ ÏÚ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ „ÂÚ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚

Pflfqnt lheu lheue lheubt djghjcs j ghjuhfvvt hflbjdtofybz b jndtnmnt yf yb[.
Rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘Â ‰·˜· ÌÈÂÓ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ Æμ

;tycrjuj hjlf } ceotcndbntkmyst
˙Á‡ ‰„ÈÓÏ˙ ±
˙Â˙Ó È˙ ˘
" ≤
˙ÂÈË„ÂËÒ ˘ÂÏ˘ ≥
˙ÂÈÂÁ Ú·¯‡ ¥
˙ÂÈÊÈÂÂÏË ˘ÓÁ μ
˙Â„ÚÒÓ ˘˘ ∂
˙ÂÁÙ˘Ó Ú·˘ ∑
˙Â¯ÂÓ ‰ÂÓ˘ ∏
˙Â„ÏÈ Ú˘˙ π ¯ÂÚÈ˘
˙ÂÈÓÁÏ ¯◊Ú ±∞ ±
W WZ

Rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ghtlitcnde/n ceotcndbntkmysv> pf bcrk/xtybtv
xbckf jlby> rjnjhjt cktletn pf ceotcndbntkmysv.
˙Á‡ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó :‫דוגמה‬
Xbckj ldf cjrhfoftncz> rjulf jyj W[
:‫דוגמה‬
ghtlitcndetn ceotcndbntkmyjve.
˙ÂÁÙ˘Ó È˙
"˘ ≠ ÌÈÈ˙˘
116
®‡ Æμ
Æ±∞≠± ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ¨‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ÌˆÚ Ì˘ Â¯Á· ®·

Ds,thbnt ceotcndbntkmyjt bp cgbcrf> pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf
yb[> bcgjkmpez xbckf jn jlyjuj lj ltcznb gj dfitve ;tkfyb/.
UU U U UU ø˙Â‚ÂÚ ‰ÓÎ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬

UUUUU Æ˙Â‚ÂÚ È˙˘ ≠
WU U
.Crf;bnt xbckf dcke[ b yfgbibnt b[. ÆÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚
Z ˙Á‡ h QZ

[
\
Z
¯ÂÚÈ˘
± ] h Q[
_
^
b
a
Hfccrf;bnt lheu lheue% h ∫‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯ÙÒ Q\
117
ÌÈ˙»¯È
! ˘ QZ ®‡ Æ∂
h UV
WV
hV
WUµ V
©
W V
ÈX»aÈœˆ ÔÂÙÏË Q[
<tpkbxysq V

µ
h UV
WUV
ÌÈÎÏÂ‰ øÍÈ‡
Õ hÌÈÎÏÂ‰ÍÈ‡V
h V W
© V
U U V
©f
©
W U V
W WWW
˙»Á
⁄ Q\
h ÌÈÂ˜UV
ÌÈÂ˜ W V
h V h V
U U V xf
º x
º Wxº V
W WWW W V
WV
ÒÂ·ÂËÂ‡ Q]
hÌÈÚÒÂUV
W]]_ V
¯ÂÚÈ˘
h V
Wºx UV
±
ÌÈÚÒÂ
h V
U U U V
W WWW
118
Æ®‡ ∂ ÏÈ‚¯˙· ˙ÂÁÈ˘Ï ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ Â·˙ÎÂ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®·
Ghblevfqnt lbfkjub> fyfkjubxyst lbfkjufv d eghf;ytybb 6> b pfgbibnt b[.
D lbfkjuf[ - Q[UQZ ≠ ˙ÂÁÈ˘·

crf;bnt - ≠ Â¯Ó‡
dvtcnj - ≠ ÌÂ˜Ó·
D lbfkjut - Q\ ≠ ‰ÁÈ˘·
crf;bnt - ≠ Â¯Ó‡
dvtcnj - V ≠ ÌÂ˜Ó·
D lbfkjut - Q] ≠ ‰ÁÈ˘·
crf;bnt lheujt utjuhfabxtcrjt ≠ ÌÂ˜Ó· ¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó Â¯Ó‡
yfpdfybt dvtcnj
Æ‰ÓÈ˘¯·˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰Â ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ ®‡ Æ∑

Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs> bcgjkmpez ukfujks bp cgbcrf.
Ukfujks% ÌÈÚÒÂ Ø ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ Ø ÌÈÂ˜ Ø ÌÈ‡¯Â˜ Ø ÌÈ˙Â˘ c
h x

hx
hx
hx
h x
h x
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±
Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®·
h

h
119
Ì‚Â Ì‚ Æ∏
±
h U c
WU c
h c
W c
W c
W U c
WW c
h U c
W WWWUU c
h c

W h W c
W UVW c
h c
h U WU c
W W c
h c
W UU c
h c ¯ÂÚÈ˘
W U c ±
ÔÈ·œÓ Õ
h U c
À œ·Ó
‰È Ÿ
W c
ÌÈÈ
œ ·œÓ Ÿ Wh c
˙«È·œÓ Ÿ h
W WWWWWW
c
Pfrjyxbnt ‘ne ,tctle hfpkbxysvb ÆÆÆÚÈ˙ÙÓ ÛÂÒ ¨ÈËÓÂ¯ ÛÂÒ ∫˙ÂÂ˘ ÌÈÎ¯„· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÈÒ
cgjcj,fvb%
. hjvfynbxtcrjt jrjyxfybt> ytj;blfyyjt jrjyxfybt...
120
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±
121

Ceotcndbntkmyst

yjkm> yekb
UQWR

Ukfujks
. 5UQWR#k5
k

enhj> enhf
ujdjhbn
QWRl

vfufpby
gjybvftn
QWR
©
,ekjxrf
cj;fkttn
² UQWR
®
yjxm
tltn k
QWRE
xbckj
hf,jnftn k
QWR. ©
,b,kbjntrf
gjregftn k
QWRk
hf,jnf
cksibn k
dtxth#f UQWR-
*
dhtvz gjckt gjkelyz QWR+
ekbwf#s ² ² /UQWRk/
nefktn # e,jhyfz QWWR9¹ ·

Ghbkfufntkmyst
Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
j,otcndtyysq#fz .95U.95

fdnj,ec QWR95kk
ghbdtn> fkkj k

fh[tjkju QWRkk/
UQWRkk/

ljrnjh QWXWRk%k
Hfpyjt
bcnjhbz QYWWR/k
©

cbvajybz QWRk
©
hjr !vepsrf@ QYWWRk ytdf;yj W ¯ÂÚÈ˘
rjytxyj K 5 ±
®
b nj b ‘nj W
yfghfdj K ©
Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf
ghzvj K µ ©
byajhvfwbz QWR
²
rfr* h
ghfdbkmyj # dthyj K ²
crjkmrj* h? yfktdj K Â x º
rjulf* h
¶ ldf !;.h.@ t· º
122
˙ÂÈÂÁ ¨˙ÂÁc QRV UU c

Vjhajkjubz% Ceaabrcs ceotcndbntkmys[ ;tycrjuj hjlf tlbycndtyyjuj b
vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf !ghjljk;tybt@.
Ghbvth% ˙ÂÈÂÁ ¨˙ÂÁ
ÌÈÎÏÂ‰c t t c
Cbynfrcbc% <tpkbxyfz rjycnherwbz - ukfujk d nhtnmtv kbwt vyj;tcndtyyjuj
xbckf ,tp vtcnjbvtybz.
Ghbvth% ÌÈÎÏÂ‰
Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf% øÈ˙Ó ø‰ÓÎ øÍÈ‡c
Hfpyjt% rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ZYVZc c
;tycrjuj hjlf
W Wm È˙Ó QZ

Jndtn yf djghjc È˙Ó gjxnb dctulf yfxbyftncz c ghtlkjuf ÆÆÆ· .
Lheubt ckexfb ,elen hfccvjnhtys d lfkmytqitv.
Wf
‘nf cnhfyf ! Bphfbkm@f- Q[
fd
‘njq cnhfyt !d Bphfbkt@f-5
U[]Z\V Q\

WZ[VZ
Xfcs gjckt gjkelyz j,sxyj pfgbcsdf/ncz xbckfvb jn 13 lj 24> yj d
¯ÂÚÈ˘ ecnyjq htxb bcgjkmpe/ncz xbckf jn 1 lj 12.
±
123
≤ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
Æ±
‰¯ÈÓÂ ·˜ÚÈ ·È·‡ Ï˙· ≥ ÔÂÈ¯Â‚ Ô· ·ÂÁ¯· ‰¯È„

ÈÂÏ W9· U5 U
²

Y\Vâab]Z[W

Æ‰¯È„· ˘È ‰Ó ËÂË¯˘· Â·˙Î Æ≤

Yfgbibnt xnj bpj,hf;tyj yf gkfyt rdfhnbhs.
·È·‡ Ï˙ ¨≥ ÔÂÈ¯Â‚ Ô· ·ÂÁ¯ ¨μ ‰¯È„
ÌÈ˙Â¯È˘
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤
ÆÌÈ˙Â¯È˘ ˘È ‰¯È„· :‫דוגמה‬

124
ø‡Ï Â‡ ÔÎ Æ≥
h² c
h`][^YY]W c
W c
W*#
¸ 5 c
W
9
¬ W
c
h.? c
W U² c
h c
WW 5 c
W U
h U c
W9
9U c
h c
W U c
W U c
h U c
W W W c
W c
Yfgbibnt htrkfvyjt j,(zdktybt lkz ‘njq Æ‰¯È„‰ ÏÚ ‰Ú„ÂÓ ¨‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î
rdfhnbhs yf jcyjdfybb ghbdtltyyjuj dsit lbfkjuf.
QbR
Cjukfcjdfybt ceotcndbntkmys[ b ¯ÙÒÓ·Â ÔÈÓ· ¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ÔÈ·Â ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ÔÈ· ‰Ó‡˙‰ Æ¥

ghbkfufntkmys[ d uhfvvfnbxtcrjv hjlt b xbckt.
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤
125
‰·«Ë
À ·«Ë tl. ÆÈ
‰À
˙«·«Ë ÌÈ·«Ë
œ
vy.Æ¯
˙« ÌÈ œ
kkU
U
k kUk c
kw µ ®U w µ U
® w µ U
® wµ ©
k%U
%U
%U

kU
© U
© U © ©
ÌÈ¯·Á
ÌÈ„ÁÂÈÓ
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤
˙CÁeÈ
Œ Ó Ÿ „ÁeÈ
À ÓŸ
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˙Â„
³ Á»È
À Ó
Ÿ ÌÈDÁ»È
À ÓŸ
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126
Q R ¢˙«·«Ë ˙«¯«˘
& ŸΔ· »ÏÀ ¯˘
& ·ÃÈ½Â¢

Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®‡ Æμ

ghtlkj;tybzvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb.
W QZ
W Q[
WQ\
WQ]
WQ^
Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ˙ÂÎ¯·‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®·

ghbdtncndbzvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb.
J² -
J² +
¯ÂÚÈ˘ J
≤ J
127
ÆÌÈÂÎ‰ ¯‡Â˙‰ ˙ÂÓ˘· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Q
Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> dcnfdbd ghfdbkmyst ghbkfufntkmyst.
Q X X X R W ·ÂË QZ

Q XXXR W P Q[
Q XXXR W 5 Q\
U Q]
Q XXXR W
Q XXXR W U Q^

¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤

128
ÌÈ˙
! aÀ ≠ ˙È· «ÎÈœË ˙ÈaÕ ®‡ Æ∂
« c
µ U W V
¹ 5
W ² ² U
U V

W
.9 W ²
UV d
W
²
¹
² ?9
W U
W U
W W
P UW W
W
W
% W

W UU U W
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤

129
Cltkfqnt jgbcfybt ljvf Nb[j. ÆÂÎÈË ˙È·· ˘È ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®·
Q\ Q[ ÏÂ„‚ QZ

Q_ Q^ Q]
Qb Qa Q`
WQZ[ QZZ QZY
V

ZbaYVZab]
Yfgbibnt j, bpdtcnyjv dfv veptt. ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ≠˙È· ÏÚ Â·˙Î ®‚
Æ∑
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤
130
ckV ●
● Vyjubt ceotcndbntkmyst ve;crjuj hjlf d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf
ghbj,htnf/n ceaabrc ;tycrjuj hjlf k
Yfghbvth% c
Æ˙«Á
À ŸÏ»˘ ≠ ÔÁ
À ŸÏ»˘ ¨˙««ÓYÃ‡ ≠ Ô«ÓYÃ‡ ¨˙«·«ÁY ≠ ·«ÁY ¨˙««ÏŸÓ ≠ Ô«ÏÀÓ
WV
●
● Ytrjnjhst ceotcndbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf
ghbj,htnf/n ceaabrc ve;crjuj hjlf
W
Yfghbvth% ÌÈXÀÚ ≠ ¯ÈœÚ ¨ÌÈ˘
! À ≠ ‰˘È
− ‡œ c
W ●

● Ghbkfufntkmyjt cjukfcetncz c ceotcndbntkmysv d hjlt> ghb ‘njv ceaabrc
yt ghbybvftncz dj dybvfybt.
Yfghbvth% ˙ÂÙÈ ÌÈ˘ ¨ÌÈÏÂ„‚ ˙ÂÂÏÓ c
Yfgbibnt d ajhvt Æ„ÈÁÈ· Â·˙Î ®‡ Æ∑

tlbycndtyyjuj xbckf.
W :‫דוגמה‬

Æ·ÂË Ï·‡ Ô˘È ÔÁÏÂ˘ ‰¯È„· ˘È
W WZ

¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤ W W[
W W\
W W]

W W^
W W_
W W`
W Wa
131
Lj,fdmnt ghbkfufntkmyst. Æ¯‡Â˙ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ®·
˘„Á WZ
‰Ë˜

ÌÈ·ÂË
˙ÂÙÈ
ÏÂ„‚ W[
‰Ë˜

˙Â˘È

ÌÈÙÈ

;.h. Æ Æ Ø ÆÊ ÆÊ h V ®‡ Æ∏

;.h. # v.h. v.h. Wkk V
«ÊÈ‡
Õ ‰ÊÈ
Œ ‡Õ tl.x. ÆÈ
»ÏÈ‡
Õ vy.x. Æ¯
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤
h V

W V
h V
W V
132
Yfgbibnt djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb cj cktle/obvb ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Q
ghtlkj;tybzvb.
W ¦ :‫דוגמה‬
øÏÎÂ‡ ‰˙‡ P ıÈÂÂ„Ò ‰ÊÈ‡
W W_ W WZ

W W` W W[
W Wa W W\
W W]
W W^

‰ÈYÒÈL
À ®‡ Æπ
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤ W Ullk· V
U W
W k

·
lk
5
W
U µW

QZ]VK_\R W k?

133
Æ‰È¯ÒÈ˜· ˘È ‰Ó ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î ®·
Yfgbibnt> xnj tcnm d Rtqcfhbb> d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv.
:‫דוגמה‬

ÏÂ„‚ ÔÂÓ¯‡
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤
134
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤
135
Uhfvvfnbxtcrfz cdjlrf ÈÂ˘Ï ÌÂÎÈÒ
Ceaabrcs ceotcndbntkmys[ ;tycrjuj hjlf V Q

tlbycndtyyjuj xbckf

Ghbvths Ceaabrcs
UU
© U ‰À
9
U
?U-
˙Œ
%

˙Ã
˙
. U U. ˙È œ
9 ˙e
W U˙V
Byjulf ceotcndbntkmyst jrfyxbdf/ncz ,erdjq ˙ > rjnjhfz yt zdkztncz ceaabrcjv> f
d[jlbn d cjcnfd jcyjds.
“nj ceotcndbntkmyjt vj;tn ,snm ve;crjuj hjlf>
yfghbvth% ˙ÈÊcU
bkb ;tycrjuj hjlf> yfghbvth% ˙·˘cU
Tcnm ceotcndbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf> W

yt bvt/obt ceaabrc ;tycrjuj hjlf.
Yfghbvth% ˘Ó˘ ¨¯ÈÚ ¨ı¯‡c
Ceaabrcs ceotcndbntkmys[ ;tycrjuj hjlf V Q

vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf

Ghbvths Ceaabrcs vy. xbckf Ceaabrcs tl. xbckf
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤
U U U ˙«
U ˙«

˙«

U ˙«È œ
˙«È» l
136

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Ceotcndbntkmyst
fvabntfnh QWR²
· k/,jdm QWR

,fktn QWR 5 pfvjr> pfvrb /
² ² /UQWR
²
ujcnbyfz # cfkjy QWR² gfhtym> ltdeirf QWR*95UQWR95
bvgthfnjh QWR" cfl QWR
bvgthfnhbwf QWR." rdfhnbhf QWR*
cjdhtvtyysq#fz /² U/ ² rjvyfnf#s .UQWR

rkfccbxtcrbq#fz
%U

%
{fyerfkmysq cdtnbkmybr QWR©?9
ntnhflm QWR-5
re[yz QWR5
lei QWR %
Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf
lthtdj QWR
rfhnbyf # hbceyjr QWR9
rfrjq* QWRh

cnjk ² 9UQWR9
rfrfz* QWRh²

rfrbt* QWRh9

Hfpyjt Ghbkfufntkmyst
yfcxtn> xnj rfcftncz Wm#

¸ 5 ,jkmijq#fz ² U ²
¯ÂÚÈ˘ rfr ² ? yjdsq#fz
µ U
≤ yfghbvth µ [jhjibq#fz ² U²
§
U © ©
byjulf rhfcbdsq#fz
yfpdfyysq d xtcnm
· cnfhsq#fz> cnfhbyysq#fz µ U
® µ ©
cgtwbfkmysq> jcj,tyysq#fz 9U
9
jnkbxysq#fz 9
¬ U 9 ©
ghbznysq#fz U
lhtdybq#zz ¹ U
¹
vfktymrbq#fz %U

137
Vjhajkjubz% Ghbkfufntkmyst c
˙Â·ÂË ¨ÌÈ·ÂË ¨‰·ÂË ¨·ÂË :‫דוגמות‬
ÆÆÆ ‰ÏÂ„Ÿ‚ ¨ÏÂ„‚
ÆÆÆ ÌÈÙÈ ¨‰ÙÈ
À ¨‰ÙÈ Œ
c
Cbynfrcbc% Cjukfcjdfybt ceotcndbntkmys[ b ghbkfufntkmys[ d hjlt b xbckt.
˙Â˘È ˙Â¯È„ ˘„Á „ÈÓÏ˙ :‫דוגמות‬

ÌÈ·ÂË ÌÈ¯ÂÓ ‰ÙÈ ‰¯ÂÁ·
Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf% øÂÏÈ‡ øÂÊÈ‡ ø‰ÊÈ‡
Uhfvvfnbxtcrfz cdjlrf ∫ÈÂ˘Ï ÌÂÎÈÒ

Ceaabrcs ceotcndbntkmys[ ;tycrjuj hjlf tlbycndtyyjuj xbckf

WU U WZ
W
Dj vyjub[ ckjdf[ ghb lj,fdktybb ckjuf lkz j,hfpjdfybz ajhvs vyj;tcndtyyjuj
xbckf elfhtybt gthtvtoftncz yf gjcktlybq ckju. D nfrb[ ckjdf[ ukfcyfz>
yfb,jktt elfktyyfz jn elfhyjuj ckjuf> ectrftncz.
´ - Uljkf>
Yfghbvth% Ufljkm ´ ´ Uljkjn
Uljkbv> ´ ˙«Ï«„Ÿ‚ ¨ÌÈÏ«„Ÿ‚ ¨‰Ï«„Ÿ‚ ¨Ï«„‚Àc
W U U UU U W[

h h h c
D cjdhtvtyyjv bdhbnt d ,snjds[ hfpujdjhf[> d ufptnf[ b byjulf d rybuf[> lkz
j,hfpjdfybz ajhv ;tycrjuj hjlf b vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf bcgjkmpetncz
¯ÂÚÈ˘
!cv. ghbvths dsit@.
W U U W\ ≤
D bvtyys[ ghtlkj;tybz[> rjulf d hjkb crfpetvjuj dscnegftn ceotcndbntkmyjt>

vt;le gjlkt;fobv b crfpetvsv bvttncz ukfujk-cdzprf.
Yfghbvth% c
crfpetvjt cdzprf gjlkt;fott
Æ‰˜È˙Ú ¯ÈÚ ‡È‰ ‰È¯ÒÈ˜

W VÔ‰ ¨Ì‰ ¨‡È‰ ¨‡Â‰V
Ukfujk-cdzprf - Ô‰ ¨Ì‰ ¨‡È‰ ¨‡Â‰ dctulf cjukfcetncz c gjlkt;fobv d hjlt b xbckt.
138
≥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
Rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst - ve;crjq hjl ±∞≠± ¯ÎÊ· ÌÈÂÓ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ
„Á À ‡ Œ ±
5 º ÌÈÈÃ˘ " ≤
‰˘− ÂÏ ³ ˘ " ≥

‰ÚÀaY À ‡ Ã ¥
95 ‰˘È
− Ó œ Á ⁄ μ
‰˘È− ˘ ! ∂
º ‰ÚÀ·Ÿ˘ ! ∑

‰À ÂÓ
³ ˘ " ∏

‰ÚÀ"˘˙ ! π
® ‰T˘ − Ú⁄ ±∞
Q]P R
¢ÌÈDÒÀ⁄Á ˙»ÏÈÓ
œ Ÿ‚ ÏÚÀÂ½ ‰@«·Ú⁄‰Ã ÏÚÃ ¨‰T«˙‰Ã ÏÃÚ ¨„ÕÓ«Ú ÌÏ«Ú
À ‰À ÌÈX·E
À ‰÷«Ï
− ÷" ÏÚ¢
Ã
QPP UR
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≥ ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ±∞ „Ú ±≠Ó ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â ÌÈ·¯· ÌˆÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Æ±
Ghjbpytcbnt dcke[ cktle/obt ceotcndbntkmyst dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt& pfntv

yfgbibnt b[ c xbckbntkmysvb jn 1 lj ltcznb.
UU U UU U UUUUU UUU

U U
¨ÌÈÂÓÈÏ È˘ ¨„Á‡ ËÏÒ :‫דוגמה‬

139
Ghjxnbnt b yfpjdbnt dcke[ xbckbntkmyst. ÆÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â Â‡¯˜ ®‡ Æ≤
ø‰ÏŒÂÚ
³ ‰Ê ‰ÓÎ
h -
WU-
h -
W^-
WU99 µ EV

h9¸
² V
h W UV
WbV
ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®·
Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obq djghjc b jndtnmnt yf ytuj.
ø‰ÏÂÚ ‰Ê ‰ÓÎ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬

ÆÌÈÏ˜˘ ∂ ≠
ZY V
_ V
^ V P
` V
b V
QIIRø‰Ú
À ˘
− Ã‰ ‰Ó
Ã Æ≥
¯ÂÚÈ˘
hUV ®‡ ≥
W W
\c^^V ]cY^V
W W²
h V

W W¾
Z[c^YV ZcZYV
W W ¾
140
ÆÂÚÂ ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ≠ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ¨‰Ú˘ Â¯Á· ®·
Ds,thbnt rfrjt-nj dhtvz> pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjc ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó > b jndtnmnt yf ytuj
[c^^ [c^Y [cZY [cY^

bcZY ac^^ `c^Y _cY^
^c^Y ZZcY^ ]c^^ \cY^
Q
¹
ª ²
¶
º R
±πμ∞≠· ·È·‡ Ï˙· ‰¯È„ ®‡ Æ¥
W dW
U VW
W W
˙ÈÏœ‡Y
Õ ˘
"& È ¨ÈÏœ‡Y
Õ ˘
"& È
Jgbibnt gj rfhnbyrt ljv d Rtqcfhbb. Æ‰È¯ÒÈ˜· ‰ÏÈÂ ÏÚ ‰ÂÓ˙‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙ Î ®·
Q
¶
· ®
º k
¹
¶
º R
±πππ≠· ‰È¯ÒÈ˜· ˙È·
¯ÂÚÈ˘ Bcgjkmpeqnt d cdjtv jgbcfybb cktle/obt ckjdf% c
≥ mU U
141
Ckjdj ? + tlbycndtyyjt xbckj ceotcndbntkmyjuj „ÈÁÈ· ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ´ ÏkÀ Æμ
≠ÏkÀ ˙aÀ×˘ ÏkÀ ®‡

#² 5
² h -

W -

h -
ÏkÀ
WUW -

-
…·¯Ú ÏÎ ¨¯MÂa
³ ÏÎ
W
?

W
W*² 5
W
W
W«

¯ÂÚÈ˘
≥
QcUU R ¢ÌÈX·

Õ ⁄Á Ï‡T
Õ ◊" È Ïk¢
À
142
Æ˙·˘ ÏÎ ¨ÌÂÈ ÏÎ ¨¯˜Â· ÏÎ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®·
Yfgbibnt> xnj ds ltkftnt rf;ljt enhj> rf;lsq ltym> rf;le/ ce,,jne.
W
®‡ Æ∂
ÌÈÏ˜˘ ≤ – ¯ÙÒ ÏÎ
h W c

Wt c
W h
5 c
W c
W W5+ c
ÆÌÈ˘ÓÂ˘Ó ÌÈ˜ÒÈ„Ï ˙ÂÁ· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î ®·

Yfgbibnt fyfkjubxysq lbfkju> ghjbc[jlzobq d vfufpbyt gjlth;fyys[ lbcrjd.
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≥
143
Pfgjkybnt ghj,tks d ghtlkj;tybz[> gjkmpezcm ∫ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÛÂ¯Èˆ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ Æ∑
ckjdfvb bp cktle/otuj cgbcrf% XX XXXX
W ¯˜Â· ÏÎ :‫דוגמה‬

W U WZ
W U U W[
WbcYYV W acYYV W\
WPK W]
W W^
Ghjxnbnt lbfkju dcke[> yfpsdfz xbckbntkmyst ÆÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ÏÂ˜· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ∏
W W ‰È¯ËÈÙ˜ ¨‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË ¨‰ËÈÓ c
Gjvybnt% ‰È¯ËÈÙ˜ ¨‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË ¨‰ËÈÓ - ‘nj ceotcndbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf. Dct jcnfkmyst
ceotcndbntkmyst d ‘njv lbfkjut - ve;crjuj hjlf.
‰ÈŸÒ
Ã Ÿ Î‡
Ã aÀ
h U c
hW c
W` c
WZ _U _WÛ[W c
h c
WZ Û ]U c
h c
WZ W U c
h c
W [W c
hh c ¯ÂÚÈ˘
W.
µ¾ 5ZV Zc [J c ≥
h W c
WZY c
h c
Wa Ub c
W\V ]Vd ` W c
W c
h
144
ÚÂ„ÈÈ· ¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ÔÈ·Â ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ÔÈ· ‰Ó‡˙‰
Cjukfcjdfybt vt;le ceotcndbntkmysv b ghbkfufntkmysv d gjcnfyjdrt jghtltktyyjuj fhnbrkz.
W WWW
ÆÒÙÈPˆ ·‰Â‡ ÔË˜‰ „ÏÈ‰ ÆÆÆ ÔË˜‰ „ÏÈ‰
®‡ Æπ
‰ÁÈÏÒ
h² E ?U
-
W U -
W -
W -
Yfgbibnt ldf c[jlys[ lbfkjuf> Æ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ È˙˘ Â·˙Î ®·

egjnht,kzz cktle/obt ckjdf%
c
Uc[ UcZ
Ghjxnbnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz b ljgjkybnt ÆÚÂ„ÈÈ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ±∞

yjdst ghtlkj;tybz> egjnht,kzz jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm.
ÆÏÂ„‚‰ ÔÁÏÂ˘‰ W :‫דוגמה‬

W W WZ
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W W W[
≥ W WW\
W W W]
W W W^

W WW_
W W W`
W W Wa
W U W U Wb
145
ÆÆÆ ‰¯ÂÓ ‡ÒÈÎ ÔÁÏÂ˘ ‰ËÈÓ
QZYVaPR
®‡ Æ±±
‰ÊŒ‰
Ã
˙‡Ê›‰ Ã
‰ÏŒ‡
Õ ‰ Ã ‰Ê‰ ‡ÒÈÎ‰
hV
WV
h V
W V
˙‡Ê‰ ‰¯È„‰
¯ÂÚÈ˘
hV
WV
≥
h V
W V
146
‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰
h -
W-
øÈÓ Ï˘
ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®·
Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b lfqnt jndtns gj cktle/otve j,hfpwe.
hV :‫דוגמה‬
WV
Ô‰Î Ô„
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≥
147
·‚ŒŒÃa ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ ®‡ Æ±≤
W+ t 5UU

W ² d
* W
² W
W U W
W .d
W U
W
ÆÈÂÂ„· Ï‰Â‡· ®X© ÔÈ‡ ‰ÓÂ ®V© ˘È ‰Ó ÂÓÒÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®·

Yfpjdbnt dcke[ b jnvtnmnt yf ,evfut> xnj tcnm !V@ d ,tlebycrb[ gfkfnrf[> b xtuj d yb[ ytn !X@.
ÆÔ‰ÈÏÚ ÂÚÂ ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚

Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs gj ntrcne b jndtnmnt yf yb[.
øË‰¯ ‰ÙÈ‡ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬

ÆÚ·˘ ¯‡· „ÈÏ ·‚· Ë‰¯ ≠
WUUUU ∫‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙ÂÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ μ Â·˙Î ®„ ¯ÂÚÈ˘

Yfgbibnt 5 djghjcjd gj ntrcne> bcgjkmpez cktle/obt djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf. ≥
148
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≥
149

Ceotcndbntkmyst Ukfujks
gfkfnrf#b ² UQWR
² tcn ²
ujcnbybwf QWR© cblbn · ²
cbyfujuf#b
?

· 5UQWR 5
? uekztn «

ve;xbyf#s .UQWR cnjbn ²
vbyenf#s ² UQWR
ltym#lyb UQWR
© ²
cnek#cnekmz ² ?UQWR
? Ghbkfufntkmyst
rhjdfnm QWR
UQWR
ckjdj#ckjdf lheujq#fz> byjq#fz - U

vtcnj#vtcnf ² ² UQWR ² vzcyjq#fz .xµ 5U.x µ 5
QWR µ E
gbnf !dbl [kt,f@ vjkjxysq#fz U

QWR*
vt,tkm bphfbkmcrbq#fz *
xU
º *
x º
rjdth#rjdhs UQWR
º µ
itrtkm#b UQWRº # ¸

Xbckbntkmyst - ve;.hjl

Hfpyjt jlby
ldf VºU º
nhb µ ² º
dct#rf;lsq#k/,jq V? xtnsht 5/
xnj-nj#xnj-yb,elm 9
¸ gznm
µ
tot ² itcnm µ ¹ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
,jkmijt cgfcb,j 5+² ctvm ¹ ≥
djctvm ² º
ltdznm º ¹
Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
ltcznm *x µ
nsczxf#nsczxb UQWR

[evec QWR 99 gznmltczn
¹
rfcgjvfn QWRkE
? cnj#cjnyb ² QWR

,tleby#rf 5U
5 ltdzyjcnj º ¹
150
Cbynfrcbc% V c

Jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm ljk;ty ,snm b e ceotcndbntkmyjuj> b e ghbkfufntkmyjuj.
¨ÔË˜‰ „ÏÈ‰ :‫דוגמות‬

‰Ê‰ ˙È·‰
+ ceotcndbntkmyjt d tlbycndtyyjv xbckt tT
ÌÂÈ ÏÎ :‫דוגמה‬

Hfpyjt% c
rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ve;crjuj hjlf ±∞≠±V
Rjnjhsq xfc* QIIR ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó
c[ U ZU WZ

Nfr ;t> rfr b d ;tycrjv hjlt> d ve;crjv rjkbxtcndtyyjt xbckbntkmyjt
jlby cnfyjdbncz gjckt ceotcndbntkmyjuj> f ldf - cjrhfoftncz%
W
º t
º
Ceaabrc ´ egjnht,kztncz lkz c
W[
ghtdhfotybz ceotcndbntkmyjuj d ghbkfufntkmyjt
W UUU c
W U U U
U
W
¯ÂÚÈ˘ Yj tuj ytkmpz lj,fdkznm fdnjvfnbxtcrb> nfr rfr pfxfcne/
≥ ceotcndbntkmyjt ghb ‘njv vtyztn cdj/ ajhve.
WVUVU V c

Yfghbvth%
W

W
D nfrb[ ckexfz[ d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf egjnht,kztncz njkmrj
jlby qel.
Yfghbvth% WUU Uc
151
¥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
W ÌÈ¯ÙÒ ˙ÂÁ· ®‡ Æ±

W²
¯ÙÒ‰ ˙‡ Œ
W
¾ E
W
c
m c
W? U c
m c
m c
m c
W UU c
W
h W c
W U c
W c
h
Æ‰˜ÈÊÂÓ ˙ÂÁ· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®·

Ghblevfqnt fyfkjubxysq lbfkju d
vepsrfkmyjv vfufpbyt - ghjbpytcbnt
tuj dcke[ b pfntv pfgbibnt.
WUW ¯ÂÚÈ˘
¥
152
h*?V
®‡ Æ≤
W WV
·‰Â‡
W˙‡ ¯ÈkœÓ
Ã
ÌÈ·‰Â‡ …˙‡ ·‰Â‡ È‡

W ˙‡ ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ
ÆÌÈÂ ˘Ó˘ ·‰Â‡ È‡
ÆÌÁ ÏÙ‡ÏÙ ·‰Â‡ È‡
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Æ‰È¯ ÆÆÆ ˙‡ ·‰Â‡ È‡Â
Yfgbibnt> xnj ds k/,bnt. ÆÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®·

¯ÂÚÈ˘
ÆÆÆ˙·‰Â‡ È‡ ÆÆÆ·‰Â‡ È‡
¥
153
ÆÍÈ¯ˆ Ì‡ ¢˙‡¢ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ Æ≥
Crf;bnt cktle/obt ahfps> bcgjkmpez> rjulf ‘nj ye;yj> ghtlkju $ ˙‡ $.

QR

Ghbvth% ˙Â‚ÂÚ ·‰Â‡ ‡Â‰ Æ‰ÙÈÁ ˙‡ ·‰Â‡ ‡Â‰ :‫דוגמות‬
U U ®‡ Æ¥
h
WWWJh
¯ÂÚÈ˘
¥
W5
W²

WEP
/P

WE ?

U W
W

154
Pflfqnt lheu lheue yfgbcfyyst yb;t djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®·
h h

hm hm
hm
h h
hm h
Yfgbibnt> xnj ds k/,bnt% ÆÆÆÏ˘ ‰˜ÈÊÂÓ‰ ˙‡ ·‰Â‡ È‡ ∫ÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®‚
Pfrjyxbnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz. ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æμ
W‰‚ÂÚ‰ ˙‡ U :‫דוגמה‬
W U WZ

W²
² P W W[
U W\
W U
W U W]
W² W W^
Æ¢˙‡¢‰ ˙‡ ÔÈ·Ó È‡ ÂÈ˘ÎÚ W W_
W
W W`
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W
¥
ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ Æ‰È¯ËÙ˜· ÌÎÈÈ· ÂÁÁÂ˘ ®·

Gj,tctleqnt lheu c lheujv d rfatnthbb.
Bcgjkmpeqnt bkk/cnhfwbb.
:‫דוגמה‬
hP V
WP WV
WP W V
155
¢ÏÃÚ≠ÏŒ‡¢· Ï‡¯˘ÈÏ ˜¯³ÂÈ≠eÈÓ Q Æ∂
cK K K K V KVK
cK K K KKVK

W$ ¹
W
WK K
W

W
² ¯ÂÚÈ˘
m ¥
U

U
t
W
156
W W
UK K W U
WV9
¢ÆÆÆÌÎÈÏÚ ÌÂÏ ˘ Â‡·‰¢
Jndtnmnt yf cktle/obt djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®·
h W` h W] h WZ

h Wa h W^ h W[
h Wb h W_ h W\
h h² c ∫Â·˙Î ®‚
ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ˙‡
Œ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ¨ÌÈËÙ˘ÓÏ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò Æ∑
Cjcnfdmnt bp ckjd ghtlkj;tybz>
lj,fdkzz d gjl[jlzob[ vtcnf[ ghtlkju $ ˙Œ‡ $.
XX X :‫דוגמה‬

Æ¯È˘‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‡¯Â˜ ‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰
X XXX X W_ X X X X WZ
XXXXX W` X X XX W[

¯ÂÚÈ˘
¥
XX XX Wa XXXX X \
X X PX X Wb XXX² ² XX W]
X X XX WZY XX XXX W^
157
Æ‰·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ Â‡ ‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Æ∏
Crf;bnt dcke[ b gjnjv yfgbibnt djghjc bkb jndtn.
h WZ
W W[
h W\
W W]
h W^
h W_
W W`
h Wa
h Wb
W WZY
¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ÔÈ·Â ÒÁÈ ˙ÈÏÈÓ ´ ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ÔÈ· ‰Ó‡˙‰ Æπ

Cjukfcjdfybt ceotcndbntkmyjuj c ghtlkjujv b ghbkfufntkmyjuj.

ÏÂ„‚‰ ˙È·aÃ
‰ÏÂ„‚‰ ‰¯È„ÏÃ
ÌÈÏÂ„‚‰ ÌÈ˙·‰Ã Ó
Õ Q[
®≤
È·T
œ Ú⁄Ó
Ã Ã‰ Ï˙Âk
³ ÏÃ ®‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
¥
h U c
Wc
hc
W c
h
158
ø˘„Á ‰Ó °ÔÏÀ‰
⁄ ‡
Ã ®·
hhJ c
WU UUW c
h c
h² W c
hU U U W W c
W X ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÓÒ ®‚

Jcyjdsdfzcm yf dsitghbdtltyyjv lbfkjut> yfgbibnt X jrjkj
cktle/ob[ endth;ltybq.
X WWZ c
X W W[
X WW\
X WW]
Æ˙ÂÁ ÏÎ· ˘È ‰Ó ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ Æ±∞

Jcyjdsdfzcm yf bkk/cnhfwbz[> crf;bnt> xnj bvttncz d rf;ljv vfufpbyt.
W d
WWW WWW
¯ÂÚÈ˘
¥
ÆÌÈÁÈË˘ ˘È ‰ÏÂ„‚‰ ˙ÂÁ· :‫דוגמה‬

Æ˙Â‚ÂÚ ˘È ‰Ë˜‰ ˙ÂÁ·
159
˙‡ ÂÚ„ÈÈ ¨¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ´ ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ÛÂ¯ÈˆÂ ÏÚÂÙ ˙ÂÓÈ˘¯‰Ó Â¯Á· ¨ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÈË¯Ù Ì˘ Â‡ ÛÂ‚ Ì˘ Â¯Á· ®‡ Æ±±
Æ®ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ‰¯˘Ú ˙ÂÁÙÏ© ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â·˙ÎÂ ÛÂ¯Èˆ‰
Ds,thbnt kbxyjt vtcnjbvtybt bkb bvz> pfntv ds,thbnt ukfujk b rjv,byfwb/
ceotcndbntkmyjuj c ghbkfufntkmysv> lj,fdmnt jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm b yfgbibnt
yt vtytt ltcznb ghtlkj;tybq.
¯‡Â˙ ˙ÂÓ˘ ´ ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰

ceotcndbntkmyjt } ghbkfufntkmyjt ukfujk

m
m
m
m
ÆÔ˘È‰ ˙È·‰Ó ‡· ‡Â‰ :‫דוגמה‬
m
Æ˘„Á‰ ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓÏ ˙ÎÏÂ‰ ‰È¯ m
m
m

ÌÈÓÈ ‰Ú·˘ Ω ÚÂ·˘

² .²

· ² „·ÂÚ ¨„·ÂÚ¨„·ÂÚ ®‡ Æ±≤

¹
º ²

/
² W

¹ ² W

¹ ¹ ² W
5
¶ W
W
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W
W
¥
160
ÌÈÈÁ ‰˘ÂÚ ®·
W

W
WP
W
W
W
W
¯Á
À ÀÓ ≠ ÌÂÈ
³ ‰
Ã Æ±≥
m W
Ghjxnbnt b pfrjyxbnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz% ∫ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â Â‡¯˜ ®‡
W WZ

W W[
W W\
W W]
ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ®‡ ÏÈ‚¯˙· ÂÓÎ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó μ „ÂÚ Â¯Ó‡ ®·

Ghblevfqnt tot 5 ghtlkj;tybq gj j,hfpwe ghbdtltyys[ d eghf;ytybb Q .
¯ÂÚÈ˘
U U
¥ QR Wl UU
161
QZR
W² ?
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¸ ,W-
©
µ ®‡
W" t
K9² © 9² K
V 3
¸ ² ® ² V
² ?® ,
©UV U
¸UV
V tV

5V
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¥
Crf;bnt dcke[> xnj cjplfk <-u d rf;lsq ÆÌÂÈ ÏÎ· ÌÈ‰ÂÏ‡ ‡¯· ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®·
ÆÍ˘ÂÁ‰ ˙‡Â ¯Â‡‰ ˙‡ ‡¯· ÌÈ‰ÂÏ‡ ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ÌÂÈ· :‫דוגמה‬
bp lytq.
162

Cjxtnfybt ceotcndbntkmyjuj ¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ´ ÒÁÈ ˙ÏÈÓ ÌÚ ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ÈÙÂ¯Èˆ
c ghtlkjujv } ghbkfufntkmyjt
Jghtltktyysq Ú„ÂÈÓ Ytjghtltktyysq Ú„ÂÈÓ ‡Ï

TmTTm
Xm5 TTmXm 5Xm
W + ceotcndbntkmyjtm+ WWW
WWWXWWW + WWW/WWW5/WWW
+ ceotcndbntkmyjt
ghbkfufntkmyjt
+ ghbkfufntkmyjt
TmTTm

WWW

+ ceotcndbntkmyjt + WWW
+ ghbkfufntkmyjt
5
5

55 5
¯ÂÚÈ˘ 5
¥ RTmXm
5Xm
TmTQ
WWWXWWW
5XWWW
+ bvz cj,cndtyyjt !xtkjdtr bkb vtcnj@
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5

163

lzlz> ntnz QWRkUQWRk botn E

ltymub ?UQWR

? pyftn> pyfrjv ?
ghjlfdtw> ghjlfdobwf QWR-
² UQWR² dcnhtxftn kE
ufptnf QWR k dblbn k

ytltkz#b ² 9UQWR
µ l
µ
cevrf> gfgrf QWR ¹

Hfpyjt Ghbkfufntkmyst
ckjdj> jpyfxf/ott ghzvjt ljgjkytybt ltitdsq#fz kUk

ctujlyz k dthysq#fz> ghfdbkmysq#fz kUk

Cntyf Gkfxf *

k?
¸
djn bvtyyj l
pfdnhf
Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf

Lyb ytltkb yt j,kfuftvsq QYWWR.
9

nfvj;tyyjq gjikbyjq
djcrhtctymt k.k Nfq-xb QYWWRP

gjytltkmybr k
· n[byf QWR
dnjhybr
¹ k
º gfcgjhn QWR/kE E ¯ÂÚÈ˘
chtlf
/k
QWR.©
xtndthu
¹ k
cbufhtnf
¥
gznybwf
¹ k
¹
Cktyu
Ghbdtn^ J

164
Cbynfrcbc% Ghtlkju - V

c
Æ¯È˘‰ ˙‡ ‡¯Â˜ ‡Â‰ c
Æ‰ÂÂÁ ˙‡ ·‰Â‡ Ì„‡
tT

Cjukfcjdfybt ghbkfufntkmyjuj b ceotcndbntkmyjuj } ghtlkju -
Ô˘È‰ ˙È·· c
Hfpyjt% Lyb ytltkb ∫˙ÂÂ˘
T ∫ÈÂ˘Ï ÌÂÎÈÒ

Uhfvvfnbxtcrfz cdjlrf% cjxtnfybt ceotcndbntkmyjuj c ghtlkjujv } ghbkfufntkmyjt
hmc U U QZ

h c
hmc U U
h c
Tckb ds cghfibdftnt j xtv-nj> xnj zdkztncz ljgjkytybtv d ghtlkj;tybb> nj
djghjc cnfdbncz nfr% hWWW !cv. ghbvth dsit@.
Tckb ds cghfibdftnt j rjv-nj> rnj zdkztncz ljgjkytybtv d ghtlkj;tybb> nj

¯ÂÚÈ˘
djghjc cnfdbncz nfr% hWWW !cv. ghbvth dsit@.
¥
U U Q[

WmUmUmV
Ceotcndbntkmyst b ghbkfufntkmyst cjukfce/ncz d hjlt> xbckt b d b[

jghtltktyys[ fhnbrkz[> lf;t rjulf r ceotcndbntkmyjve lj,fdkz/ncz
ghtlkj;yst xfcnbws mUmUm .
165
μ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
ø‡Â¯˜Ï ‰Ó ®‡ Æ±
øÏÂÎ‡Ï ‰Ó ®·
ø˘Â·ÏÏ ‰Ó ®‚
¯ÂÚÈ˘
μ
166
ÏÃÚtÀ cghz;tybt - $wtkst$ rjhyb - byabybnbdyfz ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ – ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚ
Ã tÀ ÔÈÈ· Æ≤
ajhvf
ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘
Byabybnbdyfz ajhvf Yfcnjzott dhtvz
« Ÿ Ïœ „ÂÓ ³ ÏŸÏœ
·³Â˙ÎŸÏœ
˘Â‚ ³ ÙŸÏœ
˘Âa ³ ÏŸÏœ
‡Â¯O ³ Ïœ
ÚÂÓ³ ˘ " Ïœ
ÚÃÂÒ ³ ŸÏœ
Â² ⁄ ÏÃ
Á „Â· ³ Ú⁄ÏÃ
·Â˘
³ Á ⁄ ÏÃ
Â² ¤ ÏŒ
‡ ÏÂÎ ³ ‡ ¤ ÏŒ
·Â‰ ³ ‡ ¤ ÏŒ
¯ÓÂ¿ Ã
Dgbibnt byabybnbdyst ajhvs gjlxthryens[ ukfujkjd . ÆÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ ®‡ Æ≥
Æ˘Â·ÏÏ WV

¸ P :‫דוגמה‬
W W WZ
W W

W[
W
¸ ² W W\
W W P W]
¯ÂÚÈ˘
μ

QZR
167
W W W^
W W W_
W W W`
WU W Wa
W W*/!
¬ Wb
W W KK WZY
W W U WZZ
Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Q
h
h
h
h
hmm
Pfrjyxbnt ukfujks. ÆÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ¥
ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ‰ÂÂ‰
Æ¯ ÆÈ
Æ ÆÊ Æ ÆÊ

¯ÂÚÈ˘
,

μ

168
Ukfujk } byabybnbd ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ´ ‰ˆÂ¯ Æμ
„ÂÓÏÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡
W W c

h U c
W U c
hW c
W c
hU c
W t c
k
k
„ÂÓÏÏ
k
kk
Dgbibnt d ghtlkj;tybz gjl[jlzobt djghjcs bp cgbcrf. ∫˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ∂
Xh2
² Xh2
º Xh3
¹ ² Xh3
º
º
W W WZ

W W[
W W W\
W W]
¯ÂÚÈ˘
μ Æ‰Ó‚Â„· ÂÓÎ ¨ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Æ∑
Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbzvb> rfr gjrfpfyj d ghbvtht.
øÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì‰ ‰Ó
W U :‫דוגמה‬
W
169
m W\
m WZ
m W[
m W_
m W]
mU W^
mU Wa
¯ÂÚÈ˘
μ
m P W`
m Wb

170
Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®·
h h

h h
h h
h h
h h
h h
J
®±≤∞∞ ≠ π∞∞© ¯È‰J

œ aŸ ‰ÊÈ
À œ‚Ÿ‰
Ã ®‡ Æ∏
cW
W² ® UU
W
W
W
UU9®
c UU
W5+
W U

h c
W h
W
KcW
W 5Kc Kh W
¯ÂÚÈ˘
UV¾Kc Kh
μ W Kc W·
KW

c5V

ZZV 5
W
V
171
Yfgbibnt d cjjndtncndbb c ÆÔÂÎ ‡Ï Â‡ ÔÂÎ ≠ ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î ®·
ntrcnjv - ÔÂÎ
bkb ÔÂÎ ‡ÏÆ
W WZ
W W[
W W\
W W]
W W^
W W_
Æ„ÈÁÈ· ‰ÂÂ‰‰ ˙¯Âˆ ˙‡ ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÏÎ „ÈÏ Â·˙Î ÆÌ˙Â‡ Â˜È˙Ú‰Â ËÒ˜Ë· ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ ®‚
Gjlxthrybnt d ntrcnt dct ukfujks d byabybnbdt b dsgbibnt b[. Hzljv c rf;lsv
ukfujkjv d byabybnbdt yfgbibnt ajhve yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb tlbycndtyyjuj xbckf.
„ÓÂÏ ≠ „ÂÓÏÏ :‫דוגמה‬
Yfgbibnt dfit vytybt% ∫ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®„
®≥∞∞∞ ≠ ≤∞∞∞© ¢˙È¯„ÂÓ ‰ÊÈ‚¢
h

h
h
¯ÂÚÈ˘
μ
172
Yfhtxbz ÏÚÂÙ È¯‡˙ Æπ
ËM˘Ÿa
‰aYÕ ‰ Ã
‰ÙŒÈ
Ë‡ Ã ÏŸ ‰ÙŒÈ

¯‰Õ ÓÃ

ÔÈeˆÓ Ÿ
‰˘J
®±
ø… ÌÈ·˘ÂÈ ¨ÌÈ„·ÂÚ ¨ÌÈÏÎÂ‡ ¨ÌÈ¯·„Ó ¨ÌÈˆ¯ Ì‰ ÍÈ‡ Q
W
W
W
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W WK K

μ
W U W

173
ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ¯‡Â˙ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®·
Crf;bnt ghfdbkmyjt yfhtxbt b pfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz wtkbrjv.
Æ¯‰Ó Æ¯‰Ó Æ¯‰Ó W :‫דוגמה‬
WWWWWW WWWWWW WWWWW W WZ

WWWWWWWWWW WWWWW W W[
WWWWW WWWWWW 9
W\
WWWWW WWWWW W
.
/!
¬ W]
e‰˘ÈœÓ Ø e‰˘Ó
Ã ®‡ Æ±∞
Â‰˘Ó
Ã ≠ ø‰Ó
Â‰˘ÈÓ ≠ øÈÓ
¯ÂÚÈ˘
μ
hx
174
Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ jn ckjd r Â‰˘Ó bkb Â‰˘ÈÓÆ ÆÂ‰˘Ó Â‡ Â‰˘ÈÓ ∫Â˜· ÂÓÒ Q

ÆÂ‰˘ÈÓ
œ Â‡ Â‰˘Ó
Ã Âˆ·˘Â ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Q
Ghjxnbnt lbfkjub b ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz ckjdfvb

bkb
.
h U c WZ

W c
h c
W c
hUU c W[
W c
¯ÂÚÈ˘
μ h c
W c
J U c Q\

h c
W W c
h Q

175
Æ≤ ¯ÂË· ‚ÏÒ· Ì‰Ï ÌÈÏÈ·˜Ó‰ ÌÈÚ·Ó‰ ÔÈ·Â ± ¯ÂË· ÌÈÚ·Ó‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ ÂÓÒ
Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le dshf;tybzvb d cnjk,wt 1 b cjjndtncnde/obvb cktyujdsvb
dshf;tybzvb d cnjk,wt 2.
[ Z
J V Wm -
m V J V
h-P P V J -
h V h -
h V h V
J5U
V h - ¯ÂÚÈ˘
μ
176

fkafdbn QYWWR5
levftn> levfnm ² U·k
jlt;lf 5UQWR5
jltdftn> jltdfnm ² 5U
²
ve;> ve;mz 5UQWR
5 ,t;bn> ,tufnm 9U*
fh[bd QWR cghfibdftn> ²
º U ²
dhtvz QWR
cghfibdfnm
tdhtq#rf QWR 9
© ® UQWR 9®
cnj !cjnyz@ QWR

hf,,b> hfddbys 5+UQWR+
bvz> bvtyf ² ·UQWR
·

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Hfpyjt
‘ktrnhjyyfz gjxnf QWR cgjrjqyj> nb[j .K#

¸ 5
vepsrfkmysq#fz QWR 9UQWR
9 tot> b ,jktt ² ®
l;bycs QWRP vtlktyyj WK
rfhmthbcn#rf QWR
.
/!UQWR
¬ ./! ¬ ,scnhj .K
¯ÂÚÈ˘ aen,jkrf QWR/
V ¸ rnj-nj 9
¸
μ rehc QWR/9 nz;tksq> ;tcnrbq .K ¸
QWR*/! ¬ QRh3
º
rfhmthf Rfr nt,z pjden* !;.h.@

Rfr nt,z pjden* !v.h.@ QRh2
¹
Vjt bvz º
177
Vjhajkjubz% UUQÁRc c
Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E) >
rjhyb nbgf K > byabybnbd
‡«¯OœÏ ¨„«ÓÏŸÏœ c ²

Ï«Î‡¤ÏŒ k

·«˘Á⁄ÏÃ ²
„«·Ú⁄ÏÃ ²
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Cbynfrcbc% T c c

Byabybnbdyfz rjycnherwbz% ukfujk } byabybnbd
„ÂÓÏÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ Ô„ c
Yfhtxbz - Ë˜˘· ¨ ¯‰Ó t
W

Vyjubt ghbkfufntkmyst bcgjkmpe/ncz b rfr jghtltktybz> b rfr yfhtxbz.
Yfghbvth% ‰˘˜ ¨„ÓÁ ¨ÔÈÂˆÓ ¨‰ÙÈ ¨·ÂË c

¯ÂÚÈ˘
μ
178
∂ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
E
cghz;tybt - K rjhyb nbgf - byabybnbd ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ – Â¢Ú ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÃtÀ ÔÈÈ· Æ±
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c Q ÌÂ˜Ï ‰ÀˆÂ¯ ‡Ï ®‡

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lbfkju d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbtq%
hJ U c
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h
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179
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ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ‰ÂÂ‰
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Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz ghfdbkmysv ukfujkjv d ÆÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®·

byabybnbdt.
WV¯Â‚Ï U :‫דוגמה‬

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W UV WZ
∂
W W W[

W W W\
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180
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Ds,thbnt gjl[jlzobt jndtns r djghjcfv. Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘Ï ˙Â·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Q
W V h V

W
¬ 5
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ø¯ÈÚ· ÌÈ¯‚ ‡Ï Ì˙‡ ‰ÓÏ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬

ÆË˜˘ ÌÈ·‰Â‡ ÂÁ‡ ÈÎ ≠
181
Pflfqnt tot jlby djghjc r rf;ljve Æ≤¨ ¥ ÏÈ‚¯˙·˘ ‰·Â˘˙ ÏÎÏ ‰Ï‡˘ „ÂÚ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚
jndtne d eghf;ytybb 2> 4.
ø¯ÎÂÒ ÈÏ· ‰Ù˜ ‰˙Â˘ ˙‡ ‰ÓÏ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬
Æ‰Ë‡È„· È‡ ÈÎ ≠
Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®„
h h
h h
h QR h QR
hQR hQR
ıÂ·È˜‰ Æ¥
ÌÂÈ‰ ±πμ∞≠·
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5
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182
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Yfgbibnt htrkfve lkz rb,,ewf {fhlea. ÆÛÂ„¯‰ ıÂ·È˜Ï ˙ÓÂÒ¯Ù Â·˙Î ®·

183
Jnvtnmnt ghfdbkmyst ghtlkj;tybz d ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ ®‚
cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv.
W WZ W

WV W[
W W\
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W WZ W

W W[
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W
Gjgfhyj bycwtybheqnt% jlby extybr - xkty rb,,ewf {fhlea> dnjhjq extybr pflftn
tve djghjcs j rb,,ewt> gthdsq extybr jndtxftn.
ø‰Ê‰ ıÂ·È˜· ¯‚ ‰˙‡ ‰ÓÏ :‫דוגמה‬

184
Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Q Æ∂
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ajhvt.
X X XX XX XX c
X XX X X X XX
ıÂ·È˜· ·„˙Ó
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V ÌÈÚœÀaY‡ Ã ¥∞
V ÌÈ÷È
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m ÌÈ÷È! ÷ ! ∂∞
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ÌÈÚœ÷ " ˙ ! π∞
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185
Crf;bnt dcke[ htpekmnfns buh. ®± ÆÌÈ˜Á˘Ó‰ ˙Â‡ˆÂ˙ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Æ∏
ZZYVZ[Y V

baVZY\ V
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a_Va` VP
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186
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Ghblevfqnt tot ldf vfntvfnbxtcrb[ djghjcf lkz exfob[cz dnjhjuj rkfccf.
Pfgbibnt b[ b pflfqnt cdjbv cjextybrfv.
® III © ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó Æ±∞
®‡
hU-
Wx ^c[Y-
hU-
W

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W x
h -
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Wx
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ÆÂÚÂ ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ≠ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ¨‰Ú˘ Â¯Á· ®·

Ds,thbnt vjvtyn dhtvtyb bp ghbdtltyyjuj yb;t cgbcrf> cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf>
rjnjhsq xfc> b lfqnt jndtn.
[Yc\] \c[a ]c^Y Z\c]Y

Zc\Y Z]c[] Z_c[^ bc^Z
187
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h ∂
h
188
Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ÌÈÏÈˆ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡

Ceotcndbntkmyst

xtkjdtr QYWWR Ukfujks
gbof> tlf QYWWR
²

djpdhfoftncz> djpdhfofnmcz ² U
²
nhfgtpf QWR9
buhftn> buhfnm x¶ U
x
¶
irjkf#s
· 5UQWR 5
dcnftn> dcnfdfnm 9U
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²
gthtvtyf !gththsd@ QWR
ctkmcrjt [jpzqcndj QYWWR9%
ghbhjlf QYWWR Ghbkfufntkmyst Djghjcs
‘rcrehcbz # ghjuekrf QWR9 ghbznysq#fz U
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vfibyf> vt[fybpv kturbq#fz !U!
lj,hjdjktw QWR

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º
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gjnjve xnj K?
kk
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bltjkjubz
d cjjndtncndbb c

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lbtnf
rfr ltkf* xnj cksiyj*
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rfyey ce,,jns !dtxth gznybws@ 5
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k$

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rbkjvtnh
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/k
20 ldflwfnm . ¾
∂ fynhjgjcjacrbq#fz UkkEk º 30 nhblwfnm ¹ ² º
5/
kkEk
º
40 cjhjr
50 gznmltczn
¹

Vfntvfnbrf 60 itcnmktczn ¹ ¹
70 ctvmltczn ¹
gk/c !}@ QTR² ® 80 djctvmltczn ² º
vbyec !-@ V² E 90 ltdzyjcnj º ¹
hfdyj !]@ f 100 cnj
189
Vjhajkjubz% U KUQERc c

Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E)>
rjhyb nbgf K> byabybnbd
Ghbvth% ¯e‚ÏÀ c 9

¯È˘!ÏÀ

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Cbynfrcbc% Ghblfnjxyst ghbxbys% ÆÆÆÈÎ øÆÆÆ‰ÓÏV c
Hfpyjt% xbckf 20-100 ZYYV[Yt c

Rjnjhsq xfc* QIIIR ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó
WU UWZ
D bdhbnt xbckf> rjnjhst yt ghtlitcnde/n ceotcndbntkmyjve> dctulf ;tycrjuj
hjlf.
Yfghbvth% Wb W c
¯ÂÚÈ˘
∂
190
· ÔÓÊ ˜ÒÙ
ø‰ÂÓ˙· ‰Ó ®‡ Æ±
Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le ckjdjv b Æ‰ÂÓ˙Ï ‰ÏÈÓ‰Ó Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰
cjjndtncnde/obv hbceyrjv.
● ● ● ● ● ●
Crf;bnt> f pfntv yfgbibnt - rfrbt ÆÌÎÏ˘ ‰¯È„· ˘È ‰Ó Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®·

ghtlvtns tcnm d dfitq rdfhnbht.
Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le fynjybvfvb. ÆÌÈÎÙ‰‰ ˙‡ Â˜· Â¯·Á Æ≤

˜ÒÙ
ÔÓÊ
·


191
Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybzvb ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®‡ Æ≥
b bkk/cnhfwbzvb.
øÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì‰ ‰Ó
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
Lj,fdmnt tot jlyj ckjdj r rf;ljve ghtlkj;tyb/. ÆËÙ˘Ó ÏÎÏ ‰ÏÈÓ „ÂÚ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ®·
Æ‰ÈÈÓÁÏ ˙ÏÎÂ‡ ‡È‰ :‫דוגמה‬

Yfgbibnt> ult ds [jnbnt bkb yt [jnbnt ;bnm> Æ‰ÓÏÂ ¯Â‚Ï ÌÈˆÂ¯ ‡Ï Â‡ ÌÈˆÂ¯ Ì˙‡ ‰ÙÈ‡ Â·˙Î Æ¥
j,(zcybnt gjxtve.
˜ÒÙ

ÔÓÊ

≤·

ÆË˜˘ Ì˘ ˘È ÈÎ ¨Ú·Ë· ¯Â‚Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ :‫דוגמה‬

Æ˙È· ‡Ï ‰Ê ÈÎ ¨ÔÂÏÓ· ¯Â‚Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ ‡Ï È‡
192
¯˜Â·· ‰·ÂË ‰ÁÂ¯‡ ®‡ Æμ

U U V
U U
W
U
W
W c
W Uc
W
W c
W V U
U c KK
W / W
W/²
ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ

Â‡ , ËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ „ÈÏ Â·˙Î ®·
Yfgbibnt hzljv c rf;lsv ghtlkj;tybtv , bkb
> d cjjndtncndbb
c jnhsdrjv.
V Æ‰˘˜·· ËÏÒ „ÂÚ ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ ¨‡ÓÈ‡ :‫דוגמה‬
h V QZ

WWV
W hU V Q[
W WW UV Q\
h W U J V Q]
˜ÒÙ W UV
ÔÓÊ Wv W V Q^
· h V Q_
WV

W
Æ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙Âˆ¯‡· ·¯Ú·Â ÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ· ¨¯˜Â·· ÌÈÏÎÂ‡ ‰Ó ‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯ÙÒ ®‚

Hfccrf;bnt lheu lheue> xnj j,sxyj tlzn enhjv> lytv b dtxthjv d hfpys[ cnhfyf[.
193
Ds,thbnt gjl[jlzott ckjdj b ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Æ∂
ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybt.
X WVVVUVVV QZ
X W VVV Q[
W VVV
X h VVVV Q\
W VVVV
X WVVV VVV/ ² / Q]
X hVVVJh V Q^
W UV
hVVV V
W V
X WUV c Q_
WV
WVVVV
WVVVV
X h V Q`
WVVV U V
h V
WVVV V
˜ÒÙ
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≤·
X WVVV VVV Qa

X hVVVW V Qb
W V
WVVVWV
194
Yfgbibnt gjl[jlzobt ceotcndbntkmyst ÆÌÈ·¯· Â‡ „ÈÁÈ· ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌˆÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ∑
d tlbycndtyyjv bkb vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt.
X XX X XXX X
W VVV QZ

W ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒ· Q[
W VVV Q\
W Uc VVV Q]
Wt UVVV V
U c VVV Q^
W
UVVV W Q_
W
hVVVUV Q`
W UV
Æ‰·˜· Â‡ ¯ÎÊ· ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ¯‡Â˙‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ∏

Yfgbibnt gjl[jlzobt ghbkfufntkmyst d ve;crjv bkb ;tycrjv hjlt.
X XXXX X XX

˜ÒÙ
ÔÓÊ
W˙È¯„ÂÓ W :‫דוגמה‬
·
W VVV QZ

WUVVV Q[
WVVV W Q\
WVVVWZabYV Q]
W V WVVV Q^
WVVV W Q_
WVVV W Uh hU V Q`
195
Hfcghtltkbnt ghbdtltyyst yb;t ckjdf gj djcmvb rfntujhbzv. Æ˙ÂÈ¯Â‚Ë˜ ∏≠Ï ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÈÈÓ Æπ
h h h h

·˙ÎÓ ÔÈÈ ˙ÈÏÂÎ˘‡ Ï‰Â‡

‰ÊÈ‡ ˙ÈÏ‚‡ ‡·‡ ÔÂ¯‡
XXXXXXX Xc
X X XXXXX X X
X XXXXXXXX X
XX XXXXXX X
XXX XXXXXXX
X X X XXXXX
XX X X X XXX
X X X X
Dgbibnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±∞
¯ÙÒ ÌÚ ‰Ù˜
UUU
c VVV ˜ÒÙ
W ÔÓÊ
VVV ≤·
W
U WVVV
WVVV
W VVV U
U U VVVW
W VVV U
196
Ghjbpytcbnt b yfgbibnt djghjcs r ghbdtltyysv Æ˙Â·Â˘˙‰ ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Æ±±
yb;t jndtnfv.
Bcgjkmpeqnt yfgbcfyyst yb;t djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf.
∫‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙ÂÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰
WUUUUUUUU
Gjvybnt> byjulf ∫Ï˘ÓÏ ¨‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙ÏÈÓÏ ÒÁÈ ˙ÏÈÓ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ÌÈÓÚÙÏ ¨Â¯ÎÊ
r djghjcbntkmyjve ckjde
ljk;ty ,snm ghb,fdkty ghtlkju%
hUU
øÌ˘Ï ÌÈÎÏÂ‰ ÍÈ‡ W :‫דוגמות‬

øÌÈÎÏÂ‰ Ì‰ Ô‡Ï W
W QZ
W Q[
W Q\
W Q]
W Q^
W Q_
W Q`
W Qa
W Qb
WUU QZY
W U QZZ
W QZ[
W QZ\
W QZ]
W QZ^
˜ÒÙ W QZ_
ÔÓÊ
·
197
ÆÌÏÂÚ· ÌÈÂ˘ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó ‰˘ÂÏ˘· ·¯Ú· Ú·˘· ÌÈ˘ÂÚ ‰Ó Â¯ÙÒ Æ±≤
Crf;bnt> xnj ltkf/n d ctvm xfcjd dtxthf d nht[ hfpkbxys[ vtcnf[ Ptvkb*
Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf ˙Â¯Ê ÌÈÏÈÓ

Ceotcndbntkmyst
˜ÒÙ
‘ythubz QWR©/

ÔÓÊ
QWR

ctvtcnh
≤·

Ghbkfufntkmyst
bltfkmysq#fz U

yjhvfkmysq#fz /² U/²
htfkmysq#fz> frnefkmysq ,U,
htajhvbcncrbq#fz /
² -U/
² -
198
∑ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
Æ±
‰Ù˜Â Ë¯Ò
h U c

W9 c
h c
W U c
h9 c
h

5U
c
W c
W
U c
h c
Jh c
W c
Jm
º
c
h W

b blen d Cbytvfntre. Xnj jyb nfv ltkf/n*

cghz;tybt
- rjhyb nbgf QKRK s- byabybnbd ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ – ®‰¢Ï© È¢Ï ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÙ ÔÈÈ· Æ≤
ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘

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³ Ïœ
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K K ˙ÂÏ ³ Ú⁄ÏÃ
QUR ˙«ÈŸ‰Ïœ
199
ÆÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ ‰ˆÂ¯ – ‰Ó‚Â„‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î ®‡
Yfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz gj cktle/otve j,hfpwe - } ukfujk d byabybnbdt.
W˜È˙Ú ‡ÒÈÎ ˙Â˜Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ W :‫דוגמה‬
WWW W² ² WZ

WWW W W[
W\
WWW W
WWW W W]

WWW W W^

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WWW W W_
∑
WWW˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ W W`
WWW W+ Wa
WWW W Wb
WWW W WZY
200
Pfrjyxbnt ukfujks d nf,kbwt. Æ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®·
Æ¯ ÆÈ

¾

®‡ Æ≥
‰Ù˜· ‰‡Â¯ È‡
W -

W V
W V
W W V
W
« V
m²
V
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W U U -
∑
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… ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ¨„Â·ÚÏ ¨ÏÂÎ‡Ï ¨˙Â˙˘Ï ¨‡Â¯˜Ï ¨·Â˙ÎÏ ¨˙Â˜Ï ¨¯Â‚Ï ¨„ÂÓÏÏ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆÌÈˆÂ¯
Ds nj;t ghtlcrfpfntkb celm,s bkb cjcnfdbntkb ujhjcrjgf bkb...
Ghtlcrf;bnt lheubv exfobvcz dfituj rkfccf b[ celm,e. Bcgjkmpeqnt ajhvs
byabybnbdf> ghbdtltyyst dsit.
201
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ø‰Ó øÈ˙Ó
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+ djghjc ‰Ï‡˘ ËÙ˘Ó ´ ˙Ú„Ï Æμ

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Æ‰˜ÒÙ‰ ˘È ‰¯˘ÚÂ ¯˘Ú „Ú ¯˘ÚÏ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ
Hfccrf;bnt dfitve cjextybre> xnj ds bpexftnt ÆÈ˙ÓÂ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â¯ÙÒ ®‚

b d rfrbt xfcs.
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À Æ∑
fhnbrktv d tlbycndtyyjv xbckt.
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Bcgjkmpeqnt -X X X XXXT V

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UU cÔÓÊ‰ ÏÎ W :‫דוגמה‬

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Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz ÌÈÈÓ˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó
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m m m
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cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv.
WÏÂ„‚ :‫דוגמה‬
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Yfgbibnt lheue jnrhsnre bp ujcnbybws yf Vthndjv vjht.
ÁÏÓ‰ ÌÈ

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ukfujks> yfghbvth dvtcnj U V U b n.l.
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ghjgeotyyst ukfujkmyst ajhvs.
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217
Cdjlrf uhfvvfnbxtcrb[ ntv ÈÂ˘Ï ÔÈÈÚ ÌÂÎÈÒ
Vjltkb bvtyys[ ghtlkj;tybq
T X XX W

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erfpfntkmyst vtcnjbvtybz } ghbkfufntkmyst.

W QR W QR
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T X XX W
erfpfntkmyst vtcnjbvtybz } ghtlkj;yst j,jhjns.
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Ceotcndbntkmyjt TX TX W
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rfatnthbq · 5UQWR
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cgecrftncz> cgecrfnmcz -U,k
jnrhsnrf QWR9
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genm#b> ljhjuf#b *UQWR-
,jkmyjq#fz QWRkUQWRk
Ghbkfufntkmyst
pbvf QWR-k
jryj> jryf kkUQWR k
cxtn#f> xtr#b kk5 º UQWR
k5 º ujhzxbq#fz U
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Cktyu
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) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> yfcnjzott dhtvz
b byabybnbd
Ghbvth% ÔÈÓÊÓ :‫דוגמה‬

‰ÈÓÊÓ
ÔÈÓÊ‰Ï
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vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt
c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv
Ghbvth% ÌÈ„ÏÈ‰ ÏÎ :‫דוגמה‬
W ÏÎ QZ
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h k
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ø‰ÓÏ øÏÂ· ÌÚ ‰ÙËÚÓ ÍÂ˙· ·˙ÎÓ Â‡ ÏÈÈÓ È‡ ¨Ò˜Ù øÏ·˜ÏÂ ·Â˙ÎÏ ÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ∫Â·˙Î ®‚
Yfgbibnt% xnj dfv yhfdbncz jnghfdkznm b gjkexfnm* Afrcs> ‘ktrnhjyyst gbcmvf bkb
j,sxyst gbcmvf* Gjxtve*
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ÌÈ‰ÂÏ‡Ï ÌÈ„ÏÈ È·˙ÎÓ Æ± ®„
±±
Yfgbibnt afrc lkz . ÆÏ˙ÂÎÏ Ò˜Ù Ì˙‡ Ì‚ Â·˙Î Æ≤

249
ÆÌÈ·˙ÎÓ· ÌÂÈÒ‰ ÈÈÂËÈ·Ï ‰ÁÈ˙Ù‰ ÈÈÂËÈ· ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®‡
ÆÌÈÈ˘È‡ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓÏ ÂÏÈ‡Â ÌÈÈÏÓ¯ÂÙ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó ÌÈÈÂËÈ· ÂÏÈ‡ Â·˙Î ®·
f@ Ghbdtlbnt d cjjndtncndbt dcnegbntkmyst ghbdtncndbz b pfrk/xbntkmyst ghbdtncndbz
d ghbdtltyys[ yb;t gbcmvf[.
,@ Yfgbibnt% rfrbt ghbdtncndbz gjl[jlzn lkz jabwbfkmys[ gbctv b rfrbt - lkz
kbxys[ gbctv.
ÌÈÓÂÈÒ ˙ÂÁÈ˙Ù
Pfrk/xbntkmyst ckjdf Dcnegbntkmyst ckjdf
U m
X m
Xm
U9

Cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz d QZ„ÈÁÈ ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ Æμ

tlbycndtyyjv xbckt.
c ®‡

WWW ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ıÚ m. ÆÊ

WWW ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ˙‚ÂÚ f. Æ

˙Ã ‰À

Æ≤ ¯ÂË· ÌÈÙÂ¯ÈˆÏ ± ¯ÂË· ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®·

Ghbdtlbnt d cjjndtncndbt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz d cnjk,wt 1 c dshf;tybzvb
d cnjk,wt 2.
[ Z ¯ÂÚÈ˘
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250
Crf;bnt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz dcke[ b pfgbibnt b[. Æ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚
·¯Ú ÔÂ˙ÈÚ ≠ X :‫דוגמה‬
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
Cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt. ÌÈ·¯ ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ Æ∂
WWW
ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ÈˆÚ m. ÆÊ
ÆÆÆÈ Õ ÌÈ œ
WWW ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ˙Â‚ÂÚ f. Æ
ÆÆÆ˙« ˙«
Yfgbibnt ajhve vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf. ÆÌÈ·¯· Â·˙Î ®‡
‰˜ÈÊÈÙ È¯ÙÒœ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬

ÌÈË„ÂËÒ ˙Â·ÈÒÓ ≠
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±±
5

251
Ghjxnbnt ntrcn b gjlxthrybnt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz. Æ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒÂ Â‡¯˜ ®·
ÔÂ¯˘
W

W W
U W
W
W
Uc
W W
W
h h c

Rfr ds levftnt> xnj yfgbitn * Rjve jyf gbitn*
Ghjxnbnt cktle/obt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz. Æ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ÈÙÂ¯Èˆ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®‡ Æ∑

5
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5
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5
252
Æ‰Ê ‰ÙÈ‡ Â‡ ‰Ê ‰Ó ∫Â¯Ó‡Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®·
Ghjxnbnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz b jndtnmnt% xnj ‘nj bkb ult ‘nj.

U :‫דוגמה‬

¯ÈÂÂ‡ ¯‡Â„W K
W WZ
W U W[
WP W\
W W]
W W^
W W_
W U W`
W UU Wa
®‡ Æ∏
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253
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Q[ QZ
ÏÎÂ‡ ÌÈ„ÏÈ

Q] Q\
È¯È˘ ÏÂÈË

Æ˙ÂÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó· Â·˙Î ®‚

Bcgjkmpeqnt ghbdtltyyst yb;t ghfdbkmyst cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz lkz pfdthitybz
ghtlkj;tybq.
X X X X X c

X X XX
WWWWW W WZ

W WWWWW W[
WWWWWWW W U W\
h WWWWWJ W]
W WWWWW W^
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W WWWWWW Wa ±±
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254

fujhf ! 1#100 itrtkz@ QWR*k

gjcskfnm gj afrce %
U
%
<ju k
QWWR gtht[jlbn> gtht[jlbnm kU

vfhrf QWRl5 jnghfdkztn> jnghfdkznm kº U
k

,jkmybwf#s · 5UQWRk5
²
,enskrf QWR95%5
gjxnf QYWWRk
fdbfgjxnf QYWWR k Ghbkfufntkmyst
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* U ® ©
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ltym hj;ltybz
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QWR5 ?U QWR? gtxfkmysq#fz
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jabc QWR*x º
rkthr $EU QWR$E

hfpujdjh QWRx ¹ Hfpyjt
ljvfiybt pflfybz !gj ext,t@ QWWR5,9 ¹
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º
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Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt nthvbys Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
ukfujk#s EU
QWR kE QWR
ufp
‘ktrnhjyysq#fz k%
U
k%

ntktajyyfz rfhnjxrf QWR/?
afrc QWR%
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Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ W
Cbynfrcbc% t U c

Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt d tlbycndtyyjv b vyj;tcndtyyjv
xbckt> ,tp jghtltktyyjuj fhnbrkz
ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ˙‚ÂÚ ¨ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ıÚ :‫דוגמה‬
ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ˙Â‚ÂÚ ¨ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ÈˆÚ
Hfpyjt% rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst [YVZZ c

ve;crjuj hjlf
Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ W
W Q R WZ

WQW^ R U

U
WQW` R
WQR
Cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz - ‘nj cjxtnfybz lde[ !bkb nht[@

ceotcndbntkmys[> cjcnfdkz/ob[ jlyj gjyznbt. Vt;le
ceotcndbntkmysvb ytn ybrfrb[ ghtlkjujd> b vt;le ybvb vjuen ,snm
hfpkbxyst cdzpb !cv. eghf;ytybt 5 fkta@. Pyfxtybz hfpkbxys[
ceotcndbntkmys[ d cjghz;tyyjv cjxtnfybb j,sxyj cj[hfyz/ncz> b
gj’njve cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq blbjve>
pyfxtybt rjnjhjq yt dsdjlbncz bp pyfxtybq cjcnfdkz/ob[ tt
ceotcndbntkmys[ !cv. eghf;ytybt 7 fkta@. Blbjvfnbxtcrbt
cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz vj;yj yfqnb d ckjdfht gj gthdjve ckjde.
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±±
256
±≤ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb> yfcnjzott ‰ÂÂ‰ ÔÓÊ ≠ ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ ≠ ÏÚÙ˙‰ ÔÈÈ· Æ±
dhtvz
˙˘
aŒÏÃ˙
" Ó
œ ˘aÕÏÃ˙
" Ó
œ ÆÈ
tl.x.
˙Œ Œ Ã ˙
" Ó
œ Õ Ã ˙
" Ó
œ
˙Â˘
³ aŸÏÃ˙
" Ó
œ ÌÈ˘
! aŸÏÃ˙
" Ó
œ Æ¯
˙« Ÿ Ã ˙
" Ó
œ ÌÈ œ Ÿ Ã ˙
" Ó
œ vy.x.
+

º U

+ º U
E
º U
·

º c
øÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì‰ ‰Ó ®‡
W
º

º

WE
º
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W² +

º
±≤
W
¸ +
º
W
¹ 5
º

257
Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ghfdbkmyst Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®·
ajhvs ukfujkjd.
Æ¯‰Ó ˙˘·Ï˙Ó W :‫דוגמה‬

Æ¯‰Ó ÌÈ˘·Ï˙Ó
Æ¯‰Ó ˙Â˘·Ï˙Ó
WWWW WWZ
WWWW
WWWW
WWWW W W[

WWWW
WWWW
WWWW W W\
WWWW
WWWW
WWWW W W]

WWWW
WWWW
Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ¯˘˜‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®‚

Dcnfdmnt ghfdbkmyst ajhvs gjl[jlzob[ gj rjyntrcne ukfujkjd.
Ï˙ÂÎ· ‰Â˙Á
h U c

W U c
W WWWW h c ¯ÂÚÈ˘
U W c ±≤
W WWWWUWWWW
hWWWW c
W 5 c
h
µ
c
W c
h?
c
J??WWWWU c
258
cghz;tybt - $wtkst$ rjhyb> ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ≠ ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ ≠ ÏÚÙ˙‰ ÔÈÈ· Æ≤
byabybnbd
ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘
Õ Ã ˙
" ‰
œ ÏŸ Ô˙
ÁÃ ˙ " ‰ œ ÏŸ
˘aÕÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ ÏŸ
ÏÏÕtÃ˙ " ‰ œ ÏŸ
˘‚UÕ ˙" ‰ œ ÏŸ
ıÁU
Õ ˙ " ‰ œ ÏŸ
øÌÂ‡˙Ù ‰Ó ®‡
ÆÌÂ‡˙Ù ‰Ó ÈÂËÈ·‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘Â ‰ÈÏÚ ÂÚ ¨‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜
Ghjxnbnt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[> bcgjkmpez dshf;tybt .
hW U c :‫דוגמה‬

ø‰ÈÁ· ÈÙÏ ÏÏÙ˙‰Ï ÌÂ‡˙Ù ‰Óc
hJ hU c WZ

¯ÂÚÈ˘ hW Uc W[
±≤ hJ[_Uc W\
W c W]
h
259
Æ¯˘˜‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÏÚÙ˙‰· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ „Á‡· ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®·
Bcgjkmpeqnt ghfdbkmye/ byabybnbdye/ ajhve ukfujkf d cghz;tybb
ÏÚÙ˙‰> d cjjndtncndbb c rjyntrcnjv.
W___ W WZ
W U ___ W[
WK KV ___ U W\
U W [^ W]
W___
h UW*² V W^
W U___V
Pfrjyxbnt ukfujks d nf,kbwt. Æ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®‚
Æ¯ ÆÈ

¯ÂÚÈ˘
±≤

260
ø‰˘ÂÚ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó ¨‡·‡ Æ≥
ıÁ¯˙‰ÏV ˘·Ï˙‰ÏV ·˙Î˙‰ÏV
°‡T³Â ‡Ï ‰Ê ø‰ÈÚ· ˘È Æ¥
W U U
W U
W W
ÌÈ˘‡‰ ÂÏ·È˜˘ ˙Â·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ ¨ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ¨Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈÂ˘ ÌÈÂ˙ÈÚÏ Â·˙Î˘ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜
Æ‰Ï‡ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓÏ
Ghjxnbnt gbcmvf> gjckfyyst d hfpkbxyst ufptns> b yfgbibnt jndtns>
rjnjhst> gj dfitve vytyb/> gjkexbkb k/lb> gjckfdibt ‘nb gbcmvf.
U WZ
hW UW\Y
U W[
U
U W
h W
¯ÂÚÈ˘
U+ W\
±≤ U
W U

º
h h
U W]
U W
W WW
h
261
ÌÈ¯Ú˘ ‰‡Ó ÏÚ ˙ˆ˜ ®‡ Æμ
W

W WZa`]V

WZbV ZaV
W5+
W E
W ¬ %
W
Wk¹®
W

W
W
t5

¹
U
[YYYU W
W
W Uk9 W UUKc

U Wkk
W

c W

c W
¯ÂÚÈ˘

c W
±≤
W
¸

262
ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ ‡Ï Ø ÔÂÎ ∫Â¯Ó‡Â Â‡¯˜ ®·
Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz b crf;bnt X d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv.
W WZ V

W W[
W W\
W[Y W]
W W^
W W_
W W`
Cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz } ghbkfufntkmyst ¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ´ ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ Æ∂

QZ
‰ ˙
˙Â ÌÈ
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c rf;lsv hbceyrjv.
X WZ
X W[
X W\
X W]
X W^
:‫דוגמה‬
˘„Á ÌÈ„ÏÈ ¯ÙÒ Ô˘È ÌÈ„ÏÈ ¯ÙÒ
μ
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±≤
263
ÆÌÈ·¯· ®‡ ÏÈ‚¯˙· ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®·
Crf;bnt dshf;tybz bp eghf;ytybz Q d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf.
ÌÈ˘˜ ‰˜ÈËÓ˙Ó È¯ÂÚÈ˘ :‫דוגמה‬
Ghjxnbnt cktle/obt ckjdf b cjcnfdmnt bp yb[ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Ì‰Ó Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®‚
ghtlkj;tybz.
XX X X X WZ

hXX X XX W[
XXXXX X X W\
XXXXX XX W]
XX X X XXX W^
X X X XX W_
XX XX W`
hXX XX X X Wa
Æ±
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±≤
264
ÆÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ È¯ÂÈ‡ ÔÈ·Â Ì‰ÈÈ· Â˜ ÂÓÒ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó È˘ „ÈÓÏ˙ ÏÎ ÏÚ ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰¯ÂÓ‰ Æ≤
Exbntkm ujdjhbn ldt ahfps j rf;ljv cneltynt. Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le ‘nbvb ahfpfvb b
bpj,hf;tybzvb cneltynjd.
ø‡Â‰ „ÈÓÏ˙ ‰ÊÈ‡
U
PP

W
W
U

W
W
¯ÂÚÈ˘

±≤ W
W
265

djphfcn QWR ghjljk;ftn> ghjljk;fnm ¹ U

¹

lj;lm#b

µ UQWR

¸ ;tybnmcz # ds[jlbnm pfve; QR · º U · º
ghfplybr QWR
gthtgbcsdftncz> gthtgbcsdfnmcz QR · ?ºU ·?º
cdflm,f QWR9
jltdftncz> jltdfnmcz 5 º U 5º
;tyb[ QWR
µ vjkbncz> vjkbnmcz !j@ QmR E º UEº
nfkbc ² UQWR
djkyetncz> djkyjdfnmcz QmR+ º U + º
herf#b UQWR
© © regftncz> regfnmcz # vjtncz> vsnmcz + ºU+ º
tibdf QWR
¹ ® vjtn> vsnm k/Uk
ytdtcnf QWR?

j,(zdktybt QWR²
vtpepf QWR9
vbrdf ² © %UQWR ¬ %
Ghbkfufntkmyst
jlby hfp EUQWR E
vjkbndf QWR º
htkbubjpysq#fz ©U
¹
¹
vjkjljq#fz *U
pltcm rfr §¥ +
Hfpyjt xthysq#fz *kwUk
º µ w
nfr # yfcnjkmrj ??

¯ÂÚÈ˘
lj> ght;lt xtv> gthtl
cnhfiyj> e;fcyj K*² ±≤

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
gcb[jkju QWRkk
EU
QWRkk
E
byntkkbutyn#rf

U

266
Vjhajkjubz% t UUc c

Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - hbngf’km (E
º
) > $wtkst$ rjhyb>
yfcnjzott dhtvz b byabybnbd
Ghbvth% ˘·Ï˙Ó :‫דוגמה‬

˘·Ï˙‰Ï
Cbynfrcbc% Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt } ghbkfufntkmyjt t T c
Ghbvth% ‰·Â˘Á ˙ÒÎ ˙¯·Á ¨·Â˘Á ˙ÒÎ ¯·Á :‫דוגמה‬

˙Â·Â˘Á ˙ÒÎ È¯·Á ¨ÌÈ·Â˘Á ˙ÒÎ È¯·Á
W U WZ

WU
Ghbkfufntkmyjt> cktle/ott pf cjghz;tyysv cjxtnfybtv> j,sxyj
cjukfcetncz c gthdsv ceotcndbntkmysv> yj d ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[ - cj dnjhsv.
U :‫דוגמה‬
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±≤
267
‚ ÔÓÊ ˜ÒÙ
W UV ®‡ Æ±

h UV
W V
hV
¢ÌÈ‡È·· ‡˘ ³ VV
− ÂÊ¢
¢‡˘ÂÊ¢· ÌÈÏÎÂ‡Â ÌÈ¯·„Ó ¨ÌÈ¯˘ ¨ÌÈ‚Ó ¢ÌÈ‡È·· ‡˘ÂÊ¢· ÈÓÚ Ï‡ È˘

WK Kt W EU U
U U
W ©
W
UU
W ˜ÒÙ
U W ÔÓÊ

K K KW U U ‚
UKU K KWK9K K

W
c W KK V

¶
W U U
W W
W
QZbba UKK R
268
Yfgbibnt ldf lbfkjuf> rjnjhst ghjbc[jlzn d% ¢ÌÈ‡È·· ‡˘ÂÊ¢ ∫· ˙ÂÁÈ˘ È˙˘ Â·˙Î ®·
W QZ
W Q[
J,dtlbnt rhe;rjv ctvfynbxtcrb xe;thjlyjt ckjdj. Æ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó· ÍÈÈ˘ ‡Ï ‰Ó ÂÓÒ Æ≤
XXXX X :‫דוגמה‬
XX XXX QZ
XX XXX Q[
XXXX X Q\
X XXXX Q]
XXX XX Q^
XXX XX Q_
XXXXX Q`
XXXXX Qa
XXXXX Qb
XXX X X QZY
XXXXX QZZ
XXX X X QZ[
Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmyjt pfdthitybt. Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Æ≥
Q X X RWÌÈÁÂÏÓ :‫דוגמה‬

QXX RW UVVV QZ
Q X X RWVVV Q[
˜ÒÙ
Q X X RW VVV Q\
ÔÓÊ
Q X X RWVVV U Q]
‚ Q X X RW UVVV Q^
QXXRWVVV Q_

QXXRW VVVU Q`
Q XXRWVVV Qa
Q X X RWVVV Qb
W VVV U QZY
QmXXR
269
Cjcnfdmnt pfrjyxtyyst ghtlkj;tybz bp yb;tghbdtltyys[ ckjd. ÆÌÈËÙ˘ÓÏ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò Æ¥
X XXXXXX QZ
XXXX X XX X Q[
XX X XK X XX X X Q\
XXXXXX Q]
X X XX X XX X Q^
XXXX X Q_
XX X XXX Q`
X XX X XX X Qa
XX XXXX X Qb
X X X X X XX QZY
Yfgbibnt djghjcs. Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®‡ Æμ
ø‰ÏÂÚ ‰Ê ‰ÓÎW :‫דוגמה‬
W QZ
W Q[
W Q\
W U Q]
W Q^
W U Q_
W Q`
W Qa
W Qb
W QZY ˜ÒÙ
ÔÓÊ
‚
K K
Yfgbibnt tot gznm dkghjcjd b jndtnjd. Æ˙Â·Â˘˙Â ˙ÂÏ‡˘ μ „ÂÚ Â·˙Î ®·
270
Ghjxnbnt jnhsdjr b dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â Â‡¯˜ ®‡ Æ∂
ø‰¯ÈÈ¯˜ ˙Â˘ÚÏ Â‡ ‰¯ÂÓ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï

c
- U* VK- W* t -
W- t- U* V
U V
WVVV
W
VVV U
W
W VVV
U
WVVV
VVV W .
/!
¬
W U
UVVVW
W U
WVVV
VVVW
W
h W
Pfgjkybnt nf,kbwe d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ‰Ï·Ë‰ ˙‡ Â‡ÏÓ ®·
˜ÒÙ
˙ÈËÒÈ¯ÈÈ¯˜ ‰¯ÂÓ
ÔÓÊ ·¯Ú „Ú ¯˜Â·Ó ˙„·ÂÚ ÌÈÓÈÂ ˙ÂÚ˘
‚ ‚Á·Â ˙·˘· Ì‚ ÌÈÓÚÙÏÂ
ÛÒÎ
ÌÈ„ÏÈÂ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó
271
±≥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
°·ÂË ¯˜Â· ®‡ Æ±
W U c
m c
hU c
UmW c
hµ !U
c
W c
J9hU U c
WWUU c
Yfgbibnt gj[j;e/ ,tctle vt;le b . Æ‰È„Â ‡·‡ ÔÈ· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î ®·
cghz;tybt> rjhyb nbgf K > ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ – Â¢Ú ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÙ ÔÈÈ· Æ≤
ghjitlitt dhtvz.
e ÏÀ Ìe˜ÏÀ
Æ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ Æ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ
È˙ È˙ Ÿ QR
! ÓK
˙
" Ÿ Ã −
˙ Ÿ QR
" ÓK
˙ Ÿ QR
− ÓK
˙ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
‰À À À
‰ÓJ ÌJ
±≥
e Ÿ ÃŸ Ÿ Q R
eÓK
Ô˙
Ÿ Ã Ì˙
Ÿ Ã Ô˙ Ÿ QR
ÓK Ì˙ Ÿ QR
ÓK
e eÓJX
WU*U
µ UUU5c
272
ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ÔÓ Æ≥
ÆÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ‰˜È˙Ú‰ ¯ÈÚÏ ‡· È˘‰ ÌÏ‰ÏÈÂ ¯ÒÈ˜‰

±∏π∏
ÆÏ‚ŒŸeß‚· ÌÈ˘ ˘ÂÏ˘ ‰TÀ‚ ‰ÈË‚¯‡Ó ‰„ÏÈ

±π±∞
ÆÏ«‚≠‰C ÌÚ ¯·„Ï ÊÈ¯ÙÏ ÒË

À ÏÈßˆYß
œ ˆ Œ
±π¥¥
Æ·È·‡≠Ï˙ Ô«˙TÀÓ· ÚÂ·˘‰ Âˆ¯ ±∞ È· ÌÈ„ÏÈ È˘

±π∂μ
ÆÔ«˜YÈ‰
˜¯‡ÃÙ· ÏÂÓ˙‡ ‰¯˘ ‰À«„Ó
À
±ππ∑ ÈÏÂÈ· ≤
ÆÌÂÏ˘ ÌÈˆÂ¯ ÂÁ‡ ÈÎ Ï‡¯˘ÈÏ È˙‡· ∫˙‡„‡Ò

±π∑∑ ¯·Ó·Â
ÆÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ÒW‚ŸŸ«˜Ï ÚÂ·˘ ÈÙÏ Â‡· ÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏÎÓ ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂÎÈÒÙ

±πππ ¯·Ó·Â· ≥∞
Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Æ¥

Crf;bnt ukfujks d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb b gjnjv pfgbibnt b[.
X
WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW

¯ÂÚÈ˘
±≥ WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW
WWWW
WWWW WWWW WWWW

WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW
WWWW
WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW
WWWW
273
∫Ï˘ÓÏ Æ˙‡Ê‰ ‰ˆÂ·˜· ÌÈÏÚÙ „ÂÚ Ï˘ ‰ÈÈË‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡ ÂÈ˘ÎÚ ®·
Ntgthm ds pyftnt cghz;tybt lheub[ ukfujkjd ‘njq uheggs. Yfghbvth%
WWWW UWWWWUWWWWUWWWWQRUÈ˙ÊÊQR

WWWW UWWWWQ RUWWWWQRUÌˆ UWWWWQR
Æ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÔÈ·Â ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÈ· ÂÓÈ‡˙‰Â ®· ÏÈ‚¯˙· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Â˘ÙÁ ®‚
Gjbobnt d ckjdfht pyfxtybt ukfujkjd bp eghf;ytybz Q b ecnfyjdbnt
cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybtv b bkk/cnhfwbtq.
W W
‰È¯·ËÓ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ ®‡ Æμ
¨‰¯˜È ‰È¯
ÆÌÏÂÎ ÌÚ ‰Ù È‡ Æ‰È¯·Ë· ÂÁ‡
ÏÂÓ˙‡ ÒË ‡Â‰ ÈÎ ¨‡· ‡Ï Ï‡ÂÓ˘ ˜¯
¯˜Â·· Æ‰ÏÈÏ‰ ÏÎ Â¯˘ ÏÂÓ˙‡ Æ˙ÏÈ‡Ï
È¯Á‡Â ¨ÂÁ ÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ· ÆÌÈÏ Âˆ¯Â ÂÓ˜
Æ‰Ù ÛÈÎ ÆÌÈÏ Âˆ¯ ·Â˘ ÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ‰
ÆÏÁ¯Ó ˘¢„
¯ÂÚÈ˘
˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï
ÆÈÓ˙ ±≥
[YYYU
ÁÂÏ ¨ÌÂ˜Ï ¨ıÂ¯Ï ¨ÒÂËÏ ¨‡Â·Ï ¨¯Â‚Ï ∫ÌÈÏÚÙ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ Æ¯·ÁÏ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ Â·˙Î ®·
Yfgbibnt jnrhsnre cdjtve lheue bcgjkmpez ukfujks% U U U U U
274
ÆÔÂ˙‰ ÛÂ‚· ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ∂
Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb b d lfyyjv kbwt.
Æ‰ÙÈÁ· Â¯‚ W :‫דוגמה‬
WWWW WKVK WZ
WWWWQ R W W[
WWWW W W\
WWWWQR W W]
WWWW W W^
WWWWQR h W_
WWWW W W`
WWWWQR W Wa
WWWW W Wb
WWWW W WZY
Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ∑

Dcnfdmnt ukfujks d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb.
U È˙ˆ¯ W :‫דוגמה‬

W
W WWWW² WWWWW W WZ

WWWWW U W[
WWWWW UWWWWWWWWW W W\
¯ÂÚÈ˘ hUt W]
±≥ WWWWWJh V
W WWWWW W^
WWWW U W_
W
275
˜³Â¯ È˜Â¯
³ ®‡ Æ∏
W W

W k/ª
E
W 9
W
ÆÏÂÓ˙‡ ‰˘Ú ‡Â‰ ‰Ó ÔÂÙÏË· ¯·ÁÏ ¯ÙÒÓ ˜Â¯ È˜Â¯ ∫Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®·
Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt% ˜Â¯ È˜Â¯ hfccrfpsdftn lheue gj ntktajye> xnj jy ltkfk dxthf.
ÆÆÆ ˘˘· È˙Ó˜ ÏÂÓ˙‡
ÔÂÏÈÓ Æπ
Æ®¯·Ú ¨¯ÎÊ ¨È˘ÈÏ˘ ÛÂ‚© ÚË˜· ÌÈ˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®‡
ÆÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó· ˙ÂÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Â‡ˆÓ ®·
f@ Yfgbibnt ukfujks> dsltktyyst d yb;tcktle/otv ntrcnt d b[
ckjdfhyjq ajhvt !nhtnmt kbwj> ve;crjq hjl> ghjitlitt dhtvz@.
,@ Yfqlbnt pyfxtybz ‘nb[ ukfujkjd d ckjdfht b pfgjkybnt
ghjgecrb ckjdfvb b dshf;tybzvb> ghbdtltyysvb yb;t.
XX X X c

XX
˙¯ÈÎÏ ÏÂÈË
c
c U ˙Â·Â˘Á ˙ÂÏ‡˘· È˙„
hh h ¯ÂÚÈ˘
U
U WWWWWÔÂÏÏ
±≥
W
WWWW‚„ UWWWWÂË˘
W
W KÂÙÚKWWWWW
W UWWWWÂ·˘

276
Ï˘ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÌÈ˘„Á‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ¯È·ÒÓ Ì˙‡ ®‚
ÆÌÎÏ ÌÈ¯ÎÂÓ‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ „ÈÏ ˙¯ÈÎÏ ÏÂÈË ≠ ÚË˜· ÌÈ˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰
Ds j,(zcyztnt yjdst ukfujks c gjvjom/ ukfujkjd> rjnjhst ds e;t pyftnt. Yfgbibnt
byabybnbdye/ ajhve ukfujkjd> dsltktyys[ d jnhsdrt > hzljv c ntvb
ukfujkfvb d byabybnbdt> rjnjhst dfv bpdtcnys.
ÔÂ„ÏV :‫דוגמה‬
WWWW W] WWWW WZ
WWWW W^ WWWW W[
WWWW W\
Gjhzlrjdst xbckbntkmyst ÌÈ¯„ÂÒ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ Æ±∞
‰V◊
" ŒÚ ˙ÁÃ ‡
Ã ‰À ≠ ¯◊ − ÀÚ „Á Ã ‡
Ã ‰ À ‰«˘‡X
À ≠ Ô«˘‡X
¯ÂÚÈ˘
… … ‰ÈÈœ˘ " ≠ Èœ˘
ÌÈX◊
" ÚŒ‰À ≠ ÌÈX◊
" ÚŒ‰ À ˙È˘È ! Ï˘ œ ≠ È˘È! Ïœ˘ "
±≥ … „Á
À ‡
Œ ½Â ÌÈX◊" ÚŒ‰ À ˙ÈÚÈ œ ·Y œ ≠ ÈÚÈ
œ ·Y œ
… ˙È˘È! Ó œ Á ⁄ ≠ È˘È
! Ó œ Á ⁄
˙È˘È ! ˘ ! ≠ È˘È
! ˘ !
˙ÈÚÈ œ ·œ˘ " ≠ ÈÚÈœ ·œ˘ "
˙ÈÈ œ Ó œ ˘ " ≠ ÈÈ œ Óœ ˘ "
˙ÈÚÈ œ ˘ ! ˙ " ≠ ÈÚÈ
œ !˘˙ "
˙ÈXÈ◊ ! Ú⁄ ≠ ÈXÈ◊ ! Ú⁄
277
Ghjxnbnt j,(zdktybt b pfrjyxbnt tuj ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ‰˙Â‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ‰Ú„ÂÓ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®‡
gj dfitve ;tkfyb/.
ÛÈÎ Ï˘ ˘„ÂÁ ≠ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ıÈ˜ ‰ÕÁ

⁄ Ó
Ã
W
W
W
W
m
m
Æ‰Ó‚Â„· ÂÓÎ Ì‰Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ ÏÚ ËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡Â ‰Ê ¯Á‡ ‰Ê ÌÈ„ÓÂÚ‰ ÌÈ˘‡‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÏÚ ÂÏÎ˙Ò‰ ®·
Gjcvjnhbnt yf bpj,hf;tybt> cnjzob[ lheu pf lheujv> b crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybt j
rf;ljv bp yb[> rfr d ghbdtltyyjv yb;t ghbvtht.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Æ¯·Á ÌÚ ¯·„Ó È˘ÈÏ˘‰ ˘È‡‰ :‫דוגמה‬

Æ‰ÈˆËÈ„Ó ‰˘ÂÚ ˙È˘ÈÓÁ‰ ‰˘È‡‰
¯ÂÚÈ˘
Bcgjkmpeqnt ‘nb ckjdf% XX XX Xc ±≥
X X X
ÆÌÈÈÚÂ·˘ Ï˘ ‰Ë‡È„ ÏÚ Â‡ ÌÈÈÚÂ·˘ Ï˘ ‰˘ÙÂÁ ÏÚ Â‡ ÏÂÈË ÏÚ Â·˙Î ®‚

m U
Yfgbibnt j lde[ytltkmyjq gjtplrt> rfybrekf[ bkb lbtnt. Xnj ds ltkfkb d gthdsq
ltym> dj dnjhjq ltym...
278
‰Èt«È˙
" Œ‡ ÈBe‰È½ ®‡ Æ±±

-² W
U
· ²
?
W º
W

Â iº

W ¶
c

t ·w µx W .
W W tµx
W
U W
. W . ² U
WQ² ® KKUK Kc R
U Zba]
QZbbZR K K QZba^ t Zba]R K K W
W
9 KK
U W
W
²
KK
¯ÂÚÈ˘ UZbbZ W55
±≥ WKVK
W² ² VK
t
U U W

9 ª
WU
279
ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÍÈ¯‡˙‰ ˙‡ ËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ „ÈÏ Â·˙Î ®·
Hzljv c rf;lsv ghtlkj;tybtv yfgbibnt ghfdbkmye/ lfne> d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv.
ZbbZUZba]VUZba]UZba]UVZYYYc
W WZ
W W[
W W\
W U W]
W W^
W W_
W W`
W Wa
V Wb
V‰·ÂË ‰˘È‡ ®‡ Æ±≤
W

W
c W
W W Vc h V
W U
Vc W
W
W
c h Vc W
W V ¯ÂÚÈ˘
W ±≥
c
W .
² "xU
Vc U

c W W W
Wc h V
W U W
Q U R
280
Gjlxthrybnt ghfdbkmyst ghtlkj;tybz d ∫¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÂÎ‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ ®·
cjjndtncndbb c hfccrfpjv.
W W

W W
Jndtnmnt yf cktle/obt djghjcs. Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ ®‚
h Â¯‚ WZ
hÂ‡· W[
h ‰Ó˜ U W\
h ‰Á ÂÁ W]
h Ì˘& W^
Yfgbibnt% xnj ds levftnt j, ‘njv hfccrfpt* ø¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ∫Â·˙Î ®„

Hfccrf;bnt lheu lheue rfre/-yb,elm ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ¯Á‡ ÌÚ ¯ÂÙÈÒ ‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯ÙÒ ®‰
bpdtcnye/ dfv bcnjhb/ bp ajkmrkjhf.
Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ÚÂ„ÈÈ Æ±≥
‰ ‰
‰ ‰ ˙Â˜¯ÈÂ ˙Â¯ÈÙ
h U cP
W h c
h cP
VW c
W
h cP
U c
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W
±≥ hk% cP
W c
h cP

U c
W W
W cP
ÆÌÈÂ˙ÈÚÂ ÌÈ¯ÙÒ ˙ÂÁ ÏÚ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰
Bycwtybheqnt gj[j;bq hfpujdjh j ryb;yjv vfufpbyt.
281
‰È¯ËÙ˜· ®‡ Æ±¥
W ‰
W‰ W c
W t c
W U c
‰·ÂË ‰ÀeÎ˘
"
?/ U W W
W W W

¹ ? W UU
W U
Pfrjyxbnt d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®·
m¨¯ÙÒ ˙È·h WZ

ÆÔÈÂˆÓ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·c h W[
Æ≤ ®· ÏÈ‚¯˙· ÂÓÎ ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ˙¯Á‡ ‰ÂÎ˘ ÏÚ Â‡ ¯ÈÚ ÏÚ Â·˙Î ®‚

Yfgbibnt j lheujv ujhjlt bkb hfqjyt> rjnjhsq ds pyftnt> rfr d
eghf;ytybb Q[Q .
X
¯ÂÚÈ˘
ÌÁ Œ ÏŒ‰ Ã ÁÈV Ã
Æ˙aÀ˘ × Ÿa ÌÁ Ã Ã‰ ÌÁ Œ ÏŒ‰ Ã ÁÈV Ã ±≥
ÆÂ˙
− Ò Ÿ Ãa ÌÈÒÈNY
œ Ã‰Ã ÁÈV Ã
ÆÌÈÊet
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±μ
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· ‡
WQ :‫דוגמה‬
W Q
5 302
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Æ‰·ÂË ‰¯·Á ÈÏ ˘È :‫דוגמה‬
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7 304
Crf;bnt b pfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz> ÆÍÙ‰‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Æ∏
Æ‰¯È„ ÈÏ ÔÈ‡W :‫דוגמה‬
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yf bkk/cnhfwbb.
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±μ
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ÌÈ¯ÈÈˆÓ ÌÈ„ÏÈ ®·
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Rfrjds hfpkbxbz vt;le hbceyrfvb> cltkfyysvb ltnmvb hfpyjuj djphfcnf*
9 306
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yfgbcfk d tuj lytdybrt.
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‰È¯ËÙ˜· ÏÎÈÓ π∫∞∞ U c
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«

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cthlwt ² UQWR

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hjn dyenhb # d 3² 5
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1 310
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k
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Cajhvekbheqnt pfuflrb d eghf;ytybb !‡> bcgjkmpez
gjcnhjtybt … ˘È …Ï %
Æ˙ÂË˜Â ˙ÂÓÂÁ ÌÈÈÈÚ ˘È ‰ÊÈÏÂÓÏ :‫דוגמה‬
Yfgbibnt tot ldt pfuflrb.Æ˙Â„ÈÁ È˙˘ „ÂÚ Â·˙Î ®‚

ÆÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì˙‡˘ Â‰˘ÈÓ Â¯‡˙ ®„
Jgbibnt rjuj-kb,j bp nt[> rjuj ds k/,bnt.
ÌÈÚœ·ÀˆŸ ®‡ Æ≥
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µ 9 ²
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WW WW W W
kl® $l® l® k©
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k
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‘nb akfub*
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3 312
Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz. ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ∂
Æ‰ÓÂ„‡ :‫דוגמה‬
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hXXX
h X
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ÆÛ¯ÂÁ ¨ÂÈ˙ À – ‰˘· ˙Â
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yfpdfybzvb dhtvty ujlf b bkk/cnhfwbzvb.
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Cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf% hh ∫‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘
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bkb b nfv> b nfv.
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Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ghfdbkmyst yfpdfybz wdtnjd.
˙ÂÏÂ„‚Â ˙ÂË˜ ˙ÂÓ

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316

Ceotcndbntkmyst

dtcyf QWR
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ptvkz # gjxdf QYWWR

jujym QYWWR
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jctym QWR µ

dhtvz ujlf> ctpjy QWR² Ghbkfufntkmyst
wdtn#f UQWR

[jkjcnzr #ytpfve;yzz ;tyobyf QWR © +UQWR © + dscjrbq#fz ² U
²
ljrnjh # dhfx QWR ² UQWR ² ybprbq#fz 9U9

ghj[kflysq#fz *.%U.
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Wdtnf njkcnsq#fz U
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Cktyu ntvgthfnehf QWR*9-E

nfrcb QWR%

¯ÂÚÈ˘ cbvgfnbxysq#fz> ‘aatrnysq
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ghjitlitt dhtvz ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ ≠ ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ ≠ ÏÚÃÀt ÔÈÈ·
« Ÿ Ïœ ·«˙ÎŸÏœ
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Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmye/ ajhve ukfujkf. Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙¯Âˆ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Æ≤
QXX X R W ‰˘‚Ù :‫דוגמה‬
Q X XX R hWWWWU Z

QXXX R hWWWWU W[
QX X X R hWWWW W\
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Q XXX R W WWWW WZZ
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d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb.
X

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Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÂÊ ‰ˆÂ·˜· ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ „ÂÚ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®·
Crf;bnt dcke[ b yfgbibnt lheubt bpdtcnyst dfv ukfujks ‘njq uheggs d ghjitlitv
dhtvtyb.
ÆÆÆ˙„·Ú ¨È˙„·Ú :‫דוגמה‬
ÆÂÊ ‰ˆÂ·˜· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ¯‡˘ ÂÓÎ ¨¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÒÂÚÎÏ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®‚
Crf;bnt # yfgbibnt ukfujk d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb> f nfr;t lheubt ukfujks ‘njq
uheggs.
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W ÈÒÂÈÂ È¯Â‡ ¨ÏÁ¯ :‫דוגמה‬

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WWWW WWWWQR W :‫דוגמה‬

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f@ Gjlxthrybnt ukfujk d ghtlkj;tybb b crjgbheqnt tuj ckjdfhyjt jghtltktybt
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byabybnbdf.
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cvscke r ukfujke> yfqltyyjve dfvb d ckjdfht> b gthtgtibnt ghtlkj;tybt>
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Ukfujks% X X XX Xc

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Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs j , b jndtnmnt yf yb[.
ø‰Ï˘ ˙„ÏÂ‰‰ ÌÂÈ È˙Ó ≠ :‫דוגמה‬

ÆÏÈ¯Ù‡· „Á‡· ≠
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ÆÆÆ ÂÏ˘ ÌÂÏÁ‰
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Hfpsuhsdfybt hjktq% bycwtybheqnt lbfkju vt;le b tuj lhepmzvb b ctvmtq> bc[jlz
bp bkk/cnhfwbb.
øÍÏ˘ ·˘ÁÓ‰ ‰ÙÈ‡ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬

ÆÔÁÏÂ˘‰ ÏÚ ÈÏ˘ ·˘ÁÓ‰ ≠
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WWV :‫דוגמה‬
øÍÏ˘ ˙·‰ ˙‡Ê ≠
W UV W^ W UV WZ

W UV W_ W ?UV
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‫הפגישות‬ ?‫של מי החיים האלה‬ c

ø‰„ÏÈ ¨˙‡ ÈÓ Ï˘
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331
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Lfqnt jndtns d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbtq. Æ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®‡
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h WZ
h U W[
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Pflfqnt lheu lheue ‘nb djghjcs b lj,fdmnt yjdst.
h
h
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332
ÂÈ·‡ ·˜ÚÈ ®‡ Æ∑
W t U t
W W t
W
µ
t U c
U U U UU UUc
WV Â Â
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Yfhbceqnt hjljckjdyjt lthtdj Zfrjdf ()W Æ·˜ÚÈ Ï˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ıÚ ˙‡ Â¯ÈÈˆ ®·
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gjckjdbw. KW
Q fm?R Qc R¢ÆÌÈœ· Ÿ QZ
À Ÿk Ì‰Õ ÌÈœaÀ ÈÕa¢
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W W
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Q f R W W
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333
W
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W U © ¬ º
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W W U

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KJ Kc ¯ÂÚÈ˘
UKJ h K c ±∏
UK KUKKUK Kc
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U U
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‰È„ÂÂ˘ ≠ ÔÂÒ¯Ï Ï¯˜
334
W

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W² K K U .² W
QZbbbUKK R
Æ˙ÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ¢Ú‚¯ ˜¯¢ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÂÓÎ ‡È‰˘ ¨˙È˜ÏËÈ‡‰ ÈÈÏÙ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÏÚ ÂÁÁÂ˘ ®·
Gjujdjhbnt d rkfcct j, bnfkmzycrjq ctvmt Atkkbyb> gj[j;tq yf bphfbkmcre/
ctvm/ KK.
˙ÁÙ˘Ó· Â‡ ¨˙ÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ÔÓ‚¯· ˙ÁÙ˘Ó – ¢¯„Ò·¢ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó· ¨‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰ÙÈ‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚
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Crf;bnt dcke[% ult ,skb crfpfys cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz - d ctvmt KK -
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ctvmb Atkkbyb*
W U WZ

JUh W[
W W U W\
W U W W]
hW W UV W^
W UV
W U W_
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±∏ Æ¢Ú‚¯ ˜¯¢ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó· Â‡ ¢¯„Ò·¢ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó· ÔÁÏÂ˘Ï ·È·ÒÓ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®„
Hfpsuhsdfybt hjktq% ghblevfqnt lbfkju pf j,tltyysv cnjkjv d ctvmt KK bkb d

ctvmt KKW
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Yf rfre/ ctvm/ gj[j;f dfif ctvmz* Yfgbibnt j cdjtq ctvmt.
ÆÌÈœ‡ ÌÈÏœÎÕ½Â ‰‡

À ‰y
− ‡œ½Â ‰À‡ ‰TÈD ∫Ì@À‡ Ï÷ «˙ŸÚA ÌÈ·È
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QW R
335
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U mUU c

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W U W
U UK U W U
W W UV
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W U
Xnj ds levftnt j ckjdf[ hf,,b Vtyltkz* h
Yfgbibnt lheujq hfccrfp. ÆÆÆ ÌÚÙ ÆÆÆ ˙‡Ê‰ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË‰ ¨‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË‰ ¨ÈÂ‡ ∫¯ÂÙÈÒ „ÂÚ Â·˙Î ®·
ÆÆÆ ÌÚÙ ÆÆÆ ‰Ê‰ ÔÂÙÏË‰ ¨ÔÂÙÏË‰ ¨ÈÂ‡
ÆÆÆ ÌÚÙ ÆÆÆ ‰Ê‰ ·˘ÁÓ‰ ¨·˘ÁÓ‰ ¨ÈÂ‡
±ππ∏≠· Ï‡¯˘È· ˙ÂÁÙ˘Ó ÏÚ ‰JÈË

œ ŸÒÈË
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À ŸÒ ˙ˆ˜ Q
W
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5[Wb
WZ
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WZ` W\
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Yfgbibnt gznm djghjcjd> pflfyys[ lkz gjkextybz ‘njq cnfnbcnbxtcrjq byajhvfwbb.
ÆÏ‡¯˘È· ‰˜ÈËÒÈËËÒ ÏÚ ÌÎ˙‡ ˙ÂÈÈÚÓ˘ ˙ÂÙÒÂ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ μ ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚
Pflfqnt tot gznm djghjcjd j, bynthtce/ob[ dfc cnfnbcnbxtcrb[ afrnf[ ghj Bphfbkm.
336

edthtyysq#fz> ,tpjgfcysq#fz 95U

95 pfrfyxbdftn> rjyxfnm ² U ²
pyfvtybnsq#fz /9
U /9 ;bdtn> ;bnm ² U

;tyfnsq # pfve;yzz Â Â
9Ul cgbn> cgfnm ² U · ©
ghjcnjq#fz> j,sxysq#fz /U* e,bhftn> e,bhfnm # xbcnbnm ² U#

cgktnybxftn> cgktnybxfnm QR+
U +
cvttncz> cvtznmcz !yfl@ QR² U ²

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf

Ceotcndbntkmyst
f’hj,brf QYWWR
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qjuehn QWR/9² ujcnm#z QWR+²
UQWR, ²
cgjhncvty#rf QWR
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UQWR/ ² E ,hfn> ctcnhf> ctcnhs ² U
QWR² UQWR
ht;bccth QWR5UQWR 5

vzcj QWR µ 5
he,firf QWR9
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ghbzntkm#ybwf QWRU ® QWR©
pltcm ? cjcel> ,k/lj # bycnhevtyn ?UQWR
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Gehbv !ghfplybr@ .9E pfyznbz> ext,f QWWR9
hfddby 5+
juehtw QWRk
ldf xfcf
¶ º ceg QWR*
dyer> dyexrf QWR UQWR

¯ÂÚÈ˘
ltleirf> ,f,eirf QWR µ QWR5
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rfhnjirf
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Vjhajkjubz% Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf ¸ c
Ghbvth% ¨ÍÏ˘ ¨ÈÏ˘c

337
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h c
W c ¾
h c
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h c
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h c
h WU c
h c ¾
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h c
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pfrjyxtyyst ghtlkj;tybz.
„
hX XX XX X QZ
X X XX XX Q[

XX X X XXX Q\
X XX XXX Q]
X X X X X XX Q^
XXµXX XXXXX Q_
338
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ø‰Ê ÈÓ ø‰Ê ‰Ó
XX X W :‫דוגמה‬
XXX W U QZ

XXX W Q[
X XX W Q\
X XX W
µ Q]
XXX W Q^
X X X
¾ W Q_
X X X W µ Q`
XX X W Qa
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XX X W QZY
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ÆË¯ÎÏË ÌÎÏ ÔÈ‡Â ‰˙È·‰ ÏˆÏˆÏ ÌÈˆÂ¯ Ì˙‡ ¨˙È·‰Ó ˜ÂÁ¯ ÌÈ‡ˆÓ Ì˙‡ ®‡ Æ¥
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Ds yf[jlbntcm lfktrj jn ljvf b [jnbnt gjpdjybnm ljvjq> yj e dfc ytn ntktajyyjq
rfhnjxrb. Xnj ltkfnm* Bycwtybheqnt ‘ne cbnefwb/.
ÔÂÙ‡ W Ë¯Î
³ ÏŒŒÙÂ Ã W ÏŒË
Œ ®·
hU c
W UE9 h U c
h U c
h W c
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„ W c
W W c
339
Gjlxthrybnt yfb,jktt gjl[jlzott ÆÏ‡Ó˘ „ˆ· ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó ÈÎ‰ ‰¯„‚‰‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ Æμ
jghtltktybt cktdf jn pyfrf hfdtycndf.
X XXXf :‫דוגמה‬
XXXXf QZ
XXX Xf Q[
X X X X f Q\
XX¾XX f Q]
XX XX
¾ ¾ f.

Q^
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ÌÈÂÚ˘‰ ˙È· ®‡ Æ∂
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WZbY^V
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W U V
U
W ˜ÒÙ
ÔÓÊ
Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv. ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®· „
h QZ
h Q[
h Q\
h Q]
340
U ®‚
c W
È˙Ú„È ‡ÏÂ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯ÈÏ È˙‡· ‰Ù È˙ÏÎ‡ ¨‰Ù È˙¯‚

ÌÈ˘‡ ‰·¯‰ Æ¯Â‚Ï ‰ÙÈ‡ ÆÌÈ¯·Á ‰·¯‰ È˙˘‚ÙÂ
Æ‰Ê‰ ÔÂÏÓÏ ˙ÎÏÏ ÈÏ Â¯Ó‡ °ÌÎÏ ‰·¯ ‰„Â˙
ÚÂÒÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ ‡Ï È‡Â È˙‡·
Æ‰ÙÓ ßıÈ·ÏÒÂÈ ‰˘Ó
Ô‰Î Ï‡È„
øÌÈÁ¯Â‡‰ ¯ÙÒ· Ì˙·˙Î ‰Ó ÆÔÈÈÚÓ ÔÂÏÓ· Ì˙¯‚ Ì˙‡ Ì‚ ®„

Ds nj;t jcnfyfdkbdfkbcm d bynthtcyjv jntkt. Xnj ds yfgbcfkb d ujcntdjq rybut*
≠ ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ËÙ˘Ó· ‰ÈÈË· Â‡ „¯Ù· ‰˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÒÁÈ‰ ˙ÏÈÓ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Æ∑

Ds,thbnt ghtlkju bkb ghtlkj;ye/ xfcnbwe> d ghjcnjq bkb cjghz;tyyjq ajhvt> b
dgbibnt tuj d gjl[jlzott ghtlkj;tybt.
UUUmUmUmU
W ÂÏ˘ W Ï˘ :‫דוגמה‬
UW VVV QZ

WVVV
WVVV WVVV Q[
h VVV Q\
W VVV VVV P Q]
WVVV VVV W U Q^
˜ÒÙ WVVV U
ÔÓÊ
WVVVVVV U
„ WVVVVVV U VVV VVV Q_
WVVV W Q`

WVVVW Qa
WVVV UVVV Qb
WU VVVW QZY
W VVV QZZ
W VVV QZ[
341
Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmye/ ajhve. Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· Â¯Á· Æ∏
X W‰˜È˙Ú‰ :‫דוגמה‬
X WVVV QZ
X WVVV Q[
X WVVV P Q\
X WVVV Q]
X hVVV Q^
X WVVVZ_Z[ Q_
X W VVV Q`
X W VVV W Qa
X WVVV Qb
X WVVV W QZY
∫˙ÂÓÈ˘¯ È˙˘· Ì˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈ‡·‰ ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ‰ ˙‡ ÂÈÈÓ ®± Æπ

Æ¯‡Â˙ ˙ÂÓ˘ ´ ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ≠ ‰È˘‰Â ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ ≠ ˙Á‡‰
ÆÌÈ·¯· ÛÂ¯Èˆ ÏÎ Â·˙Î ®≤
ÆÛÂ¯Èˆ ÏÎ· ÚÂ„ÈÈ‰ ß‰ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ®≥
1@ Cjcnfdmnt bp cktle/ob[ rjv,byfwbq ckjd ldf cgbcrf%
gthdsq cgbcjr - cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz bvty>
dnjhjq cgbcjr - ceotcndbntkmyst } ghbkfufntkmyst.
2@ Yfgbibnt rf;le/ rjv,byfwb/ ckjd dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt.
3@ Lj,fdmnt r rf;ljq rjv,byfwbb jghtltktyysq fhnbkm $ ‰ $.
c
X X XXX9¾X
X X XX X X
X X XX
˜ÒÙ
X X X¾X X ÔÓÊ
„
PT T :‫דוגמה‬
ÌÈ¯‚Â·Ó‰ ÌÈÁ¯Â‡‰ ÌÈ¯‚Â·Ó ÌÈÁ¯Â‡ ¯‚Â·Ó Á¯Â‡
PT

·‰Ê‰ È‚„ ·‰Ê È‚„ ·‰Ê ‚„
342
Ds,thbnt gjl[jlzott ckjdj. Æ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Æ±∞
X XXX W ÛÈÈÚ :‫דוגמה‬
XX XX WVVV QZ

XXXX h VVVU Q[
WVVV Q\
X X X X
XX XX W W VVV Q]
X X X X WVVV W Q^
WVVV W Q_
X XXX
XX X X WVVV Q`
Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®‡ Æ±±

Ghjxnbnt lbfkjub b dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf.
˙„ÏÂ‰ ÈÓÈ ‰˘ÂÏ˘

ÌÈ„ÏÈ‰ Ô‚· ‰·ÈÒÓ ∫≠≠≠ Ô· ‰ÏßÈ„ W
J WVVV W W UP c
WVVVW cP
W ¾ c
W VVV
h VVV cP
W W c
h
˜ÒÙ h²
Á W cP
ÔÓÊ cVVV c
„ W U U
h cP
U VVV W c

W
J cP
343
WP U U
W
W,k
WP
ÌÈ¯·Á ÌÚ ˜ËÂ˜ÒÈ„Ï ∫≠≠≠ Ô· È„ ®·

WVVVW U U c
Wm U c
hU c
W h W c
W WVVVW c
U hUVVV h h c
WVVV U
h h h h c
W c
WU U c
ÌÈ„Î‰ ÌÚ ÏÂÈË ∫≠≠≠ Ô· Ô„ ®‚

WVVV W U c
hh c
V h c
W
hVVV Wh c
UVVV W W c
W
h h h h c
WVVV U c ˜ÒÙ
WWhh c ÔÓÊ
„
344
Cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf. Æ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®·
h ●

h h ●
h ●
hh ●
∫˙¯ÓÂ‡Â ˙·˘ÂÁ ÈÂß‚ Ï˘ ‡ÓÈ‡ ®‡ Æ±≤

U U U P
U U U
WWW U U
U
W
˜ÒÙ
Ljgbibnt gbcmvj> rjnjhjt ÈÂß‚ ÆÂÏ˘ ‡ÓÈ‡Ï ÈÂß‚ Ï˘ ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®·
ÔÓÊ gbcfk cdjtq vfnthb.
„
ÆÆÆ· ¯‚ È‡ Æ¯‚ È‡ ‰ÙÈ‡ ˙Ú„Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ ÁË· ˙‡ ¨‡ÓÈ‡
Crf;bnt # yfgbibnt> xnj ds [jnbnt pyfnm j... … ÏÚ ˙Ú„Ï ÌÈˆÂ¯ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®‚
345
±π ¯ÂÚÈ˘
Ukfujk } ceotcndbntkmyst ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ´ ÍÈ¯ˆ ÏÚÂÙ‰ Æ±

¸
ÍÈXˆÀ
#

‰ÎÈX
À ˆŸ

ÌÈÎÈX
œ ˆŸ

mm ˙ÂÎÈX
³ ˆŸ

˙Â
³ ÎÕ˘
" ®‡
h W U c

¸W U W c
W ² $UWE9 U
h c
W W m W# Wm c
h c
W W U c ¯ÂÚÈ˘
J W
² W5
c ±π
h WZ

Xnj ye;yj lkz njhnf*
W W[

W Ds,thbnt ldf ghfdbkmys[ ghtlkj;tybz
W d cjjndtncndbb c lbfkjujv.
W
W
1 346
∫˙Â˘ÚÏ ÌÈˆÂ¯ Ì˙‡ ‰‚ÂÚ ÌÂ˜Ó· Æ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ ≤ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®·
Bycwtybheqnt ldf fyfkjubxys[ lbfkjuf. Dvtcnj njhnf ds [jnbnt ghbujnjdbnm%
W\W[ WZ
Bcgjkmpeqnt ckjdf% U UUUUU UU∫ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰

mUEEU U U U5UU
ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â XXX ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ®‡ Æ≤

Lj,fdmnt ckjdf XXX b pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz
gj dfitve ;tkfyb/.
ÆÏÎÂ‡Â ÌÈÓ ¨Ú·ÂÎ ÌÈÎÈ¯ˆ ÂÁ‡W :‫דוגמה‬
m W WZ
mW W[
mW W\
mW W]
h
V
hV ®·
Â
U UUV Wm UU V
Wm 9

¯ÂÚÈ˘
±π
Cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf. Æ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚
h h

h h
h
347 2
ÌÈÎ˘ Æ≥
h c
W c
h c
W c
WU c
h c
W U UU U U c
h c
W U U t W c
WW c
h c
W Jh c
Jh9
c
Xnj ye;yj Ifkjve* h WZ

W W[
Ds,thbnt ldf ghfdbkmys[ ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c lbfkjujv.
W W

²
W W
Ukfujk } ukfujks d byabybnbdyjq ajhvt ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ ÍÈ¯ˆ ÏÚÂÙ‰ Æ¥

ÍÈXˆÀ

‰ÀÎÈXˆŸ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
±π

ÌÈœÎÈXˆŸ

˙³ÂÎÈXˆŸ
mm
3 348
Ô‚ Ø ‡ÓÈ‡ Ø ‰¯ÂÓ Ø ‚ÂÏÂÎÈÒÙ Ø È‡˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ ≠ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ¯Ó‡ ÈÓ Â·˙Î ®‡
Yfgbibnt> rnj crfpfk ‘nb ahfps - XX X X
Ô‚ ≠ W
:‫דוגמה‬
W WZ
W J W[
W W\
W W]
ÈœË
À ³Âa‰ Ô‚‰ ®‡ Æμ

W

U U c
U
W
U
U c
U U
W
Ì¯ ˙Ú·‚ ¨ÈËÂ·‰ Ô‚· ‰ÓÓÁ
E²
U UW
W
W ² 5 .%²
U cK K W
W
hW

¯ÂÚÈ˘ WK
±π W

U W
² U

W
² 9%d
K U
W
349 4
Jndtnmnt d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv. ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®·
h WZ
h W[
h W\
Â h
h W]
ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ ‡Ï Â‡ ÔÂÎ ÂÓÒ ®‚

Yfgbibnt X !dthyj#yt dthyj@ d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv.
W WZ

W W[
W W\
W W]
W W^
W W_
W W`
W U P U U ®„

ÆÈËÂ·‰ Ô‚· Ì‰ÈÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î
> cneltyn-vfntvfnbr> hfpujdfhbdftn c P > djkjynthjv ,jnfybxtcrjuj cflf.
Ghblevfqnt lbfkju vt;le ybvb d ,jnfybxtcrjv cfle.
Ghbvth yfxfkf lbfkjuf% c ‫דוגמה‬

ø‰Ê‰ ÁÓˆ‰ Ï˘ Ì˘‰ ‰Ó ÈÏÂ‡ Ú„ÂÈ ‰˙‡ ¨‰ÁÈÏÒc
ÆÆÆ Ú‚¯ ˜¯ Æ¯ÙÒ· ˜Â„·Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ È‡c P ¯ÂÚÈ˘
±π
Ghbvth jrjyxfybz lbfkjuf. c ‫דוגמה‬

ø‰Ù „Â·ÚÏ ‡Â·Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ ‰˙‡ ÈÏÂ‡ øÔÂÎ ¨˙Â˘ÚÏ ‰Ó ‰·¯‰ ‰Ù ˘È ø‰‡Â¯ ‰˙‡c P
Æ‰„Â˙ ¨‡Ïc
5 350
ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ XXX≠ Â·˙Î Æ∂
Yfgbibnt - XXX } ghfdbkmysq ukfujk d byabybnbdt.
W W :‫דוגמה‬

W ˙Â˘ÚÏ ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ
W WWWW W WZ

WWWWWW W[
WWWWW W W\
WWWWWh W]
W WWWW W W^
W U WWWWW W_
WWWWW W W`
WWWWWh Wa
Æ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ıÎ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÏÚ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ∑

Ghjxnbnt hfccrfp j b pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb rjycnherwbtq } byabybnbd ukfujkf
bp yb;tcktle/otuj cgbcrf.
ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÈÙÏ ≤ ¯ÙÒÓ ¢ÛÂÒ¢·Â ± ¯ÙÒÓ ¢ÛÂÒ¢· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ≥≠≤ Â·˙Î ÆÌÈÂ˘ ¢ÌÈÙÂÒ¢ ˘È ¯ÂÙÈÒÏ
Æ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó T ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰
Hfccrfp bvttn ldf dfhbfynf jrjyxfybz. Yfgbibnt 2-3 ghtlkj;tybz lkz dfhbfynf 1 b lkz
dfhbfynf 2 d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbzvb. Ghbvtybnt rjycnherwb/ } byabybnbd
ukfujkf bp cgbcrf.
X XÂ X XX X X X c
ıÎ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÏÚ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ®‡
W W

c
¯ÂÚÈ˘ WWWWU W WWWWUW U
±π W² W UW*
WWWWUW² WWWWU W WWWW
W
351 6
ÌÈÂ˘‰ ÌÈÙÂÒ‰ ®·
h
\ [ Z
ÌÈ˘˜ ÌÈÈÁ ®‡ Æ∏
ÍÀk ¯Á
Ã Ã‡ ≠ ÌC³Â˜
h UUhW UU
W W WU
W ² W² W
U WW ?
W W
UUW U
h W
U W W h h W
W W ¯ÂÚÈ˘
WW UU ±π
Crf;bnt> xnj ltkftn W W

W] W\W[ WZ
Æ‰¯·Á ÌÚ Â‡ ¯·Á ÌÚ ÔÂÙÏË ˙ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ Æ¢Ú‚Â˘Ó ÚÂ·˘¢ ˘È ÌÎÏ Ì‚ ®·

E dfc nj;t $cevfcitlifz$ ytltkz. Pfgbibnt ntktajyysq
hfpujdjh vt;le dfvb b jlybv bp dfib[ lheptq.
7 352
ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ÂÈÁ‰ Ô‚ ®‡ Æπ
ÌÈ·„˙Ó‰ Ï˘ ‰„Â·Ú ˙ÈœÎ

Ÿ Â˙
³
¯˜Â·
Æ˙ÂÈ³Á
Ã Ã‰ ÔÃ‚ ÈVÚ
⁄ ×˘ ˙‡ Á˙ÂÙ ÈÂß‚ ∏∫∞∞
Æ˙³ÂÙTÈßœ‚ÏÂ ÌÈÙœ ³Â˜Ï ÏÎÂ‡ ˙˙Â ‰È„ ∏∫≥∞
ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ÂÈÁ‰ Ô‚· ÁÂ ˙·È˙
ÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ
ÆÌÈÊœŸt
Ã ÓÈ
Ÿ !˘‰ ÌÚ ˙ÏÈÈËÓ ÈÊÂÒ ±≤∫∞∞
ÆÌË
À Ât
³ ÂtÈ
³ œ‰ÏÂ ˙Â¯ ³ aŸŒÊÏ ÌÈÓ Ô˙Â Ì‰¯·‡ ±≥∫∞∞
·¯Ú
ÆÌeÈYÂÂOÃ‡· ÌÈÓ‰ Ï˘ ‰¯ÂË¯ÙÓË‰ ˙‡ ˜„Â· ÔÁ ±π∫∞∞
ÆÌÈÙÂ˜‰ ˜¯‡Ù ˙‡ ˙Â˜Ó ÏÁ¯Â ‰È¯ ±π∫≥∞
‰ÏÈÏ
Æ‰ÈYÃ‡Ï ¯ÂÙÈÒ ¯ÙÒÓ Ô˙ÂÈ ≤≤∫∞∞
ÆÌÈ‚„Ï ‰¯˘ ‰ÏÂ˘ ≤≤∫¥∞
˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ ÁÂÏ
ÌÈÙÂ˜‰ ÈÈÁ· ‰ÁÙ˘ÓÂ ‰·‰‡ ÏÚ ≠ ÏËÈœÏe„ ¯ÂË˜Â„ ≠ ±∂∫∞∞
˙ÂÈÁ‰ Ô‚ È„·ÂÚ ÌÚ ‰ÁÈ˘
ø˙ÂÈ³ÃÁÏ ‰˘ÂÚ ‰˜ÈÊÂÓ‰ ‰Ó ≠ e¯e‚‡¿ ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯Ù ≠ ≤∞∫∞∞
ÌÈ·„˙ÓÏÂ ÌÈË„ÂËÒÏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
¯ÂÚÈ˘
Æ®‡ μ ≠ ÈËÂ·‰ Ô‚‰ ÏÚ ÚË˜‰ Ï˘ Ï„ÂÓ‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ÂÈÁ‰ Ô‚ ÏÚ ÚË˜ Â·˙Î ®·
±π Æ®‡ π ≠· ˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÁÂÏÓ ‰ÈˆÓ¯ÂÙÈ‡ Â·‡˘
Yfgbibnt pfvtnre j pjjkjubxtcrjv cflt d Bthecfkbvt> jcyjdsdfzcm yf jnhsdrt j

,jnfybxtcrjv cflt bp Q 5.Bcgjkmpeqnt byajhvfwb/ bp ljcrb j,(zdktybq d Q 9.
ÆÆÆ „ÈÏ ¨˙ÁÓ ˙ÂÎ˘· ¨ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È·
Æ®‡ π ≠· ‰ÈˆÓ¯ÂÙÈ‡‰ ÈÙÏ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ¨Ì„Â˜ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ÌÚ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â·˙Î ®‚
Yfgbibnt ytcrjkmrj ghtlkj;tybq cj ckjdfvb U bcgjkmpez byajhvfwb/
bp ljcrb j,(zdktybq Q 9.
ÆÌÈÙÂ˜Ï ÏÎÂ‡ ˙˙Â ‰È„ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ¨˙ÂÈÁ‰ Ô‚ ˙‡ Á˙ÂÙ ÈÂß‚ Ì„Â˜ :‫דוגמה‬
353 8
Æ¯˜Â· ÏÎ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ Â‡ Ì„Â˜ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®„
Yfgbibnt> xnj ds ltkftnt rf;ljt enhj bkb .
Æ˘·Ï˙Ó ÍÎ ¯Á‡Â ıÁ¯˙Ó È‡ Ì„Â˜VX :‫דוגמה‬
X WZ
X W[
X W\
X W]
X W^
X W_
ÆÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰
Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le bkk/cnhfwbzvb b ghfdbkmysvb ghtlkj;tybzvb.
W -
W -
W -
W -
W -
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±π
9 354

Ceotcndbntkmyst
Ukfujks
ktd> kmds ² *UQWR/

« ghjdthztn> ghjdthznm ² U
²5
ker 5UQWR5 ds[jlbn> ds[jlbnm U²
vjhrjdm .UQWR jnrhsdftn> jnrhsdfnm ² U

· ²E
pjjgfhr#b UQWR²
² ljk;ty> ye;lftncz .
bccktljdfntkm QWR-#² UQWR"²
;bdjnyjt QWR©

nthgtybt QYWWR9 Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
gthtw QWRE E
hfcntybt#z UQWR
frdfhbev QWR9/ ª %
uheggf QWR9% ,jnfybxtcrbq#fz ² 5U² 5
j,tpmzyf QWR² ,jnfybrf QYWWR ² 5
verf QYWWR# ubnfhf QWR*
cjtlbytybt # cdzpm .%UQWR
µ # ¸ ;bhfa QWR*P
cjctl> cjctlrf QWR º UQWR µ ubggjgjnfv QWR² E² E
vfckj !hfcn.@> vfckf ºUQWR ¸ pt,hf QWR*5
djhjnf .ºUQWR ¶ nhjgbxtcrbq#fz E² U
E²
ghjuhfvvf # gkfy#s ² ² UQWR ² rbkjuhfvv QYWWR² $
ibvgfypt QWRE
¹
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±π

Hfpyjt
gjp;t> gjckt> gjnjv ?

yt pf xnj> gj;fkeqcnf !gjckt $cgfcb,j$@ 5

vyjuj> jxtym ²
crjhj> tot ytvyjuj
²
cyfxfkf # hfymit # dgthtlb ²
355
Cbynfrcbc% ÍÈ¯ˆ } ceotcndbntkmyjt TÍÈ¯ˆ c

Ghbvth% ‰·‰‡ ÍÈ¯ˆ ‡Â‰c
ÍÈ¯ˆ } byabybnbd TÍÈ¯ˆ
Ghbvth% „ÂÓÏÏ ÍÈ¯ˆ ‡Â‰c
Hfpyjt% V c
¯ÂÚÈ˘
±π
356
≤∞ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
„È˙Ú Ø ‰ÂÂ‰ Ø ¯·Ú· ËÙ˘Ó ´ …˘ ´ „È˙Ú Ø ‰ÂÂ‰ Ø ¯·Ú· ËÙ˘Ó ∫ÛÈ˜Ú ¯Â·È„ Æ±
Rjcdtyyfz htxm% Ghtlkj;tybt d ghjitlitv # yfcnjzotv # ,eleotv dhtvtyb
} ghtlkj;tybt d ghjitlitv # yfcnjzotv # ,eleotv dhtvtyb.
¯ÓÂ‡ È‡
·˘ÂÁ ‰˙‡
Æ…Ï ÚÒÂ ‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˘‡¯˘
ÂÚ„È Ô‰
ÆÆÆÏ ÚÒ ‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˘‡¯˘
Ô˙ÚÓ˘ Ô˙‡
Ô˙ÚÓ˘ Ô˙‡
ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡
ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰Ó ˙Â˘„Á
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∞
357
Crf;bnt dcke[ yt vtymit ltcznb Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ‰¯˘Ú ˙ÂÁÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ Æ≤
ghtlkj;tybq bp nf,kbws.
W Z[˘
W ˘
W ˘
W ˘
W E˘
ÏÓÈ
Œ œ‚ Æ‡ Ï˘ ˘„Á‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ®‡ Æ≥
W‰˙‡Â È‡VW

W c²
WU c
W W c
W c
W U c
W U c©

W² U c
W c
W c
Crf;bnt> xnj rf;lsq xtkjdtr crfpfk j rybut. Æ¯ÙÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ˘‡‰Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ ¯Ó‡ ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®·
Æ„ÁÂÈÓÂ ·ÂË ¯ÙÒ ‰Ê˘ ¯Ó‡ È‡Â˙ÈÚ‰ :‫דוגמה‬
¯ÂÚÈ˘
ÚÂ·Ï‚ ¯ÈÓ‡ w
µ 5 58 ,k
¹
ÂE?i*
≤∞
7k EÂ I/ ¹

w
µ k µ
I l*
wµ kI º lI/ ¹
XcXJhXWXUX¥¥c QZ ,® 7lwk w*
µ

W W Q[ ÂEkI º lI/ ¹
hh Q\ l
k ÂE*
358
Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz. ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ¥
W c :‫דוגמה‬

Æ‰ÏÈÏ· ÌÈ„ÁÂÙ ‡Ï Ì‰˘ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ Ì‰
W

Byjulf kbxyjt vtcnjbvtybt ljk;yj bpvtyznmcz> tckb ghzvfz htxm pfvtyztncz rjcdtyyjq.
W c QZ

W c Q[
Wc Q\
W c Q]
W c Q^
W c Q_
W c Q`
W c Qa
Wc Qb
W c QZY
W U U c QZZ
®‡ Æμ
±π∞¥≠±∏∂∞ ÏÕˆY‰
Œ
WZa_Y
W
WK K
W9

·
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W
≤∞ W
¸#
W

W
ø˙È„Â‰È‰ ‰È„Ó‰ «‡ ÌÈ„Â‰È‰ ˙È„Ó ≠ ‡È‰ ˙‡Ê‰ ‰È„Ó‰ Ê‡
359
ÆÂÚ„È ¨Â·˙Î ¨Â·˘Á ¨Â¯Ó‡ Ì‰ ‰Ó ≠ ‰ÓÂ„ ÚË˜ Â·˙ÎÂ ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ÌÈÓÒ¯ÂÙÓ ÌÈ˘‡ È˘ Â¯Á· ®·
Ds,thbnt lde[ pyfvtybns[ k/ltq bp cgbcrf b yfgbibnt fyfkjubxysq jnhsdjr - xnj
jyb ujdjhbkb> levfkb> gbcfkb b pyfkb.
U P U PUUPPU PU UU

W U
Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf ˙‡
Œ . ‰ÈÈË· ˙‡
Œ ÒÁÈ‰ ˙ÏÈÓ Æ∂
È˙
! Â‡
³
Í˙
− Â‡³ ^˙" Â‡
³ ÆÈ
‰˙− ³Â‡ ³ Â‡
Â˙ ³
e˙
− Â‡
³
ÔÎŒ˙
" ‡ Œ ÌÎŒ˙
" ‡ Œ Æ¯
ÌÎ˙³Â‡ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ‰ÓÏ Ê‡ Ô˙
− Â‡
³ Ì˙− Â‡
³
øÔÎ˙‡ ÌÂ˜Ó· ÔÎ˙³Â‡ ¨ÌÎ˙‡ ÌÂ˜Ó·
øÈ˙Â‡ ·‰Â‡ ‰˙‡

h U c
W W WW c
h h c
W Wh c ¯ÂÚÈ˘
U c ≤∞
W W U
W hU c

W W v
W c
Xnj k/,bn * h
360
Dcnfdmnt ytljcnf/obt ÆÆÆ ¨Â˙Â‡ ¨Í˙Â‡ ¨È˙Â‡. ÆÆÆ ¨Â˙Â‡ ¨Í˙Â‡ ¨È˙Â‡ ≠ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ∑
¯˘˜ ÔÈ‡ ®‡
… ˙‡ ¯ÂÎÊÏ ®±
hVVV U c
WVVV U c
W h c
hhh c
… ˙‡ ÚÂÓ˘Ï ®≤
hU c
WVVV c
h W VVV c
h c
J9 c
…˙‡ ÁÂÎ˘Ï ¨ … ˙‡ ÏÂ‡˘Ï ®≥

h c W
WVVV cW
U U c W
U
h WVVV
¹
µ
…˙‡ ÔÈ·‰Ï ¨ … ˙‡ ·Â‰‡Ï ®¥

WVVV W c
hVVV c
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W
≤∞ WVVV h c
… ˙‡ ¯ÈÎ‰Ï ®μ
W U c
h W
WVVVhh c
W U c
WVVV VVVUUU c
361
¯˘˜ ˘È Æ·
ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ ‡Ï ¨ÌÈÈ·Ó ‡Ï ¨ÌÈ¯ÎÂÊ ‡Ï ¨ÌÈÚÓÂ˘ ‡Ï ‰ÏÚÓÏ Ì˙‡¯˜˘ ˙ÂÁÈ˘·
ÆÌÈÈ·ÓÂ ÌÈÚÓÂ˘ ¨ÌÈ¯ÎÂÊ ¨ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ ÔÎ Ô‰·˘ ¨˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î
D dsitghbdtltyys[ lbfkjuf[ k/lb yt cksifn> yt gjvyzn>yt gjybvf/n> yt pyf/n. Yfgbibnt
lheubt lbfkjub> d rjnjhs[ k/lb> yfj,jhjn> cksifn> gjvyzn> gjybvf/n b pyf/n.
øÂ˙Â‡ ˙Â¯ÎÂÊ Ô˙‡ ÆÔÙÏÂ‡‰Ó ÂÁ‡ ¨È‰Ã ∫Ì‰ :‫דוגמה‬

Æ‰Á ‰¯ÂÓ‰ ÌÚ ’‡ ‰˙ÈÎ· ıÈ˜· „ÁÈ· Â„ÓÏ ÆÔÎ˙‡ ˙Â¯ÎÂÊ ÂÁ‡ ÁË· ¨ÔÎ ∫Ô‰
Dcnfdmnt ytljcnf/obt ÆÆÆ ¨Â˙Â‡ ¨Í˙Â‡ ¨È˙Â‡. ÆÆÆ ¨Â˙Â‡ ¨Í˙Â‡ ¨È˙Â‡ ∫ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ∏
øÈ˙Â‡ W hU :‫דוגמה‬
W ___ hU QZ

W___ h U Q[
W___ hU Q\
h___ W Q]
W ___ W Q^
W___W Q_
W___ W Q`
W___ ___ W Qa
W___ Qb
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W ___ W QZY
W___W QZZ
≤∞
362
˙ÂÓ
³ ÂÒY
³ tœ Æπ
Æ˙¯·ÁÓ· Ô˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ …· Â‡ ¨·ÂÁ¯· ¨ÂÈ„¯· ¨ÔÂ˙ÈÚ· – ˙ÂÓÂÒ¯Ù Â˘ÙÁ ®‡

Gjbobnt htrkfvyst j,(zdktybz d ufptnf[> gj hflbj> yf ekbwf[ bkb ... b gthtgbibnt b[ d
cdj/ ntnhflm.
ÆÔÈÂˆÓ ˜· – ÈÙœΔÒŸÃk ˜· °°°ÈœÏÈNÀ Ô« ®·

aÃÒ ÂÓÎ Ô
È‡
È· ‰ Â ‡ ÌÏÂÎ
Ò  È ß ‚ ‰ ˙‡ Ì
˘ ‚ ÍÏ ˘È
Æ‰Èß‚ Ï ‚ ˘ È ÈÏ ø Ô 
°Ô‡Î ‡Â‰Â ¨Ô
Æ‰‡È¯·Â ‰ÓÈÚË – ÏÈÏ‚‰ ˙È·‚

≠ ø·ÕÚT ‰˙‡
Æ·Â‰ˆ‰ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÍÈ¯ˆ ‡ÏÂ ¨·ÂË „Á‡ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ
˙ÂÓÂÒ¯Ù Ï˘ ÌÏÂÚ
U U U K K W
U W U
W
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W c
≤∞ W KkK
W

h
hW UkE ¶
W
U U U
Wk?
W U U U U
363
Jnvtnmnt ghfdbkmyst ghtlkj;tybz d ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ ®‚
cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv.
W QZ W
W Q[
W Q\
W Q]
W QZ W

W U Q[
W U Q\
W U Q]
m W

W Q\ W QZ
W Q] W Q[
WK Kc ^ W

Q\ QZ V
Q] Q[
ø‰·ÂË ˙ÓÂÒ¯Ù ˙‡Ê ‰Ó ®‡ Æ±∞

c U
W W c! ² E
W c!*
W c² ² ²
c W
² c
W W W
W U c ¯ÂÚÈ˘
Æ‰·ÂË ˙ÓÂÒ¯Ù ˙‡Ê ‰Ó ÂÏ‡˘˘ ÌÈ˘‡‰Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ ¯Ó‡ ‰Ó ®·

≤∞
Xnj jndtnbk rf;lsq xtkjdtr yf djghjc> xnj nfrjt [jhjifz htrkfvf.

ÆÆÆ˘ ¯Ó‡ È‡˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰
Yfgbibnt htrkfvyjt j,(zdktybt lkz% ∫˙ÂÓÂÒ¯Ù Â·˙Î ®‚

m UU Q
m U U Q
m UUQ
364
Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybzvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰Â ÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÔÈ· ÂÓÈ‡˙‰
W W WZ
h h

h
QW fR
hu W[
W u
J u
J
QW U fR
W W\
W
QW fR
¯ÂÚÈ˘ hu W]
≤∞ W u
W Uu
W
QW R
365

cjklfn#rf QWR
¬U
QWR©
gjvybn> gjvybnm k?U
k
cbkf # vjom kk?UQWRk? crfpfnm
ujcelfhcndj # cnhfyf QWR pfrhsdftn> pfrhsdfnm k U
k
ghfdbntkmcndj QWR µ
pf,sdftn> pf,sdfnm k?
º U
k
ghtpbltyn QWRx ¹ UQWRx ¹
htrkfvf QWRk/ E
gjregfntkm#ybwf QWRkUQWR k
ukfdf ghfdbntkmcndf QWXWR µ 1
Ghbkfufntkmyst
v’h> ukfdf ujhjlf QWXWR

pf,fcnjdrf QWR µ º ujkjlysq#fz /U
*

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Cke;t,yst ckjdf
fynbctvbnbpv QYWWR9

·
xnj # rjnjhsq WWW
¸
[elj;ybr-uhfabr QWR *
U
QWR!*
njyyf#s kkUQWRk
QWRk5
vskj ¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∞
cjwbjkju QWRkkkUQWRkk
k
Hfpyjt
gjkbnbr QWR kEUQWR!

kE
ifvgeym QYWWR² E
¶ yf ‘njq ytltkt l
µ

jlyf;ls> rjulf-nj E
366
Vjhajkjubz% Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf . c
Ghbvth% È˙Â‡ :‫דוגמה‬
t c

Cbynfrcbc% Rjcdtyyfz htxm - ghblfnjxyst ghtlkj;tybz-ljgjkytybz
Ghbvth% Æ‡· ‡Â‰˘ ¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰ :‫דוגמה‬
QU R QZ

W
c
KWÈ˙„ÓÏKc KW·‰Â‡Kc
W„ÓÏ W·‰Â‡
D ghtlkj;tybz[ c rjcdtyyjq htxm/ dhtvz ghblfnjxyjuj ghtlkj;tybz yt

cjukfcetncz c dhtvtytv ukfujkf d ukfdyjv ghtlkj;tybb !d jnkbxbb jn
lheub[ zpsrjd> yfghbvth fyukbqcrjuj@. Cv. ghbvths dsit.
W Q[
Yfcnjzott dhtvz ukfujkf yt egjnht,kztncz.
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∞
367
≤± ¯ÂÚÈ˘
Ukfujk² ©+ byabybnbd ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ ÏÂÎ

³ È ÏÚÂÙ‰ Æ±
È‡
Ï«ÎÈ ‰˙‡
‡Â‰

È‡
‰Ï«Î
À È½ ˙‡
‡È‰

ÂÁ‡
ÌÈÏ«Î
œ È½ Ì˙‡
Ì‰

ÂÁ‡
WWWWWWWWWW ˙«Ï«ÎÈ½ Ô˙‡
Ô‰
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤±
368
ıÈ˜· ®‡
hW U c
m m c
h c
U U c
W
W hUJh c
W U W c
W
J² +
c

Æ‰Ï·Ë‰ ÍÂ˙Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ¥≠· Ï·ÂÈÂ Ô¯ Ï˘ ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÎÒ ®·

Gjlsnj;mnt dsitghbdtltyysq lbfkju xtnshmvz ghtlkj;tybzvb bp nf,kbws.

W QR

¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤±
ÆÏÎÈÓ ÔÈ·Â Ô¯ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Â‡ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®‚

Bycwtybheqnt bkb yfgbibnt lbfkju vt;le b .
ÆÆÆ ‡Â·Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ˙‡ ¨ÏÎÈÓ
369
ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡Â ‡ ¯ÂËÏ ˙ÂÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ˙ÂÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ · ¯ÂË· Â‡ˆÓ Æ≤
Yfqlbnt d cnjk,wt ghfdbkmyjt pfdthitybt ghtlkj;tybq bp cnjk,wf .
· ‡
W … ÈÎ U

W … ÈÎUZ[cYY
W

… ÈÎU
W
… ÈÎU
W
… ÈÎU
W
… ÈÎ U
W … ÈÎU
Æ„Â‡Ó ¯‰Ó ¯·„Ó ‡Â‰ ÈÎ ¯ÓÂ‡ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó ÔÈ·‰Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï ˙‡ :‫דוגמה‬
®‡ Æ≥
°‰Ê‰ ÔÂÙÏË‰ ¨ÈÂ‡
WU K5K
u
W W W u
h ¯ÂÚÈ˘
h2 u ≤±
W\]^_Z[\ u
hW U u
W U W\]^_Z[\ u
W W u
370
Jnvtnmnt ghfdbkmyst ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c Æ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÂÎ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ÂÏÈ‡ ÂÓÒ
hfpujdjhjv.
W

W\]^_Z[\
W
W
¯ÙÒÓ· ˙eÚË
À ®·
m u
h u
h u
W u
h u
W u
W U u
ÆÏ‡¯˘È· ÌÈ¯·Á Ï˘ ÔÂÙÏË‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ‰Ó ±¥¥ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ· ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚

Cghjcbnt d cghfdjxyjq ntktajyyjq cke;,t 144 yjvthf dfib[ lheptq d Bphfbkt.
ÆÆÆ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ‰Ó ÈÏ „È‚‰Ï ÏÂÎÈ ‰˙‡c

ÆÆÆ Ï˘ ÔÂÙÏË‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ Ï·˜Ï ÏÂÎÈ È‡c
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤±
371
˜Â˘· Æ¥
‰ÁÈ˘ ÏÎ· ÌÈÂ˜‰ ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ ÏÎ‡Ó ‰ÊÈ‡ ÏÚ Â‡ˆÓ Æ˜Â˘· ÌÈ¯ÎÂÓ‰ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈÂ˜‰ ÔÈ· ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®‡
∫‰ÓÈ˘¯·˘ ÌÈÏÎ‡Ó‰Ó ˜ÏÁ· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ Æ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â
Ghjxnbnt lbfkjub vt;le gjregfntkzvb b ghjlfdwfvb yf hsyrt. Yfqlbnt d rf;ljv
lbfkjut ghjljdjkmcndtyysq njdfh> bynthtce/obq gjregfntkz> b cjjndtncnde/obv
j,hfpjv ljgjkybnt lbfkjub. Bcgjkmpeqnt yfpdfybz ghjljdjkmcndtyys[ njdfhjd bp
ghbdtltyyjuj yb;t cgbcrf.
U xUU U

U U
h W c :‫דוגמה‬

Wc
hc
m U UU c
hU‰ÈÁËc
W‰ÈÁË‰ÈÁË ËÏÒ W c
®±
h W u
WW u
h u
m 9
5U² -² UUUU u
hUVVV u
WVVVVVV W U u
®≤
h W u
W W u
¯ÂÚÈ˘
h u
m UU UU u
≤±
hUVVV u
WVVVVVV W W u
372
®≥
h W u
W W u
h u
m UU UU u
hUVVV u
WVVVVVV WU u
Bycwtybheqnt fyfkjubxyst lbfkjub. ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÁÈ˘Ï ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ „ÂÚ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®·
Æ¢ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï¢ Ø¢ÏÂÎÈ¢· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ¨ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ· ÌÈ˘‡‰ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Æμ

Yfgbibnt> xnj ujdjhzn k/lb yf bkk/cnhfwbz[> bcgjkmpeqnt ÏÂÎÈ Ø ÏÂÎÈ ‡ÏÆ
:‫דוגמה‬
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤±
373
Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Æ∂
h X QZ

h X Q[
h X Q\
h X Q]
h X Q^
h X Q_
h X Q`
h X Qa
h
Æ‰T−◊ ‰T−˘ ÁÃÓÕ−◊ ¯È!˘ ¨ÁÃÓÕ−◊ ¯È!˘ ‰T−˘ ‰T◊−

ÆÔ‚ÃÃa ÏAÀ‚ Ï«„À‚ ÔÀ‚@ ¨Ô‚ÃÃa ÔÀ‚@ ÏBÈœ‚ ÔÀ ‚Ã
ÆÌÈX‰⁄ÓÃÓŸ‰ÃŸÓ ‡¿ Èœ ‡⁄
Æ˘ÁÀÀ _˘×À ˘ÁÀÀ
ÌÈœÓe„O ˙Â‡
³ Ÿ Æ∑
U
W t
WK W
W
W? K

U ² ·K
U W
¯ÂÚÈ˘
WK K $9E K ≤±
U cK K K

U
µ
U © /cUW 9E
¶
d K K W º
WV

h Q[ h QZ
374
QZ`R
QZb R
Q\ZR
Q[\ R
Q\R
QZZ¦ R
QZZ¦ R
øÌÈÚÈ‚Ó ÍÈ‡ Æ∏
ÆÌÈˆÈÁ· Í¯„‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒÂ ˙ÂÙÓ· ÂÏÎ˙Ò‰ ¨˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®‡
Ghjxnbnt lbfkjub> gjcvjnhbnt yf rfhns b yfhbceqnt cnhtkrb> jnvtxf/obt vfhihens.
Æ®ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ÌÈ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·© ˙ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒÏ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ÔÂËÏÈ‰ ÔÂÏÓÓ ®±
h
U u
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W u
≤± W
h u
Wb W u
W
U? W
W x
W u
W u
375
ÔÙ‚‰ ˙È·Ï ‰ÙÈÁ· ˙ÈÊÎ¯Ó‰ ‰Á˙‰Ó ®≤
h U u
W W u
h u
U u
W
W
U U
W
W u
WUi u
ÌÈ‰ ÛÂÁÏ ·È·‡ Ï˙· ˙ÈÊÎ¯Ó‰ ‰Á˙‰Ó ®≥

U u
h
W] U u
h u
W V u
U U
W ² E
W
W W u
W u
ÆÌ‰ÈÈ· Í¯„‰ ˙‡Â ‰ÙÓ· ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó È˘ ÂÓÒ ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ¯ÈÚÓ ˜ÏÁ Ï˘ ‰Ë˜ ‰ÙÓ Â¯ÈÈˆ ®·
ÆÈ˘‰ ÌÂ˜ÓÏ „Á‡ ÌÂ˜ÓÓ ÌÈÚÈ‚Ó ÍÈ‡ ¯‡˙È ‰˙ÈÎ· ¯·Á
Yfhbceqnt yt,jkmijq gkfy bpdtcnyjq dfv xfcnb ujhjlf. Jnvtnmnt yf gkfyt ldf geyrnf b ¯ÂÚÈ˘
vfhihen vt;le ybvb. Jlby bp dfib[ cjextybrjd gecnm hfccrf;tn> rfr gjgfcnm bp jlyjuj
geyrnf d lheujq. ≤±
376
Ghjxnbnt hfccrfp b yfgbibnt tuj jrjyxfybt. ÆÛÂÒ ÂÏ Â·˙ÎÂ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æπ
ÌÈÓ
œ ÎÀÁ
⁄ Ã‰ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È È„ÏÈ ®‡
W U W 9

W h
5Vc
W
UVc
h
___ WVc
QUR
ÌÎÁ
K ‰ÓÎÂÁ
ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È È„ÏÈ ˙ÓÎÂÁ ®·
U W
KW xU UUKc
W
W Kc
KJh
U Kc
WK x
QPUR
V x
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤± Gjxtve ht,tyjr evty> f ;bntkm Fneys ukeg* ø˘ÙÈË È‡Â˙‡‰ ‰ÓÏÂ ¨ÌÎÁ „ÏÈ‰ ‰ÓÏ
377

zqwj#f 5U QWR5 vjxm ² ©

cfkfn !hfcntybt@ QWR pyfnm ?
jib,rf QWR9 ghb,sdfnm
U

yferf QWR gjdjhfxbdfnm ² U
² E
cdtnbkmybr !Vtyjhf@ QWR*²
ghjhjr QWR U
QWR
Ghbkfufntkmyst
djlbntkm QWR U QWR
U QWR
U

rjpf> rjps
evysq#fz
$9EU QWR9E
?/U
?/

jnhsdjr # cnb[
wtynhfkmysq#fz
bltz#b ² ² +U
QWR² +
cnfywbz # jcnfyjdrf QWR ¶
z,kjrj QWR9E
¶
Hfpyjt
gtne[> rehbwf QWR ² /
U
¶ QWR² / ¶
Hfq QWRV

Yfhjl Bphfbkz *
º¾
5

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Jcnjhj;yj^ J9
ybxtuj 9?
yt´ pf xnj !jnd. yf $cgfcb,j$@i
jhtufyj QWR²
-² Lhtdj Gjpyfybz QWR
,fpbkbr QWR9 5 ifkatq !hfcntybt@ QWR © /
ljkkfh QWR² Gtcym Gtcytq . ¹ ¹
dbpf QWR by;bh> abuf QWR º ¯ÂÚÈ˘
gtnheirf QWR©² E abybr !ahern> lthtdj@ QWR µ ≤±
Cbynfrcbc% ² ² U
® ² U
® ² U
® ² © + ukfujk
T² ² ®U² U
® ² ®U² © c
Ghbvth% Æ‡Â¯˜Ï ÏÂÎÈ ‡Â‰ :‫דוגמה‬
378
≤≤ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb - ÂÈ‰ ¨‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨‰È‰ ≠ ¯·Ú· ÌÈÈÓ˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Æ±
Æ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒ· ‰È‰ ®‡Ï© ‡Â‰ U :‫דוגמות‬

Æ˙W˘e‡
ŸÓ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ®‡Ï© ‡È‰ W
ÆÌÈ¯·Á ÂÈ‰ ®‡Ï© Ì‰ W
ÆÔ‡Àk ÂÈ‰ ®‡Ï© Ô‰ W

W
W
‰È‚ŸÏŸË
Ã Ò
Ÿ Â
³ ®‡ Æ≤
W
W W
U W
WK

¸ KW
U W U
U ¶ 9W
U
U W
W.9
µ U
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤≤
ÆÌÈ·¯· ≠ ‚ ¯ÂËÂ ‰·˜· ≠ · ¯ÂË ¨¯ÎÊ· ÌˆÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ≠ ‡ ¯ÂË ∫ÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®·
Ljgjkybnt d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv% cnjk,tw - ceotcndbntkmyst ve;crjuj
hjlf> cnjk,tw - ceotcndbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf> cnjk,tw -
ceotcndbntkmyst dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt.
‚ · ‡
W W W
m m m
379
Ghjxnbnt jnhsdjr dcke[ d yfcnjzotv dhtvtyb. Æ‰ÂÂ‰· ÚË˜‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚
ÆÌÈÏÂ„‚ ˙È·· ÌÈ¯„Á‰ Æ‰Ê‰ ˙È·· ÌÈ¯‚ ÈÏ˘ ‡˙·ÒÂ ‡·Ò
Yfgbibnt jnhsdjr $yjcnfkmubz$ j lheujv vtcnt. Æ¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÚ ‰È‚ÏËÒÂ ÚË˜ Â·˙Î ®„
Yfgbibnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú· Â·˙Î Æ≥

W :‫דוגמה‬
Æ„¯˘Ó· ‰È‰ ‡Ï ‡Â‰ ÏÂÓ˙‡
W Q` W QZ

W Qa W
µ 9 Q[
W.

Qb W Q\
W QZY W Q]
W QZZ W Q^
W QZ[ W Q_
ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ Æ¥
¨ÌÂÏ˘ ‰ÁÏ ®‡
≤∞∞∞ ÈÂÈ
°Ï·À⁄Á Æ„ÂÓÏÏ È˙¯Ó‚
ÆÌÈÈÂˆÓ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ¯ÂÓ‰ ÆÌÈ„ÓÁ ÂÈ‰ ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈ¯·Á‰
Æ‰ÁÂ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒ‰ ÆÌÈÓÓÚ˘Ó ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï ÌÈ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰
ÆÌÈÚË ‰È‰ ‰È¯ËÙ˜· ÏÎÂ‡‰Â ¨˙Â˘˜ ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï ˙ÂÈÁ·‰
¨˙ÂÈÁ·‰ È¯Á‡ ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï

¯ÂÚÈ˘
È¯Â‡
≤≤
Æ„ÂÓÏÏ ¯ÂÓ‚Ï ‰ÁÓ˘ ‡È‰ ÆÈ¯Â‡ ÂÓÎ ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏ‰ ˙‡ ˙·‰Â‡ ‡Ï ‰Á ®·

Æ‰Ï˘ ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î
…¨Ú¯ ¨ÍÂ¯‡ ¨ÔÈÈÚÓ ‡Ï ¨‰˘˜ – ¯‡Â˙‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ®≤ ÂÈ‰ ¨‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨‰È‰ ®± ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰
‰Á yt nfr k/,bn pfyznbz> rfr È¯Â‡ . Jyf hfletncz rjywe pfyznbq.
Yfgbibnt tt gbcmvj.
Bcgjkmpeqnt% 1@ ÂÈ‰ ¨‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨ÂÈ‰ 2@ ghbkfufntkmyst – ÆÆÆÆ ¨Ú¯ ¨ÍÂ¯‡ ¨ÔÈÈÚÓ ‡Ï ¨‰˘˜
380
ÌÈ„‚· ˙ÂÁ ≠ ˙ÈÙÈ ˜ÈËea Æμ
X¬ ¬ X
X
xX
¹ 9X

?9 X.
%

X
© 5X
X
X² ?X
Crf;bnt dcke[> rfrfz jlt;lf tcnm d vfufpbyt KK. Æ˙ÈÙÈ ˜ÈËÂ·· ˘È ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®‡
Crf;bnt% ∫Â¯Ó‡ ®·
ø˘·ÂÏ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó
ø˙˘·ÂÏ ‡È‰ ‰Ó
ø‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈ¯ÂÁ·‰ ÌÈ˘·ÂÏ ‰Ó
ø‰˙ÈÎ· ˙Â¯ÂÁ·‰ ˙Â˘·ÂÏ ‰Ó
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤≤
381
ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï Ô˙Â‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰Â ÌÈ·¯· Ì‚Â „ÈÁÈ· Ì‚ Ô˙Â‡ Â¯Ó‡ Æ¢ÌÈÚ¢· ÌÈÏÈÓ‰Ó ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ Â· Æ∂
Cjcnfdmnt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz bvty bp ckjd d $j,kfrf[$> crf;bnt b[ d tlbycndtyyjv b
vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt b ghbdtlbnt d cjjndtncndbt c bkk/cnhfwbzvb.

:‫דוגמה‬

¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤≤
Æ˜ÂÁ¯ ÌÂ˜ÓÏ ‰ÚÈÒ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ„‚· ˙ÂÁ· Ô·Â ‡ÓÈ‡ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î Æ∑
Yfgbibnt lbfkju vt;le vfnthm/ b csyjv d vfufpbyt jlt;ls gthtl
gjtplrjq d lfkmybt rhfz.
382
‰˘˜ ‰ÈÚ· ®‡ Æ∏
W W c
m W
QZ … ‡¿ „Á
À Œ‡ Û ‡
Ã
h
ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÈ·Â ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰ ®·

Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le bkk/cnhfwbtq b cjjndtncnde/obv ghtlkj;tybtv.
Æ¯„ÂÂÒ ˘·ÂÏ ‡Ï „Á‡ Û‡ :‫דוגמה‬
W QZ
Q[
W Q\
W Q]
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W Q^
≤≤
383
ÌÈÈÎ¢˙ ÌÈÏ„ÒÂ ÏaŒÓ
Ÿ ŒË Ú·ÂÎ ®‡ Æπ
µk
U V U W
U$
W

U t
W
W U V lx
Uc
W
k9 .
^YV W9
x º
W
E² UxV9
º *
xº
x
9 º
K U U c
W t
K KW U UK

U W
² WW
² U t K
U W
c UU
W
W K K
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤≤
klx
384
∫ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· ®·
Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmysq dfhbfyn pfgjkytybz ghjgecrjd d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv%
Q XXRQ XR QZ

WQXX R
Q XXRQ XR Q[
WQXXR
UQ XR UQ XRc Q\
WQX R QKXR
WQEX R Q XRUQXR Q]
Æı¯‡‰ ÏÓÒ ‡È‰˘ ˙¯Á‡ ı¯‡Ó ˙ÂÓ„ Â¯‡˙ ®‚

Jgbibnt gthcjyf; bp lheujq cnhfys> zdkz/obqcz $cbvdjkjv$ ‘njq cnhfys.
ÆÈÏ˘ Ú·ÂÎÏ ˙ÂÈÙ ˘ÂÏ˘ ¨˙«ÈœÙ ˘ÂÏ˘ ÈÏ˘ Ú·ÂÎÏ

ÆÈÏ˘ Ú·ÂÎ‰ ‰Ê ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¨˙ÂÈÙ ˘ÂÏ˘ ÂÏ ÂÈ‰ ‡ÕÏ»Ï
Ghtlkj;tybz cktlcndbz ‰‡ˆÂ˙ ÈËÙ˘Ó Æ±∞
W ÔÎÕÏÀ½Â Ø ÔÎÕÏÀ U

ËÙ˘Ó ÔÎÏÂ Ø ÔÎÏ ¨ËÙ˘Ó
¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈÈÂÈ‚‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®‡

Gjcnhjqnt kjubxyst ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c nf,kbwtq b crf;bnt b[ dcke[.
≤≤
W U
W U

W ÔÎÏ U
W U
W U
Æ‰Ù ¯˜ ÔÎÏ ¨˙Ï„‰ ˙‡ Ì˙¯‚Ò ‡Ï:‫דוגמה‬

385
ÆÔÎÏ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ÌÚ ‰ÈÈ˘ ÌÚÙÂ ÈÎ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ÌÚ ˙Á‡ ÌÚÙ ª˙Â¯Âˆ È˙˘· ËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ Â·˙Î ®·
Yfgbibnt rf;ljt ghtlkj;tybt d lde[ hfpys[ dfhbfynf[% cj ckjdjv b cj ckjdjv .
W
W :‫דוגמה‬
W
Æ·ÂË ‡Ï Â‰˘Ó ‰ÏÎ‡ ‡È‰ ÈÎ ¨‰ÏÂÁ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡È‰

Æ¯ÂÚÈ˘Ï ‰‡· ‡Ï ‡È‰ ÔÎÏ ¨‰ÏÂÁ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡È‰
W

W QZ
W
º
W
W Q[
W
W
W Q\
W
W

W Q]
W ¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤≤
W
Q^
W
W
386
øÈ‡ ‰ÙÈ‡ ¨È‡ Æ±±
c²
W WE

W W
W.² W
ç E c²
º E U
W UW W
c W
c U U U
W U hU
W tW
Q U R
Gjlxthrybnt ghfdbkmyjt pfdthitybt hfccrfpf. Æ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÈÙÏ ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ
W c

W W
W W
W W
W W
ÆÌÈÙÂˆ¯ÙÏ ˙Â·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰Â ˙Â·Â˘˙‰Â ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰
Bycwtybheqnt djghjcs b jndtns> b ghbdtlbnt jndtns d cjjndtncndbt c dshf;tybzvb kbw.
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤≤ JXm h
J V Xm h
m XWVVV UXW

XWVVV h
JXmVVV h
387

regfkmysq rjcn/v

© 5 UQWR © 5 jgecrftn> jgecrfnm .² U.²
[frb !pfobnysq wdtn@ QWR$ cyb;ftn> cyb;fnm
rfybreks # jngecr QWR µ 9
/,rf QWR
QYWWR º
Ghbkfufntkmyst
‘ktrnhbxtcndj
$Bphfbkmcndj$ QYWWR9 *ºx
gjctktybt QWR µ ² cbkmysq#fz U

infys # ,h/rb QYWWR ukegsq#fz> negjq#fz µEU

E
rehnrf QWR cdt;bq#fz ©.U.

htitybt#z kk º EU
QWRk º E cxfcnkbdsq#fz -¸9U
9 µ
pfgbcrf#b $ µ EU
QWR ¸ E elj,ysq#fz kUk
gkfnmt#z kxU º QWR x ¹ <b,ktqcrbq#fz K
U
¶ K ¶

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Cke;t,yst ckjdf
,enbr> vfufpby vjlyjq jlt;ls QWR95

gj’njve
vjltkm QWR²
¯ÂÚÈ˘
jgnbvbcnbxtcrbq#fz
EkU

Ek
gtccbvbcnbxtcrbq#fz EU
E
≤≤
yjcnfkmubz QYWWR © k

Hfpyjt
cdbnth QWR¬ ¬
QWR*9 .
rfhbrfnehf ybrnj

;fkm KJ
$Blbit vfvf$ K

¸ K

!tdhtqcrfz vfnm@
388
Cbynfrcbc% ÂÈ‰ ¨‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨‰È‰V c

Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz> ghjitlitt dhtvz
Ghtlkj;tybz cktlcndbz

Ghbvth% Æ¯ÂÚÈ˘Ï ‰‡· ‡Ï ‡È‰ ÔÎÏ ¨‰ÏÂÁ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡È‰:‫דוגמה‬
Hfpyjt% ckjdj $ybrnj$ mV c

Ghbvth% ÆÈ˙Â‡ ÔÈ·Ó ‡Ï „Á‡ Û‡:‫דוגמה‬
U U „Á‡ Û‡ QZ

WcUc
Ahfpf vj;tn egjnht,kznmcz rfr d ve;crjv> nfr b d ;tycrjv hjlt&

jlyfrj> d ckexft ;tycrjuj hjlf vj;yj nfr;t crfpfnm% >
Yfghbvth% .
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤≤
389
≤≥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
E cghz;tybt> rjhyb nbgf KU

KUghjitlitt dhtvz ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ – ‰¢Ï ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÃÀt ÔÈÈ· ®‡ Æ±
k
˙«OÏœ
È˙È
! œ À œ QR
È!˙ÈJ
"˙È œ À −˙È œ À "˙Èœ JQR œ QR
−˙ÈJ ÆÈ
‰˙
− Ÿ À ‰À À ‰˙− Ÿ J À
‰J
eÈ œ À œ Q R
eÈJ
Ô˙È
œ Ÿ Ì˙È
œ Ÿ Ô˙Èœ OQR œ QR
Ì˙ÈO Æ¯
e À eJX

µ U
µ *U*UEUx
µ UUUU©U5 c
ÆÔ˙ÈO ‡ÏÂ Ô˙ÈJ ¨ Ì˙ÈO ‡ÏÂ Ì˙ÈJ ≠ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ‰ÓÏ Ê‡

¯ÂÚÈ˘
·‚Ï ÏÂÈË ®·
≤≥
W

W lº
k?/?
V W
U
W W

390
Yfgbibnt ukfujks d nf,kbwt d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®‡ Æ≤
X
VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV

VVV VVV VVV VVV x VVV VVV VVV VVV
Æ¯·Ú· Â˙ÈÈË ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ¨˙«ÚË

Ÿ œÏ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Â‡ˆÓ ®·
Yfqlbnt ukfujk d ckjdfht b pfgbibnt tuj cghz;tybt d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb.
Æ¯·Ú· ÏÚÂÙÂ ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ≠ ÌÈÈÓÚÙ ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· Ì˙Â‡ Âˆ·˘Â ¯˘˜‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â‡ˆÓ Æ≥
Yfqlbnt gjl[jlzobt gj rjyntrcne ukfujks b ghfdbkmyj dgbibnt b[ d ghtlkj;tybz ldf hfpf -
jlby hfp d byabybnbdt b jlby hfp d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb.
W ˙È˙˘W ˙Â˙˘Ï :‫דוגמה‬
W___W___ QZ
W ___ W ___ W Q[
___ W___ Q\
W
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W ___ h ___ Q]
≤≥ WE
² ___ W___ Q^
W ___ W V Q_
W U
JJ h ___h V
W ___U___ Q`
___ W ___ Qa
W
391
ÔÂÏÈÓ· ˘ÂÙÈÁ Æ¥
Â‡ˆÓÂ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙Â‡ Â˘ÙÁ ¨Ì‰Ï˘ ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ˙‡Â ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ¨± ¯ÂË· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ
Æ≤ ¯ÂË· ¨‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡
Gjlxthrybnt ukfujks d cnjk,wt 1> yfgbibnt b[ ckjdfhye/ ajhve b ajhve byabybnbdf>
gjbobnt b[ d ckjdfht b yfqlbnt gjl[jlzott pfdthitybt bp cnjk,wf 2.
≤ ±
W m
W mU
W mU
W m U
W mU ²
®‡ Æμ
‰˘Ó ÔÈÓÈÂ ÌÈœÀ‡
⁄ ×˘ ˙«kŸ˘
" Ó
œ
Wk
º 5 ZbV
W$
W
W Uw ¹ U
WZa_YV
k W
W V
c W 9
W U U
W U ² /U
º 5W U h
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W U W
W9 9U*kV Za__V
≤≥
W W

Wc ZabZV
U W
² .² W
W
392
Qa R
Za_]
ÆÌÂÈ‰ Â‡ ÌÚÙ ≠ ËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ „ÈÏ Â·˙ÎÂ ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ‰ÂÂ‰· Â‡ ¯·Ú· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ ®·
Pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb d ghtlkj;tybz[> bcgjkmpez ukfujks d ghjitlitv bkb yfcnjzotv dhtvtyb
d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv> b yfgbibnt e rf;ljuj ghtlkj;tybz ÌÚÙt bkb ÌÂÈ‰.
ÌÚÙ W :‫דוגמה‬

ÌÂÈ‰ W
W U ___ QZ

W U ___
W ___ Q[
W ___
W ___ Q\
W ___
W ___ Q]
W ___
W ___ Q^
W ___
W ___ Q_
W ___
W ___U___ Q`
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W ___U ___
≤≥ ÆÌÈ·˙ÎÓ È˘ Â·˙Î ®‚
W UZa^` QZ

W UZaaY Q[
Yfgbibnt ldf gbcmvf%
1@ Ds ;bdtnt d Cnfhjv ujhjlt d 1857 ujle b gbitnt Vjyntabjhb j njv> rfr
nz;tkj dfv ;bdtncz.
2@ Ds ;bdtnt ytgjlfktre d ‘njv hfqjyt d 1880 ujle b gbitnt Vjyntabjnb
,kfujlfhcndtyyjt gbcmvj.
393
‰ÏÂ„‚ ¯ÈÚ· ÌÈ¯ÈÈ˙ ®‡ Æ∂
h
W ÌÈ˙Â˘W ÌÈ‡Â¯Â © 5 ÌÈÏÂÚ
W ÌÈÂÙÂ
UU W ÌÈÂ˜
U ÌÈÂÚW
W KÌÈÂ·K ÌÈˆÂ¯ W
W W ®·
W W
ÆÚË˜·˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ÏÎ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎ· „Á‡ ÌÂÈ Â˘Ú Ì‰ ‰Ó Â¯ÙÒ
Jgbibnt> xnj jyb ltkfkb d rf;ljv vtcnt.
Bcgjkmpeqnt dct ukfujks bp jnhsdrf.
ÆÆÆÏÙÈÈ‡‰ ÏÚ ‰ÏÚ ‡Â‰ ÆÊÈ¯Ù· ‰È‰ È„ :‫דוגמה‬
ÌÈ„‚· „ÂÚÂ ÌÈ„‚· ®‡ Æ∑

¯ÈÚœÀÏ Ω ‰TÈÚœ‰
À h U c
WUUhh c
h c
W c
h c
W c
hh c
W W9 c
h c
W U ¹x W c
h U c ¯ÂÚÈ˘
W c ≤≥
h c
W W c

h*
WW c
hWKK c
W c
Wv c
394
Jndtnmnt yf cktle/obt djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c lbfkjujv. Æ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®·
h QZ
‫יפית‬ h
h
Q[
Q\
h Q]
h Q^
h Q_
h Q`
h Qa
Yfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú· Â·˙Î Æ∏

Æ‰ÙÈ ‰È‰ ‡Â‰W :‫דוגמה‬
W QZ
W Qb W Q[
W QZY W Q\
W QZZ W Q]
W QZ[ h Q^
W QZ\ h Q_
W QZ] W Q`
W QZ^ W Qa
Xbckf ve;crjuj b ;tycrjuj hjlf. ±∞∞∞ – ±∞∞ Æπ

˙Â‡
³ ÕÓ ˘˘ ≠ ∂∞∞ ‰‡À Ó Õ ≠ ±∞∞
˙Â‡
³ ÕÓ Ú·Ã˘ " ≠ ∑∞∞ ÌÈÈ˙‡
× Ó À ≠ ≤∞∞
˙³Â‡ÕÓ ‰Œ³ÂÓ˘" ≠ ∏∞∞ ˙Â‡
³ ÕÓ ˘ÂÏ³ ˘ " ≠ ≥∞∞
¯ÂÚÈ˘ ˙Â‡
³ ÕÓ Ú˘ × ˙ " ≠ π∞∞ ˙Â‡
³ ÕÓ ÚÃaY‡ Ã ≠ ¥∞∞
≤≥ ÛŒÏ‡ Œ ≠ ±∞∞∞ ˙Â‡³ ÕÓ ˘ÓÕ Á À ≠ μ∞∞
ÏÈtœ‰
Ã ®‡
W "k W9²
d
W Wx
W
E

395
ÔÂ·˘Á ÈÏÈ‚¯˙ ®·
Yfgbibnt ckjdfvb% ∫ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â·˙Î
Æ˘ÂÏ˘Â ÌÈÚ·¯‡ ÌÈÈ˙‡Ó ÛÏ‡ Ì‰Ú˘˙Â ÛÏ‡ „ÂÚÂ Ú·¯‡Â ÌÈ˘ÂÏ˘ ÌÈÈ˙‡ÓfZYYbT[\] :‫דוגמה‬
f[YYTZYY Q^ fZ^YT_`Y Q\ f^_YT]]Y QZ
faZYT``` Q] fb[YT\b^ Q[
Crf;bnt dcke[% Rnj ;bk> rjulf b crjkmrj ktn* øÌÈ˘ ‰ÓÎ ¨È˙Ó ¨ÈÁ ÈÓ ∫Â¯Ó‡ ®‚
Z^Y_VZ]^Z :‫דוגמה‬

˙Á‡Â ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁ ˙Â‡Ó Ú·¯‡ ÛÏ‡· „ÏÂ ÒÂ·ÓÂÏÂ˜ ¯ÙÂËÒÈ¯Î
ÆÌÈ˘ ˘ÓÁÂ ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁ ÈÁ ‡Â‰ Æ˘˘Â ˙Â‡Ó ˘ÓÁ ÛÏ‡· ˙ÓÂ
Zb\]VZa_` Q^ Zb`\VbaZa QZ
ZbabVZbY] Q_ Zb`\VZaa_ Q[
Zaa^VZà] Q` ZbZYVZa[a Q\
Z`bZVZ`^_ Qa Z]\ZVZ]Z[ v Q]
Æ‰È‰ ‰Ê ÌÈ˘ ‰ÓÎ ÈÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ÆÌÈÏÈÓ· ÌÈÎÈ¯‡˙‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®„
Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz b crf;bnt ckjdfvb dshf;tyyst xbckfvb lfns> b gjnjv
crf;bnt> crjkmrj ktn yfpfl ‘nj ckexbkjcm.
WZWbWZb\bV :‫דוגמה‬
¯·ÓËÙÒ· „Á‡· ‰È‰ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ Ï˘ ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ÌÂÈ‰
ÆÚ˘˙Ô ÌÈ˘ÂÏ˘ ˙Â‡Ó Ú˘˙ ÛÏ‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
WZbZ` 9 ² QZ

≤≥
W[WaWZbZ]V

Q[
WZ``_ ]V Q\
WZàb Z]V©
5 Q]
WZb]aZ]VQ^
ÆÆÆÈÚÈ˘˙Ï ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ∫ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ Ï·‡
396
Æ‰È‰ ‰Ê ÔÓÊ ‰ÓÎ ÈÙÏÂ ÌÂÈ Â˙Â‡· ‰¯˜ ‰Ó ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ¨ÌÈ·Â˘Á ÌÈÎÈ¯‡˙ „ÂÚ Â¯Ó‡ ®‰
Yfpjdbnt tot ytcrjkmrj pyfvtyfntkmys[ lfn> cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf> xnj ghjbpjikj d
‘nb lfns b crjkmrj ktn yfpfl ‘nj ,skj.
Yfgbibnt nhb df;yst lfns d dfitq ;bpyb. ÆÌÎÏ˘ ÌÈÈÁ· ÌÈ·Â˘Á ÌÈÎÈ¯‡˙ ≥ Â·˙Î ®Â
Pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb d ghtlkj;tybz[. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ ®‡ Æ±∞
˙ÂÈ¯‡‰ ¯Ú˘
U9U$/99xW
U WZ^\` ___
W___Vk
VVV W c
W___ W
W ___U W___
___ KU UK ___K
W ___ KW
U ___U W
W
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤≥
Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv. ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ ®·

h QZ
h Q[
h Q\
h Q]
h U]UÙZ^\`c Q^
397
®‡
¯ÂÚÈ˘
‰ÈÈ¯ÈÚ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ·Â˘Á ÌÈÁ¯Â‡Ï ÔÂÏÓ· ÌÈÁ¯‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÓÂ‡‰Ó Â‡ ÌÈ¯ÙÂÒ‰Ó „Á‡ ‰˙‡ ®· ≤≥
Æ‰Ê‰ ÔÂÏÓÏ ÌÎ˙‡ ÔÈÓÊ‰˘ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˘‡¯Ï ‰„Â˙ ·˙ÎÓ Â·˙Î ÆÌÂÈ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ‡˘ ˙ÂÎ˘Ó·
ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ‚ÏÒ‰ ÈÈÂËÈ·Ó ˜ÏÁ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰
Ds jlby bp gbcfntktq bkb [elj;ybrjd> jcnfyjdbdib[cz d jntkt lkz df;ys[ ujcntq
veybwbgfkbntnf d ctujlyziytv . Yfgbibnt ,kfujlfhcndtyyjt gbcmvj
v’he> ghbukfcbditve dfc d ‘njn jntkm.
Bcgjkmpeqnt xfcnm cktyujds[ dshf;tybq.
¨ÌÂÏ˘ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˘‡¯ „Â·Î
ÆÆÆÌÈÈÁ ‰Ù È˙È˘Ú
398

rfvtym> rfvyb U

QWR ,jkttn> ,jktnm ² U
²
ktutylf # crfprf QWR vtxnftn> vtxnfnm ² U
²
[elj;ybr> [elj;ybwf QWR² UQWR² evbhftn> evbhfnm 9U
plfybt QWR
© 5 dpdtibdftn#dpdtibdfnm> ²
º U"
²
yfxfkj QWR º dtcbn#m
cntyf !d dsh. $cntys ujhjlf$@ QWR²
,jktpym QWR
gjkj;tybt # cjcnjzybt QWR
QWR- ² UQWR² Ghbkfufntkmyst
gbcfntkm#ybwf
ckjy#b[f QWREU QWRE
rfhnbyf QWR9 º xbcnsq#fz $
© U$

eckjdbt#z ºUQWR º ,jufnsq#fz *¹ U
¹
cdznjq#fz
µ ² %U²
lfktrbq#fz ² /U² *

Hfpyjt Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
¯ÂÚÈ˘ d ujhjl * [jkthf KQWR*k

≤≥ lfdyj K nehtwrbq#fz $/9U$/9
dyt Km9 vbkkbjy KUKQWRk

djrheu Km cbvgfnbxysq#fz
E
U
E

tot hfp # cyjdf K E
² ceknfy KQWR9x

399
Vjhajkjubz% tKtE c
rjhyb nbgf K >
ghjitlitt dhtvz
Ghbvth% È˙È˜ :‫דוגמה‬
Hfpyjt% Xbckf ve;crjuj b ;tycrjuj hjlf ±∞∞∞ – ±∞∞ c
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤≥
400
≤¥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz> ghjitlitt dhtvz. ®Í˘Ó‰© ¯·Ú· ÌÈÈÓ˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Æ±
f c
ÂÈ‰ ®‡Ï© Ø ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ®‡Ï© Ø ‰È‰ ®‡Ï© c
®‡
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
Pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb c gjvjom/ cktle/ob[ ckjd% ∫ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®·

XXV U XX
QfR QZ]R
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W ___

≤¥ ___d___
___W___
___W ___

W ___
___ ___
U ___ W
___ W ___
W x
¹ ___ U
c U
401
Æ¯·Ú· Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Æ≤
Crf;bnt b pfgbibnt d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb.
Æ·ÂË ¯ÈÂÂ‡ ‚ÊÓ Ì˘ ‰È‰ W :‫דוגמה‬
W QZ
W Q[
W Q\
h Q]
h Q^
W Q_
h Q`
W Qa
W Qb
W QZY
W QZZ
W QZ[
„¯ÙÒ· ÌÈ„Â‰È‰ ®‡ Æ≥
W %
9ºW

KkK W
WQf R
¹ k Wkkk
5 U
kk
² /
U
*W
9

U U W ¯ÂÚÈ˘
5 U ≤¥
W
W.k9
?
U
9Z]b[W
V W
W Zb
402
ÆÔÈ‡ Â‡ ˘È ≠ ÌÈ‡˙Ó ‰Ó ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ Â¯Á· Æ‡ ®·
ÆÂ˙Â‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ËÙ˘Ó Â· Æ·
f@ Ds,thbnt˘È bkb ÔÈ‡ d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv.
,@ J,hfpeqnt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb b crf;bnt b[.
W XV :‫דוגמה‬

Æ„¯ÙÒ· ÌÈ„Â‰È ÂÈ‰ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ‰‡Ó·
W XV QZ

W XV Q[
W XV Q\
W XV Q]
Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz> ghjitlitt dhtvz !ghjljk;tybt@ ®Í˘Ó‰© ¯·Ú· ÌÈÈÓ˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Æ¥
ÛÒÎ ÈÏ ®‡Ï©
ÍÏ
ÍÏ
‰„Â·Ú ÂÏ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ®‡Ï©
‰Ï
ÂÏ
ÆÛÒÎ ÈÏ ‰È‰ :‫דוגמות‬
ÌÈ¯·Á ÌÎÏ ÂÈ‰ ®‡Ï©
ÔÎÏ
Æ‰„Â·Ú Ì‰Ï ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï Ì‰Ï
ÆÌÈ·ÂË ÌÈ¯·Á ÍÏ ÂÈ‰ ˙ÂÈÚ· Ô‰Ï ÂÈ‰ ®‡Ï©
¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ˙ÂÈÚ· ÂÏ ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï
≤¥
W k c

W
Q f R WQZ_R
403
ø‰˙Â‡ ·‰‡ ‡Â‰ ‰ÓÏ ®‡
h u
W U u
W
W
h u
m c u
Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú· Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®·
W :‫דוגמה‬

W ___ QZ
W ___ Q[
W ___ Q\
W ___ Q]
W ___ Q^
W ___ Q_
W___ Q`
W ___ Qa
W ___ Qb
W ___ QZY
W___ QZZ
W ___ QZ[
‰TË
À ˘
" Ó
œ aÃ ®‡ Æμ
W c ² ¯ÂÚÈ˘
m UU W © W c ≤¥
hWU-U
c
W c
h² ?
c
Wb c
h c
W\`[Zâb c
h c
404
W c
h c
W W c
h c
WxW c
W
W W
W W W
h c
W W c
h² 9º c
W W W c
h U x c
W WUU c
h .
¶ c
W c
W UU
W W UU c
WWW U U U c
WJ h W W

J J² ??J
W W WW W c
Æ¯ËÂ˘‰ ÔÈ·Â ÏÁ¯ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ‰¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÒÙÂË ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®·

Yfgbibnt gjkbwtqcrbq ,kfyr d cjjndtncndbb c hfpujdjhjv vt;le b gjkbwtqcrbv.
__c
¯ÂÚÈ˘
__c
≤¥ __c
__c
__c
__
ÆÌÎÏ „·‡˘ Â‰˘Ó ÏÚ ¯ËÂ˘ ÌÚ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®‚

Bycwtybheqnt hfpujdjh c gjkbwtqcrbv jnyjcbntkmyj rfrjq-yb,elm dfitq gjnthb.
405
Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz Æ¯·Ú· Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ Æ∂
d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb.
Æ˙·˘Ï ÌÈÁ¯Â‡ ÂÏ ÂÈ‰ W :‫דוגמה‬

W QZ
W Q[
W Q\
W Q]
W Q^
W Q_
W Q`
h Qa
W Qb
W QZY
h QZZ
h QZ[
W QZ\
W QZ]
Crf;bnt - rnj ‘nj ,sk* ø‰È‰ ‰Ê ÈÓ ≠ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Æ∑
W² W QZ

W W
U W W Q[
W
W
WZaY9 Q\
W
UU Q] ¯ÂÚÈ˘
W W ≤¥
W
WW Q^
.W
W W
Æ‰Ê ÈÓ ÌÎÈ¯·Á ˙‡ ÂÏ‡˘Â ˙ÂÙÒÂ ˙Â„ÈÁ È˙˘ Â·˙Î ®·

Yfgbibnt tot ldt pfuflrb b cghjcbnt dfib[ lheptq> rnj ,skb ‘nb k/lb.
406
ÆÌÈÈÂËÈ·‰ Ï˘ ¯·Ò‰‰Â ÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ¨‚ÏÒ‰ ÈÈÂËÈ· ÔÈ· Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰

Cjtlbybnt kbybzvb cktyujdst dshf;tybz> cjjndtncnde/obt bv bkk/cnhfwbb b j,(zcytybz
dshf;tybq.
W U W
W W
J U W
ø˙ÈÂ¯Ï ‰¯˜ ‰Ó ®‡ Æ∏
h U c

W c
h c
W W U ² ? c
¯ÂÚÈ˘ JW
≤¥ W c
°‡ÈXÀa ‰È‰
Ÿ ˙ ! W W c
°‰‡ÈX
À Ÿa ÈÈ‰ Ÿ ˙ ! J
¹ c
°ÌÈ‡ÈX
œ Ÿa eÈ‰ Ÿ ˙ !
Q R °‰Ó

À ÏÕ"˘ ‰À‡eÙY
407
˘‡¯‰
ÛÂ‚‰ ÈÏ ·‡ÂÎ
·‚‰ ÍÏ
≠≠≠≠ ÍÏ
ÔË·‰ ÂÏ
ÔÈÚ‰ ‰Ï ˙·‡ÂÎ
Ï‚¯‰ ÂÏ
≠≠≠≠ ÌÎÏ
ÌÈÈ„È‰ ÔÎÏ
ÌÈÈÏ‚¯‰ Ì‰Ï ˙Â·‡ÂÎ
ÌÈÈÈ˘‰ Ô‰Ï
≠≠≠≠
Gjlxthrybnt d nf,kbwt yfdth[e - h . ø˙ÈÂ¯Ï ·‡ÂÎ ‰Ó ≠ ‰Ï·Ë· ÂÓÒ ®·
Yfgbibnt - h ø‰Ï ‰È‰ ‰Ó ≠ Â·˙Î ®‚
Æ˘‡¯ ·‡Î ‰Ï ‰È‰:‫דוגמה‬
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤¥
W ?fW
W fW
WfW
WV U

Gjcrjkmre yfpdfybz xfcntq ntkf ve;crjuj hjlf d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf
dcnhtxf/ncz htlrj> ajhvf § ¥ yt ,skf drk/xtyf d nf,kbwe.
408
‰ÏÂÁ ˙ÈÂ¯ ®„
W cK
W c
h cK
W W U c
W
h² cK
W U c
hk cK
W U c
U U?
º W U cK
W U
h c
W k5 cK
W W c
JW U cK
h
h u
W u
W u
Æ„Â·ÚÏÂ „ÂÓÏÏ ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï ‡Â‰Â ˘‡¯ ·‡Î ˘È ‰ÏÂÁÏ Æ‰ÏÂÁ ÔÈ·Â ‡ÙÂ¯ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î ®‰
¯ÂÚÈ˘ Yfgbibnt lbfkju vt;le dhfxjv b gfwbtynjv. Gfwbtyn cnhflftn ujkjdyjq ,jkm/ b
yt vj;tn yb exbnmcz yb hf,jnfnm.
≤¥
QfR QZ\UKR
409
ÔÂÓÈÓ Ô· ‰˘Ó Â·¯ ≠ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ ®‡ Æπ
W K

W
W U
,² K c W 9/
WK² K UK ©K UK9

K ©K W
K K W
W
5 K
W
W
W
U U
W
W K Z[Y]VZZ\^K
W W
d W U
W U U U
Q fm?R

Æ¢‰˘Ó
› Ÿk Ì˜ ‡¿ ‰˘›Ó „Ú ‰˘Ó
› Ó¢
œ
c KK
Cvsck ghtlkj;tybz $$ nfrjd%
W95+ K W
W K W
W W
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W K ®· ≤¥
ÆÌ‰ÈÈ· ¯˘˜‰ ÏÚ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰Ó Â·˙ÎÂ ËÒ˜Ë· ‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ Ï˘ „Â‚È‰ ˙‡ Â‡ˆÓ
QK Vfqvjybl@ ecnfyjdbk cdzpb vt;le ghjnbdjgjkj;ysvb cbkfvb d ;bpyb. Yfqlbnt nfrbt
fynjybvs d ntrcnt b yfgbibnt> xnjKujdjhbn j cdzpb vt;le ybvb.

Æ˙ÂÂÈÚ¯Â ˙Â˘‚¯ ¨‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ ¨˙Â‡È¯· ¨ÛÒÎ ∫ÌÈÂ˘ ÌÈ‡˘Â· ÌÎÏ˘ ÚˆÓ‡‰ Í¯„ ÏÚ ÂÁÁÂ˘ ®‚
J,celbnt dfi $chtlybq genm$ d hfpkbxys[ djghjcf[% ltymub> pljhjdmt> gjkbnbrf>
xedcndf> bltb.
410
Æ‰ÏÂÁÏ ‡È¯·Ó ®≤ ‡È¯·Ï ‰ÏÂÁÓ ®± – ˙ÂˆÂ·˜ È˙˘· ÌÈÈÂËÈ·‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò
Hfcghtltkbnt cktle/obt dshf;tybz d ldt uheggs% 1@ jn ,jkmyjuj r pljhjdjve&
2@ jn pljhjdjuj r ,jkmyjve.
W

W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
ÆÛÂÒ ÛÂÒ ‡È¯· È‡ ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ ‰ÏÂÁ ‡¯Â È‡ ®±
ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤¥
Æ‰ÏÂÁ ‡¯Â È‡ ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ ÛÂÒ ÛÂÒ ‡È¯· È‡ ®≤
411

Ceotcndbntkmyst

Ukfujks
ujcgj;f QWR-
,jkbn> ,jktnm !j, jhufyf[@ QmR² U
²?
htkbubz QWR gj,t;lftn> gj,t;lfnm # ² 5U
?
ghfdbkj # tdhtqcrbq pfrjy !htkbu.@ QWR
pf[dfnsdftn> pf[dfnsdfnm
;fh # dscjrfz ntvgthfnehf QYWWR² dthbn> dthbnm

U

,jkm QWR? gjrblftn> gjrblfnm ² U²
flhtc QWR² ? kt;bn> kt;fnm ?º U²
xtvjlfy QWR ©
gjkbwbz QYWWR* º
leif QWR

j,otcndj # j,obyf QWR% Ghbkfufntkmyst
vtlbwbyf QYWWR9/
gjkbwtqcrbq#fz QWR-kUQWRk
cxfcnmt # hfljcnm#b ² xU
º QWR x ¹ cdj,jlysq#fz
¹ ² U
¹ ²
lfnf QWR. ¶
ljrevtyn # eljcnjdthtybt QWR9 º

gthbjl # ‘hf QWR9 º
Ghtlkjub
vt;le 5 ¯ÂÚÈ˘

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
≤¥
fq-rm/ !bylbdblefkmysq rj aabwbtyn@ 9%V

frfvjk !fyfkmuby@ ²
vecekmvfyby#rf QWR
9U
QWR
9

fdnjyjvysq#fz ² ² ² U ² ² ²
abpbrf QYWWR
412

Hfpyjt
pfdctulfnfq !ctvmb@ QWR55

xthtp !j ghjvt;enrt dhtvtyb> ,el.dh.@ ² 5
‘nbv dtxthjv -
,hfdj^ vjkjltw#s^ J² ??
ytvyjuj
,kbprj> djpkt m²
$<elm pljhjd$ # $gjghfdkzqcz$ !v.h.@ J.5¬ ¹
$<elm pljhjdf$ !;.h.@ J.5 ¹
$<elmnt pljhjds$ !v.h. vy. x.@ J.
59 ¹
$<elmnt pljhjds$ !;.h. vy. x.@ Jk.5l

¹
UUVQR c
Cbynfrcbc% Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz> ghjitlitt dhtvz !ghjljk;tybt@
Æ¯ÙÒ ˙È· ‰Ù ‰È‰ ÌÚÙc VX W

Æ¯ÙÒ ÈÏ ‰È‰c VX W
X d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb - ghbvth% .¯ÙÒ ˙È· ‰Ù ‰È‰ ÌÚÙ

X d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb - ghbvth% Æ¯ÙÒ ÈÏ ‰È‰
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤¥
413
‰ ÔÓÊ ˜ÒÙ
Æ‰ˆÂ·˜ ÏÎÏ ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰È¯Â‚Ë˜‰ ˙‡ ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰ ÍÂ˙Ó Â¯Á· Æ±
Ds,thbnt bp ghbdtltyyjuj yb;t cgbcrf gjl[jlzoe/ rfntujhb/ lkz rf;ljq uheggs.
XX XXXXX XX c

XXXX X
ÌÈ„‚· UU :‫דוגמה‬
UU QZ
U U Q[
UU Q\
UU Q]
U U Q^
U U Q_
UU Q`
UU Qa
UU Qb
U U QZY
UU QZZ
UU QZ[
U U QZ\
UU QZ]
˜ÒÙ
ÔÓÊ
Pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb d ghtlkj;tybz> Æ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ‰ÏÈÓ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ≤
bcgjkmpez ckjdj bp cgbcrf. ‰
XXX Æ˙È·≠ :‫דוגמה‬
XXX WVVVÏ Ï QZ

X X X W Ï VVVÏ Q[
XX X WÏVVV Ï Q\
X X X W Ï VVVÏ Q]
414
X XX WÏ ÏVVV Q^
XXX VVVÏ Ï Q_
X XX VVVÏ Ï Q`
X XX VVVÏ Ï Qa
ÏÂÎ‰ ÏÚ ‰ÂÚ ®‡Ï© ÛÒÎ‰ ®‡ Æ≥

W
U W U U
V U
W
W
W
WK K U
WUU[Y
WK
W
/ t
W
t V c
Wt W
W U
W W
W
U t W
W
˜ÒÙ
ÔÓÊ UU Et
‰ WV
415
˙Â„Â˜‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ ÏÂ‚ÈÚ· ÂÓÒÂ ÌÎÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ „ÈÏ ✓ÂÓÒ ¨ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®·
ÆËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ· Ì˙Ï·È˜˘
Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz> gjvtnmnt nt bp yb[> rjnjhst ,jkmit dctuj dfv gjl[jlzn> b
j,dtlbnt rhe;rjv xbckj jxrjd> gjkexty ys[ dfvb d rf;ljv ghtlkj;tybb.
– ÌÈÎÈÈ˘ Ì˙‡ ‰ˆÂ·˜ ÂÊÈ‡Ï ÂÚ„˙Â ¨ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ÏÎ· Ì˙Ï·È˜˘ ˙Â„Â˜‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ Â¯·Á ®‚
ÆÈÏË Ï˘ ÌÈ¯Â‰‰ ÂÓÎ ¨ÌÈt‡È Â‡ ÚˆÓ‡‰ Í¯„ È˘‡ ¨ÌÈËÒÈÎ¯‡‰
Ckj;bnt dct ds,hfyyst dfvb jxrb b dszcybnt> r rfrjq uheggt ds jnyjcbntcm - fyfh[bcns>
k/lb evthtyyjuj crkflf bkb zggb> dhjlt hjlbntktq ÈÏË .
Q \R W QZ

Q [R W
Q ZR W
Q \R W Q[
Q [R W U
Q ZR W
Q \R W Q\
Q [R W
Q ZR W U
Q \R W V Q]
Q [R W V
Q ZR W V
Q \R W Q^
Q [R W ˜ÒÙ
ÔÓÊ
Q ZR W
‰
h

W V ^VZ
W V ZYV^
WV Z^VZY
416
øÚÓ˘ ‰Ó Æ¥
Ljgjkybnt lbfkjub. ÆÔ˙Â‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ˙ÂÁÈ˘ È‡ˆÁ ÌÎÈÙÏ
hUV QZ
V
h h V
V
JV
hUV Q[
V
hW UV
V
W V
hUV Q\
V
W U W V
V
h W W V
V
WV
hUV Q]
V
hV
˜ÒÙ V
ÔÓÊ h W UV
‰ V
W V
417
ø‰ÓÏ ®‡ Æμ
W W
h Uc
W c
hUc U
W c
hc
f W U5Uc

h h W Uc
W U W UUc
h
Dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®·
ÌÈË˜‰ ÌÈ„ÏÈ‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÏÂ„‚‰ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰

hV
hvVVVc
c U h
h
h c hVVV
VVVc
VVVU d
W W
c$ ² 99U
WVVV
WVVV ˜ÒÙ
VVVU ÔÓÊ
W ‰
U U W

W VVV
W
418
·‰˘ ‰ÈÁ Ø
²
² 9E
²
º ²
c º ¸ ²
º

² U.
²
W ®
UiU- ² Ui
Wi
²
hU QZ
h Q[
…˘ Ï·Á ®‡ Æ∂
…˘ ÏÊÓ
…˘ ·ÂË
˜ÒÙ
ÔÓÊ
‰
Æ˜˙Ù ÂÏ Â·˙Î Æ˙È·· ‡Ï ‡Â‰ Ï·‡ ¨Â˙È‡ „ÂÓÏÏ ¯·Á Ï˘ ˙È·Ï Ì˙‡· ®·
Ds ghbikb r dfitve lheue> xnj,s dvtcnt pfybvfnmcz> yj tuj ytn ljvf.
Yfgbibnt tve pfgbcre.
Bcgjkmpeqnt% …˘ ·ÂË ¨…˘ ÏÊÓ ¨…˘ Ï·Á ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰
419
Ø ÏÊÀÃÓ ‰ÊÈ
Œ ‡
Õ

µ
5
E5
¸
W

¸ ¶ ®
9
º
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5.
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hh U QZ

ÆÆÆ˘ Ï·Á ‰ÓÎc ÆÆÆ˘ ÏÊÓ ‰ÊÈ‡ W Q[
Cjxbybnt lheujt cnb[jndjhtybt.
˜ÒÙ
ÔÓÊ
‰
420
≤μ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb> ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ – ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÈÙ ÔÈÈ· Æ±
ghjitlitt dhtvz

5

È˙
! Ÿ Ã Èœ ! ÃaÈDQR
È˙Y ÆÈ
"˙ Ÿ Ã È œ − Ÿ Ã Èœ
˙ " ÃaÈDQR
˙Y − ÃaÈDQR
˙Y
‰ À Ÿ Èœ Õ Èœ ‰TŸaÈD ¯ÕaÈD
e Ÿ Ã È œ eYÃaÈDQ R Æ¯
Ô˙
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Ô˙Y ÃaÈDQR
Ì˙Y
e Ÿ Èœ e¯ŸaÈDX
QZE
U
U
¹ $U
Á ÁU
U
«Ux
ÁU"
5U" Á c
:‫דוגמות‬
WKK¯tÈ
Õ Òœ W ¯tÕÒ Ÿ
Ã Ó
WeÏÈ œ W »Á
Ÿ ÈË À
Ÿ Ã ‡
¯ÂÚÈ˘ W »¯OÈaœ W ˙«¯O·ÃÓ
Ÿ
≤μ W ‰@ÓÈ
Ÿ ÏœW ˙CÓ Ÿ
Œ ÏÃÓ
WkkE »◊tÈœ W9

Ÿ Á º ÌÈ◊
! tŸÁ Ÿ
Ã Ó
hKK ø˙
− ÏŸÃaÈN ˙
− ˘KÈ
" aœ
W È˙ œ U U ² 5
! Ÿ tÃÏŸË
øÔtÏËÏ È˙tÏË ∫‡ÏÂ ÔÙÕÏŸËÃŸÏ ¨È˙

! ŸÙÃÏŸœË ∫ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ‰ÓÏ Ê‡
421
Dgbibnt d nf,kbwe ukfujks d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®‡ Æ≤
X

Æ¯·Ú· ÂÏ˘ ‰ÈÈË‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ¨¯BÒ

Ã ÏŸ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Â‡ˆÓ ®·
Yfqlbnt d ckjdfht pyfxtybt ukfujkf b yfgbibnt tuj cghz;tybt d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb.
ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ ®‚

Ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz ukfujkfvb d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb b ghjxnbnt.
W V :‫דוגמה‬
m U UdÈ˙¯·È„V
W___ dUV QZ
W___W Q[
h UV Q\
W ___V
W9² ___ W Q] ¯ÂÚÈ˘
W___ W Q^ ≤μ
W ___ h hUV Q_
W ___ W Qa

U U W Q`
W ___
422
QaR
W____ tKK

W____ tKK
ÔÂ„ÂÏ· ÈÏ‡¯˘È ‰˘ÂÚ ‰Ó ®‡ Æ≥

W
WQ
R
W U
WUU W
Ghjxnbnt jnhsdjr dcke[ d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú· ÚË˜‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®·

ÆÆÆÏÈÈË ‡Â‰
ø˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ· ˙ÈÏ‡¯˘È ‰˘ÂÚ ‰Ó ∫‰ÓÂ„ ÚË˜ Â·˙Î ®‚
Yfgbibnt fyfkjubxysq jnhsdjr d ;tycrjv hjlt.
ÔÂÏÈÓ Æ¥
ÆÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙Â‡ Â˘ÙÁÂ ÌÈ˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ‡
∫ÌÈÓÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ ÌÈ˘‡‰ ˙ÓÈ˘¯· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ ÆÔ‰ÈÏÚ ÂÚÂ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ·
f@ Yfgbibnt dsltktyyst ukfujks d b[ ckjdfhys[ ajhvf[ b jnsobnt b[ d ckjdfht.
,@ Ghjxnbnt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. Bcgjkmpeqnt cgbcjr pyfvtybns[ k/ltq.
¯ÂÚÈ˘ X XP X PX X
≤μ K K¯ÈÈˆ QZ
hQZ^V R
¯·ÈÁ Q[
hQZbV R
QZ^V R ÏÒÈÙ Q\
h ÌÈÈ· KK˜ÁÈ˘ Q]
hQK R Ô‚È Q^
423
øÏ˜ ÔÈÈ·· ˘¯Â˘ Â˙Â‡· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ÔÈ·Â Ì‰ÈÈ· Ï„·‰ ˘È Ì‡‰ ÆÏÚÈÙ ÔÈÈ·· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Â‡ˆÓ
Yfqlbnt d ckjdfht pyfxtybz ukfujkjd d ajhvt . Tcnm kb hfpybwf vt;le ybvb b
ukfujkfvb c ntv ;t rjhytv> yj d ajhvt E *
QZ\R
²
QbR

QbR
² 5
º
QZ R
5
¶
Q]R
²
º
Q[ R

¶
Q]R
² /
Q[b R

¶ X"+

Q]R
²
º¾
ø„ÓÃÏÀ ‰Ê ‰ÓÂ „ÓÈ

Õ Ïœ ‰Ê ‰Ó Ê‡

W
¹%
WW W

W U øÈÈÒ ¯‰ – ÌÂkY
³ Ãk ¯‰ ®‡ Æμ
W ¯ÂÚÈ˘

≤μ

² 9 µ h h
hV h.5
W 9?
WKK*kU W
424

U.
W
.

U U
P UkkUk
W
[YYYU UK W
W KW ©

W º
9 P
W
U9
U
W
P
W % ¹
P

V U
WP W
W 9º
Jndtnmnt d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®·
h ®±
WZ[UZZUZYYYU]YYYYUZ^YY
∫ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ‰Ê‰ ËÙ˘ÓÏ ˙ÂÁÈ˙Ù μ≠¥ Â·˙Î ®≤
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W mmmmc
≤μ
W
®≥
h
h v c ®¥
425
ÔÂ˙ÈÚÏ ·˙ÎÓ ®‚
°·¯ ÌÂÏ˘
≤∞∞∞ ËÒÂ‚Â‡
ßÙÂ¯Ù Ï˘ ˙ÈÈÚÓ‰ ‰È¯Â‡˙‰ ÏÚ È˙ÚÓ˘ Ò¯‚Â˜· ÆÏ¢ÂÁ· ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡‚ Ò¯‚Â˜· È˙ÈÈ‰ ÚÂ·˘ ÈÙÏ
ı¯‡ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈ¯ˆÓ ı¯‡ ÔÈ· ‡Â‰ ÈÈÒ ¯‰ Í¢˙‰ ÈÙÏ ÈÎ ¨ÈÈÒ ¯‰ ‡Â‰ ÌÂÎ¯Î ¯‰˘ ·˘ÂÁ ‡Â‰ ÆÈ˙Ú
‡Â‰˘ ¯ÓÂ‡ È˙Ú ßÙÂ¯Ù ÆÔÈ„œÓ ı¯‡ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˜ÂÈ„· ‰ÙÈ‡ ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ ‡Ï ÂÁ‡ ∫‰ÈÚ· ˘È Ï·‡ ¨ÔÈ„Ó
È‡ øÍÎ ÏÎ ÌÈ˜È˙Ú ˙Ó‡· Ì‰˘ Ú„ÂÈ ‡Â‰ ÍÈ‡ Ï·‡ ¨ÌÈ˘ ÈÙÏ‡ È· ÌÈ˘„˜Ó ÌÂÎ¯Î ¯‰ ÏÚ ‡ˆÓ
Æ‰ÏÂ„‚ ˙ÂÚË ˙‡Ê˘ ·˘ÂÁ
Ô‰Î Ì‰¯·‡ ’ÙÂ¯Ù
ÆÂÏ „‚˙Ó‰ ‚ÂÏÂ‡‚ ÔÈ·Â È˙Ú ’ÙÂ¯Ù ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®„

Bycwtybheqnt lbfkju vt;le ghjatccjhjv b utjkjujv> rjnjhsq jcgfhbdftn tuj dpukzls.
Æ∂
J h
J J
J
ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ÒÈ‚ Ï˘ ÌÈ‡È˘‰ ¯ÙÒ· Â˘ÙÁ ®‡

Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> gjcvjnhtd afrns d Rybut htrjhljd Ubyytcf.
W___ QZ

W___ Q[
ÈÎœ‰
⁄ W___ Q\ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
W___ Q]
W___ Q^
≤μ
X X XKX
∫‰ÓÏ˘‰Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó μ „ÂÚ ‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯Ó‡ ®·

Crf;bnt lheu lheue tot gznm ghtlkj;tybq> nht,e/ob[ pfdthitybz.
ÆÆÆ‡Â‰ ÌÏÂÚ· ·ÂË ÈÎ‰ ÏÎÂ‡‰ :‫דוגמה‬

ÆÆÆ‡Â‰ ÌÏÂÚ· ‰ÙÈ ÈÎ‰ ÌÂ˜Ó‰
426
X Ô‚ÃÃa ‰ÙÀÈ ÈÎœ⁄‰ ‰@ÏŸÈ‰
Ã
5
© ª
5k© «
5
© ®
5
© 9
k
· 5 5 ¸ ®
5
¸ k
W5
© ª
¬
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¬
9
¸ 9
i
9k

µ 3
W5
©
ª ¸ ?
1@ Rfr ds levftnt - gjxtve ltdjxrf uhecnyf* h U QZ

2@ Yfgbibnt lheue/ gtcy/... ÆÆÆ· ÆÆÆÈÎ‰ ÆÆÆ‰ ÆÆÆ· ÆÆÆ ÈÎ‰ ÆÆÆ‰W Q[
Ghjxnbnt ntrcn b dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ÚË˜‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ∑
«ÁÈXÈ½
W U
W ___ Uwk µ
W___ K
U c ___
___W ___
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W
≤μ ___ Q`_VZ\YR
W
W U UQ]V`\R9k
W k,5 ___
427
ÆÂÁÈ¯È ÏÚ ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ ‡Ï Â‡ ÔÂÎ ≠ Â¯Ó‡ ®·
Crf;bnt bkb d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv j Qthb[j.
W QZ

W Q[
W Q\
W Q]
W Q^
W Q_
W Q`
W Qa
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤μ

428
ÆÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙Â‡ Â‡ˆÓÂ ÌÈ¯È˘· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ
Gjlxthrybnt d gtcyz[ ukfujks b yfqlbnt b[ d ckjdfht.
ÔËJ
À Ã‰ Ô˙
− ÀÂÈ
³ Æ‡

µ ²
W#² 55*
E9
WE ²
U² ² ² ª ²
W 5² ²
E9
WE ²
ÌÈÈ
œ œÒ ÌÈÈÃ˘
" Æ·
² ² ?

º
W² ² 59
E
9
?
ª9 º ©
² ?® µ ² µ ² 5
W² ² ?

º
¯‰
À À‰ ÈVÂÁ
³ ‡⁄ Ó
Õ Æ‚
,²
² µ ¶ º
µ ² 9º º
© µ
²
µ ¶ º
9i
µ ® 9i
² µ ¶ º
9E 99 º +
©
¯ÂÚÈ˘ Ô‚ÕÃŸÓ Èœ‡
⁄ Æ„ W² µ ¶ º
≤μ W

h µ

U² /² 5
² /² U/² U/² U/²
² /² U/² U/² U/²
m
429

Ukfujks
Ceotcndbntkmyst
repty> repbyf QWR²

5U QWR² 5 ghjcbn> ghjcbnm "U"

,fcctqy QWR,5 pdjybnm gj ntktajye E UE
cgjh QWR9?
exbn> exbnm !rjuj-nj@ U

{hfv QWR% kjvftn> kjvfnm ² 5 º U
²
crfkf#s U QWR
ghjitlitt dhtvz> ghjikjt QYWWR
cnjk, QWR9
gktvz> hjl> gktvtyf U
º QWR · Ghbkfufntkmyst
;bntkm#ybwf # htpbltyn QWR
¸ ² U µ ²
ktrfhcndj QWR9 º rbnfqcrbq#fz
U

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Hfpyjt
CGBL QYWWR
njxyj 95
utjkju QWR² ² U
² ² cfvsq !yfgh. cfvsq rhfcbdsq@ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
gjkbjvbtkbn QYWWR²
²E crhb;fkb pfdtnf QWWR.5 ² 9 ≤μ
QWWR² 9 º
xtge[f> ,tccvsckbwf
430
Vjhajkjubz% tt c
E) > $wtkst$ rjhyb > ghjitlitt dhtvz
Ghbvth% ÆÆÆ˙¯·È„ ¨È˙¯·È„ :‫דוגמה‬
Hfpyjt% Ghtdjc[jlyfz cntgtym -V c

Ghbvth% Æ‰˙ÈÎ· ‰Â·‚ ÈÎ‰ ‡Â‰ :‫דוגמה‬
WQ R QZ

W9EU
¸ EU
¸ EU9
EU
EU
º EU
µ EU
¹ Ec
Ukfujk zdkztncz ghbvthjv ukfujkf c xtnsht[,erdtyysv rjhytv d

cghz;tybb. D ghjitlitv dhtvtyb ‘njn ukfujk cghzuftncz> rfr gjrfpfyj dsit.
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤μ
431
≤∂ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
<tpkbxyst ghtlkj;tybz d cjxtnfybb ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÌÚ ÌÈÈÓ˙Ò ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ Æ±

c ukfujkfvb d byabybnbdt
ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ ¯˘Ù‡ ®È‡©

¯˘Ù‡
¯˘Ù‡ È‡ hU

____
ÒÂ·ÂËÂ‡· ˜ÈœEe ®‡
hU u
W u
h u
W u
h u
W u
h· u
W u ¯ÂÚÈ˘
h u ≤∂
W u
h u
U U Uk u
U U U
W Wº U
ÆÆÆÂ‰˘ÈÓ „ÈÏ ·˘ÂÈ ‡Â‰ h

432
ÆÔ‰ÈÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ Æ˙È˜È„Â ‡È‰ Ô‰Ó ˙Á‡ Æ¯Â˙· ˙ÂÎÁÓÂ ˙Â·˘ÂÈ ÌÈ˘ È˙˘ ®·
Ldt ;tyobys cblzn d jxthtlb. Jlyf bp yb[ - pfyelf.
Bycwtybheqnt lbfkju vt;le ybvb.
ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ Ø ¯˘Ù‡ ‰Ó
W

W
W
W
W
Wk¹
WÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏÎÓ ÌÈ˘‡ ˘Â‚ÙÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· :‫דוגמה‬
Ghjxnbnt dcke[ ghtlkj;tybz bp nf,kbws. Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®‚
Ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz ckjdfvb ≠ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ Â‡ ¯˘Ù‡ ≠ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Æ≤
ÈÂ¯Ë˜Ï‡‰ ¯‡Â„·Â Ë¯ËÈ‡·
W ¯˘Ù‡ :‫דוגמה‬
W ____ QZ
W ____ Q[
W ____ Q\
W ____ Q]
W ____ Q^
¯ÂÚÈ˘
W ____ Q_
W ____ Q`
≤∂ W____ Qa
W ____ Qb
W____ QZY
433
Æ¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó· Â‡ ‰· ÌÈ¯‚ Ì˙‡˘ ¯ÈÚ· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ Â‡ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®·
Yfgbibnt> xnj !vj;yj@ b xnj !ytdjpvj;yj@ ltkfnm d ujhjlt> ult ds ;bdtnt> bkb
d rfrjv-yb,elm lheujv vtcnt.
ÆÏÓ˘Á ˙˜ÒÙ‰ ˘È˘Î ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®‚

Crf;bnt # Yfgbibnt> xnj ltkfnm ghb jnrk/xtybb ‘ktrnhbxtcndf.
Ø ¯M«aÃa ˙aÀ˘

×
UkJ#k5
© 5
5 ¶
U k k
µ
kk
,k 5
Wk5kl ®
U*
5
l
µ Uk/ª
w µ
U*
59® k/k « k

U9i¸ ?U*Ek% µ
µ ®

9wk/
¸ ®
W9
¯Ó˙‰ ıÚ ®‡ Æ≥
ck
¹ * U
U U U U*
U
U W
k5 W

W ¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∂
Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv. ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®·

h QZ
h Q[
h Q\
h Q]
QZ\R
434
ÆÂ‡„ÈÂ Ë¯Ò Â‡ ÌÈÈÁ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘Â Â‡¯˜ ®‡ Æ¥
Ghjxnbnt ntrcn b pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb d ghtlkj;tybz[> bcgjkmpez ckjdf bkb .
Â‡„ÈÂ Ë¯Ò ‡Ï Ì‰ ÌÈÈÁ‰

h c
W
W ___W
___W U___W
W *kU
U ___W ___U UU
W
W U ___
UPP U ___
___W ___W
W U
Yfgbibnt d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ∫ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î ®±

ÆÌÈÈÁ· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ ‰ÓÂ Â‡„ÈÂ Ë¯Ò· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰Ó
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∂

øÂ‡„ÈÂ Ë¯Ò· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡Â ÌÈÈÁ· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰Ó ≠ ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ®≤
Rfr ds levftnt> xnj vj;yj ltkfnm d ;bpyb> yj ytdjpvj;yj d dbltjabkmvt*
435
®Í˘Ó‰© ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÌÚ ÌÈÈÓ˙Ò ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ Æμ
<tpkbxyst rjycnherwbb d cjxtnfybb c ukfujkfvb d byabybnbdt !ghjljk;tybt@
ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ Ø ¯˙ÂÓ Ø ¯ÂÒ‡

¯˙»Ó
−
¯»Ò‡
À

____
U UUUUc
TmU
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∂
436
KW V5 U KcK
Æ˙È¯·Ú ¯ÂÚÈ˘· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ÌÈÚ ‰ÓÂ ‰˘˜ ‰Ó ¨·ÂË ‰Ó ¨ÍÈ¯ˆ ‰Ó ¨¯˙ÂÓ ‰Ó ¨¯ÂÒ‡ ‰Ó ≠ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡
Crf;bnt> xnj pfghtotyj> xnj hfphtityj> xnj ytj,[jlbvj> xnj [jhjij> xnj nhelyj b xnj ghbznyj ß
ltkfnm yf ehjrf[ bdhbnf.
Ø ‰ÊŒÃ‰ ÍÈXˆÀ‰

Ã
U.® . U+º .

U 9
.
t
¹ +
k
¸ 9 U
º . Wµ

k .

¹
µ ? W.9
¹ . W

¹
.

Wk

U
k. UE ¶ .

U k
.
U .

Wk
µ

9
W+5 9
.
U
.

U
k.
W.kk5 k
º .
Æ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰‡¯Â‰‰ ÔÈ·Â ¯Â¯Ó˙‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰ ®·

Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le ljhj;ysv pyfrjv b cjjndtncnde/obv erfpfybtv.
W W
W W

¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∂ W
W
W
W ^YV

W
W W V
437
ÆÔÂ˜˙ Â·˙ÎÂ ÈÏ‡„È‡‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·· Â‡ ˙ÈÏ‡„È‡‰ ¯ÈÚ· ÌÈ˜ÂÁ‰ Ì‰Ó ÌÎÈÈ· ÂÁÁÂ˘ ®‚
J,celbnt pfrjys bltfkmyjuj ujhjlf bkb irjks b yfgbibnt lkz yb[ rjltrc.
Ghblfnjxyst ghtlkj;tybz ®Í˘Ó‰© ‡˘ÂÓ ÈËÙ˘Ó Æ∂

ljgjkytybz!ghjljk;tybt@

… Ì‡ P

W
∫˙ÂÏ‡˘ ‰·¯‰ ÌÈ¯ÈÈ˙Ï ÂÈ‰ ÏÂÈË‰ ÈÙÏ Æ˙¯ÈÎÏ ÏÂÈËÏ ‰‡ˆÈ Ï¢ÂÁÓ ÌÈ¯ÈÈ˙ ˙ˆÂ·˜ ®‡
W
W v
W
W
W
W
ÆÏ¢ÂÁ· Â‡ ı¯‡· ¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜ÓÏ ÏÂÈË ÏÚ ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®·

Pflfqnt lheu lheue fyfkjubxyst djghjcs jnyjcbntkmyj gjtplrb d rfrjt
yb,elm lheujt vtcnj d Bphfbkt bkb pf tuj ghtltkfvb.
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∂
438
˙¯ÈÎ‰ ÏÚ ¯ÂÓ˘Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ®‡ Æ∑
9©¶ ,
µ

UW
W U
kº x
U
W
U9ª c k
d
9
k
? W

W

W ©

t

*
W U V
UW
UU U
W
U U
W ¬ W
U V
U U
W
Wl

W
K K W
UU
¯ÂÚÈ˘ U U
≤∂ W
[YYY
ÆÚË˜· ·Â˙ÎÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®·

Ghjbpytcbnt ghtlkj;tybz bp nf,kbws> cjjndtncnde/obt dsitghbdtltyyjve jnhsdre.
W

W ¯ÂÒ‡ m
W ÍÈ¯ˆ
W m l
439
Æ˙Â¯ÈÈ˙‰ È˘‡ ÔÈ·Â Ú·Ë‰ ˙‚‰Ï ‰¯·Á‰ È˘‡ ÔÈ· ÁÂÎÈÂ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®‚
Bycwtybheqnt cgjh vt;le xktyfvb J,otcndf pfobns ghbhjls b k/lmvb bp bylecnhbb
nehbpvf.
Æ˙¯Á‡ ‰È„Ó· ¨¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÈÚ· ÏÚ ÚË˜ Â·˙Î ®„

Yfgbibnt jnhsdjr j, fyfkjubxyjq ghj,ktvt d lheujv vtcnt> d lheujq cnhfyt.
®‡ Æ∏
‰JŸÓA ≠ ‰ÎÏÓ‰ ˜Á˘Ó
WU U5+U U
WV
c W W
h U
c c W
U W W W
W U
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∂
V
øÍÈ‡ Æ‡·‰ ÌÏÂÚ·Â ‰Ê‰ ÌÏÂÚ· ÌÈÈÁ‰ ÂÓÎ ‡Â‰ ˜Á˘Ó‰

Buhf gj[j;f yf ;bpym d ‘njv vbht b yf ;bpym d vbht uhzleotv. Rfr*
440
∫‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈ˘‡‰Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ Ï˘ ¢ÌÈÈÁ‰ ˜Á˘Ó¢ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®·
Yfgbibnt> rfrjdf $buhf ;bpyb$ rf;ljuj bp ‘nb[ gthcjyf;tq%
Yfgbibnt> rfrjdf dfif $buhf ;bpyb$. ÆÌÎÏ˘ ¢ÌÈÈÁ‰ ˜Á˘Ó¢ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®‚
Q c R Ø ¯ÒÂÓÏ ¯¢„

" ¶ i ©kk
K
©/

k
ki .
© k !/
V 5
k
ki
kkV
5
k k ·k
© k
¹ !
?
©/

k kk · ¸ 9K
ki
/k
© · 5k
µ.k ©kk
K
i k
µ
¯ÂÚÈ˘
· ?k · 9K +
k

≤∂ ,i ©kk
K
9
,kEi 9
µ
9K ©/

k
9K
©kk
K
!/V
5
k
h 9 h 9

´
Xnj nfrjt $’nbrf$ c njxrb phtybz Bjys Djkj[* Xnj nfrjt $’nbrf$ c njxrb phtybz Ljrnjhf*
441
V V

W
® J

1@ Xnj ds levftnt j, ‘njv ghtlkj;tybb* ø‰Ê‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ®± ¯ÂÚÈ˘

2@ Yfgbibnt fyfkjubxyst ghtlkj;tybz>
bcgjkmpez ‘nb ckjdf%
∫ÌÈÓÂ„ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó „ÂÚ Â·˙Î ®≤ ≤∂
ÆÆÆÏ·‡ ÆÆÆÌÈÚ Ø ·ÂË Ø ·Â˘Á
442

vtcnj QWR
µ
hfcntn> hfcnb kU
pfrjy QWRk yfuhtdftn> yfuhtdfnm# uhttn> uhtnm U

ghjuekrf QYWWR¬
rehbn> rehbnm
· U ·
ghfdfz !cnjhjyf@ QWR
© d[jlbn> d[jlbnm QmR? U

wthrjdm QWR©
? dcnhtxftncz> dcnhtxfnmcz QRE U
vjytnf#s k5 U
QWR5 jcnftncz> jcnfdfnmcz QmR
µ U º
vtxtnm QWR jcnfyfdkbdfnm#cz kU k
[hbcnbfycndj QYWWR9 gkfdftn> gkfdfnm kx º U
kx
cnjhjyf#s U QWR
ktdsq x Â
QYWWR9 © ¶
Ghbkfufntkmyst
nehbpv
ujcgjlby k

ghbhjlysq#fz U

,tlysq#fz ©U

Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
Cktyu
Bckfv QYWWR

ifirb QWR
pfyelf QWR$9U
QWR9

¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∂
Hfpyjt
J,otcndj pfobns ghbhjls QWR

*

Chtlbptvyjt vjht QWRk
¹
©

<kb;ybq Djcnjr QWRk
¹ *

pfuhj,yfz ;bpym QWR5
k
Fhfdf !hfdybyf@ QWR*QR

443

Yfhtxbt
yfghjnbd !j vtcnt@ 9

yfpfl §*k
ddth[ §

dgthtl §
Cbynfrcbc% <tpkbxyst rjycnherwbb t c

c ukfujkjv d byabybnbdt
T¯˘Ù‡ È‡ Ø ¯˘Ù‡
Ghbvth% ÆÔ˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ :‫דוגמה‬
T… Ø ·ÂË Ø ‰˘˜ Ø ÌÈÚ Ø Ï˜ Ø ÍÈ¯ˆ ®‡Ï© Ø ¯˙ÂÓ Ø ¯ÂÒ‡

XXXXQRX X + ukfujks d byabybnbdt
Ghbvth% ÆÔ˘ÚÏ ¯ÂÒ‡ :‫דוגמה‬
Ghblfnjxyst ghtlkj;tybz-ljgjkytybz !ghjljk;tybt@ QR

Ghbvth% ÆÔ˘ÚÏ ¯˙ÂÓ Ì‡ ˙Ú„Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ :‫דוגמה‬
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∂
444
≤∑ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
<tpkbxyst rjycnherwbb c ukfujkfvb ®Í˘Ó‰© ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÌÚ ÌÈÈÓ˙Ò ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ Æ±

d byabybnbdt !ghjljk;tybt@
TQR

JZ[Yc È‡„Î ®‡Ï©

¦V
WWWW
ø‡Â·Ï È‡„Î ®‡
¯ÂÚÈ˘
hU c
≤∑ h W c
h- W c
445
Æ‰¯ÂÁ· ÌÚ ¯ÂÁ· Ï˘ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ‰˘È‚Ù· ˙Â˘ÚÏ È‡„Î ‡Ï Â‡ È‡„Î ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡Â ÌÈ‡·‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®·
Ghjxnbnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz b crf;bnt> xnj vjkjljve xtkjdtre cktletn QR bkb yt
cktletn QRltkfnm ghb gthdjv cdblfybb c ltdeirjq.
ø‰Â˘‡¯‰ ‰˘È‚Ù· È‡„Î ‡Ï Â‡ È‡„Î
W WWWW WZ
W WWWW W[
W cWWWW W\
W§¥ WWWW W]
WWWWW W^
W WWWW W_
W%
¹
WWWW W`
WWWWW Wa
W WWWW Wb
W WWWW WZY
W WWWW WZZ
W U WWWW WZ[
W l%
¹ U9

cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb>
ghjitlitt dhtvz ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ – ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÈÚÙ‰ ÔÈÈ· Æ≤
« Ÿ Ïœ ˘Èœ‚Y‰
Ã ÏŸ
È!˙ Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ‰ È˙
! ˘ œ QR
" Ã‚Y‰
" Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ‰
˙ −˙ Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ ‰ " ˘
˙" Ã‚Yœ‰ QR ˙
µ ˘
" Ã‚Yœ‰ QR
‰ À È œ Ÿ œ‰ È œ Ÿ œ‰ ‰˘È
− œ‚Y‰
œ ˘Èœ‚Yœ‰
e Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ‰ e˘
" Ã‚Y‰
œ Q R
Ô˙ Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ‰ Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ‰
Ì˙ Ô˙
˘ œ QR
" Ã‚Y‰ Ì˙
˘
" Ã‚Y‰
œ QR ¯ÂÚÈ˘
e È œ Ÿ œ‰ e˘Èœ‚Y‰
œ X
≤∑
U

º U
¹ U
% U
U
?
U
5
U
¹
U
U

c
QZ U

c
h%
º
UV
WV V
446
˙ÚÃtÃ˘
× ®‡ Æ≥
c W h
WU
d W
W WC

U t
W .
W
Æ …Â ‰ÏÂÁ È˙ÈÈ‰ – ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ¨ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®·

ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó ‡Ï ËÙ˘Ó „ÈÏ – Â ¨ÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ‡˙Ó ËÙ˘Ó „ÈÏ ´ ÂÓÒ
Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz> lj,fdmnt WWW . Gjcnfdmnt !}@ hzljv c ghtlkj;tybzvb>
rjnjhst cjjndtncnde/n jnhsdre> b !-@ hzljv c ghtlkj;tybzvb> rjnjhst yt
cjjndtncnde/n jnhsdre.
Æ„Â·ÚÏ È˙Î˘Ó‰Â ‰ÏÂÁ È˙ÈÈ‰ :‫דוגמה‬

W WZ
W W[
W W\
W W]
W W^
W W_
W W`
W Wa
W Wb
¯ÂÚÈ˘
Æ¯·Â„Ó ÈÓ ÏÚ Â·˘ÁÂ Â‡¯˜ ®‚
≤∑ Ghjxnbnt cktle/obq jnhsdjr b gjlevfqnt> rfrjq nbg kbxyjcnb d ytv jgbcfy.
ø‰Ê ÈÓ
W U U
W
W W t
W
W
447
Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÂÏ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰˘È‡ ÏÚ Â‡ ®‡≠· ˘È‡‰ ÏÚ Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®„
Gjujdjhbnt # yfgbibnt j ve;xbnyt bp Q bkb j, fyfkjubxyjq ;tyobyt> d ghjitlitv
dhtvtyb.
ÆÆÆ·È˘˜‰ ‡Â‰
ÆÆÆ‰·È˘˜‰ ‡È‰
Æ¯·Ú· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®‰
Crf;bnt dcke[ # yfgbibnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb.

ÆÍÎ ÏÎ ÌÈÙÈÈÚ ÂÈÈ‰ ÔÎÏ ¨„Â·ÚÏ Â˜ÒÙ‰ ‡Ï
W U WZ
h W[
W W\
h U W]
W W^
h U W_
WZ_cYYV acYYV W`
W Wa
W U Wb
W WZY
W WZZ
W WZ[
W U WZ\
ÔÂÏÈÓ
ÆÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙Â‡ Â˘ÙÁÂ ÌÈ˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ‡ Æ¥
Æ˙ÈÏÈÏ˘ ˙¯Â˜È· „ÈÏ ≠ Â ¨˙È·ÂÈÁ ˙¯Â˜È· „ÈÏ ´ ÂÓÒÂ ˙¯Â˜È·‰ ÈËÙ˘Ó ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ·
f@ Yfgbibnt ckjdfhyst ajhvs dsltktyys[ ukfujkjd b jnsobnt b[ d ckjdfht.
,@ Ghjxnbnt ghbdtltyyst dsit rhbnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz b gjcnfdmnt !}@ jrjkj
endthlbntkmys[ pfvtxfybq b !-@ jrjkj jnhbwfntkmys[. ¯ÂÚÈ˘
Â‡„ÈÂ‰ ÈË¯Ò ˙ÈÈ¯ÙÒ· ≤∑
W WZ
W W[
W W\
W W]
W^
W
W W_
448
Æ˙ÈÏÈÏ˘ ˙¯Â˜È· „ÈÏ ≠ Â ¨˙È·ÂÈÁ ˙¯Â˜È· „ÈÏ ´ ÂÓÒ
Gjcnfdmnt !}@ jrjkj endthlbntkmys[ pfvtxfybq b !-@ jrjkj jnhbwfntkmys[.
J
WJ
JV
JWmm
J
J
J
Dgbibnt d nf,kbwe ukfujks d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æμ
X

¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∑
WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW
WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW
WWWW WWWW WWWW

WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW
WWWW
WWWW
449
ÌÈÈÙÏ‡‰ ˙Â˘· ÌÈ·˘ÁÓ Æ∂
h U c

U c
W%9
U c
U
W
h U c
W UU c
JJh
h c
W² 5UW W c
W
hh W c
h
hU U c
WW c
h
Crjkmrj xtkjdtr egjvzyens d hfpujdjht b xnj ltkfk rf;lsq bp yb[*
Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ ®‡ Æ∑

Dgbibnt cktle/obt ukfujks d b[ gjl[jlzob[ ajhvf[.
XXXXXc
‰ÎÂÁ Ï˘ ÔÂ˘‡¯ ·¯Ú ¯ÂÚÈ˘

W U WWWWW WWWW ≤∑
U WWWWU U
W c

WWWW WWWWWUU
W²

450
‡ ≠ Ï‡¯˘È· ˙WÂÒ
³ ÀÓÂ ˙„ ÏÚ ¯JÁ
Ÿ Ó
Œ ®‡ Æ∏
ª ¸ 5 V²

² ² ²
W W

c
U Z]
9
W
U []NV
W
W [ZN

c
W _`NV
U
W
_`NU^YNV
W
9E?

a[NV E
àN
W
c9
_YNV ^YN
W
*%
² ^YN
W
² ]ZN
W
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∑
U

W
W
W U
451
Crf;bnt !dthyj@ bkb !ytdthyj@ ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ ‡Ï Â‡ ÔÂÎ Â¯Ó‡ ®·
d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv.
WWZ
W ² W[
W W\
W ² EW]
W W^
W W_
WW`
W Wa
· ≠ Ï‡¯˘È· ˙WÂÒ
³ ÀÓÂ ˙„ ÏÚ ¯JÁ
Ÿ Ó
Œ ®‚
c

UK ² K U
W V U
U
UW
W
U V

©² U§ §
W W
W U
WU V U
W U
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∑
Æ˙ÂÈÁÏ ÍÈ‡ ıÈÏ¯‚ ÈÎ„¯Ó ˙‡Â ¯ÓÊ ‰Á ˙‡ ÂÏ‡˘ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È ÌÈ¯ÈÚˆ ®„
ÆÍÈ¯ˆ ¨È‡„Î ¨¯ÂÒ‡ ¨¯˘Ù‡ ∫ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆÌ‰ÈÈ· ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰
Vjkjlst bphfbkmnzyt cghjcbkb e b rfr bv ;bnm. Bycwtybheqnt
hfpujdjh vt;le ybvb. Bcgjkmpeqnt ckjdf% UU U
452
Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf W ‰ÈÈË· ÌÚ ÒÁÈ‰ ˙ÏÈÓ Æπ
È!˙È‡
œ
_˙È
− œ‡ ^˙È
" œ‡ ÆÈ
‰˙È
− œ‡ ³Â˙È‡
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W Ô−˙È‡

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W E

WW
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≤∑ øÈÓ ÌÚ ®‡
W c
h c
W c
h c
Jh c
453
Bcgjkmpeqnt - UU lkz pfdthitybz … Â˙È‡ ¨Í˙È‡ ¨È˙È‡ ≠ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó· Âˆ·˘ ®·
ghtlkj;tybq.
ÆÍ˙È‡ hU :‫דוגמה‬
WWWWWW Z

hWWWW W c W[
WWWWW W Uc
W WWWWW W\
hWWWW UWWWWU W]
WWWWW U W^
WWWWW W W_
WWWWW WU W`
… Í˙È‡ ¨È˙È‡ ≠ ‰ÈÈË· ÌÚ Â‡ … Í˙Â‡ ¨È˙Â‡ ≠ ‰ÈÈË· ˙‡ Â¯Á· ®‚

ÆÌÈ˜˙Ù‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â
Ds,thbnt cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf WWW U V
bkb cghz;tybz ghtlkjuf WWWUV lkz pfdthitybz pfgbcjr.
¨„ÈÂ„ :‫דוגמה‬
Æ·Â˘Á Â‰˘Ó ÏÚ Í˙È‡ ¯·„Ï ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ È‡
øÍ˙Â‡ ˙Â‡¯Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ È‡ È˙Ó
‰Á
W\ W[ WZ
,‫רחל ושרה‬ ¨È˙Â¯ ¨‰¯ÈÓ
?‫ איפה אתן‬.... ‫כבר חצי שנה לא ראינו‬ ‰ˆÂ¯ ˙‡ Ì‡ ÆÆÆ ÏÂ‡˘Ï ÌÈˆÂ¯ ÂÁ‡ ¨ ÆÆÆ ·‰Â‡ È‡ ° ÆÆÆÆ È˙ÁÎ˘ ‡Ï
.... ‫מחר יש מסיבה ואנחנו רוצים לרקוד‬ ø˙ÈÂÓ¯‰ÏÈÙ‰ Ï˘ Ë¯ˆÂ˜Ï ÆÆÆ ‡Â·Ï È¯‰· ˙·˘· ÆÆÆ ÏÈÈËÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡Â
?‫אתן באות‬ ø·¯Ú· ÔÙÏËÏ ‰ÏÂÎÈ ˙‡ ÈÏÂ‡ ø·ÂË ÆÏÈÏ‚‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
‫שמוליק ורפי‬ ÆÆ˙È·· ÂÁ‡ ÆÈ„¨ÍÏ˘
‡ÓÈ‡ ¨‡·‡ ≤∑
W_ W^ W]
¨Ô¯ ¨ÏÎÈÓÂ ÈÒÂÈ ¨‰˘Ó
‰ÏÈÏ‰ ÏÎ ÆÆÆ È˙‡¯˜ °¯ÙÒ‰ ÏÚ ‰„Â˙ ÆÌÈÓÈ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ¯·Î ÆÆÆ ˙˘ÙÁÓ È‡ Ë¯ÒÏ ÆÆÆ ˙ÎÏÏ ‰ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï È‡ Ï·‡ ¨˙¯ÚËˆÓ È‡
ÏÚ ÆÆÆ ¯·„Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ Æ¯„‰ ‡Â‰Â È˙ÓÊ‰ ÆÂÏ˘ ‰Â˙ÁÏ ÆÆÆ ÔÈÓÊ‰Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ È˙ÚÓ˘ ÆÆÆÆ ˙Â‡¯Ï „Â‡Ó ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ ÈÎ ¨Ï·Á ÆÌÂÈ‰
Æ‰Ê‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ÆÆÆ ÚÂÒÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ ‡Â‰ ÆÌ¯ÂÈ ˙‡ Ì‚ ÆÔÈÂˆÓ Ë¯Ò ‰Ê˘
ø¯„Ò· ‰Ê ÆÌÎÏ˘ ˙ÈÂÎÓ· ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï
‰Ù„ ¨‰„Â˙ ·Â˘Â ÔÁ ¨‰„Â˙ ‰˜·¯
454

pf;buftn> pf;bufnm

U

ghjwtyn QWR9 htiftn> htifnm QR U

dthf> ljdthbt QWR9
cjukfiftncz> QmXR? U
?
rjvgfybz> j,otcndj QWR*

cjukfifnmcz
xfcnm#b $UQWR

ckeiftn> ckeifnm QmR%
¹
U
¹
%
jnyjitybt QYWWR
ª ´
cktletn> htrjvtyletncz> cnjbn ?
bccktljdfybt QWR
QWR²
bycnbnen
djkxjr> /kf QWR² Ghbkfufntkmyst
xelj# xeltcf
UQWR

Rblei !jcdzotybt@ QYWWR9$ cdtncrbq ² U
²
uhbgg QWR E ¶ hfpkbxysq#fz> jnkbxysq#fz ² U
¾

Hfpyjt
Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf
{fyerf QWR?9

yfxfkmybr> [jpzby QWR
²
5UQWR² 5
hfyybq> hfyj %9
ltvjrhfnbxtcrbq#fz *% ² U*%
²
vtymit xtv... m² E
dbnfvby QWR

gfc[fkmysq e;by !ctlth@ QWR
E

¯ÂÚÈ˘ cjwbfkbcn#rf
©² U

©²
≤∑ yfrjytw ² V²
,jkmibycndj ²
d ntxtybt 3 ¸
5

Cktyu
$ht,znf$ !rjvgfybz lheptq@ -

455
Vjhajkjubz% tt c
Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - hbabkm (
) > $wtkst$ rjhyb>
ghjitlitt dhtvz
Ghbvth% c
Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf mUc
Cbynfrcbc% QR c

TQR
<tpkbxyst rjycnherwbb c byabybnbdjv !ghjljk;tybt@
TQR
Ghbvth% Wc
c UQXR U

QZ
Ukfujks Ubvt/n ujhnfyysq !gthdfz ,erdf d rjhyt@ gj’njve jyb

ghjbpyjczncz byfxt% QXR

t

t

U

t

t

¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∑
456
≤∏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘
cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb> ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ – ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÙ˙‰ ÔÈÈ· Æ±
ghjitlitt dhtvz
È˙
! Ÿ Ã Ã ˙
" ‰
œ È˙
! ˘
" aÃÏÃ˙ œ QR
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" aÃÏÃ˙ œ Q R
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Ô˙
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˘
" aÃÏÃ˙ œ QR
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+ º U
E
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¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰ Ì‚ ÈÏÂ‡ ‡Â‰ ÛÂÒ

≤∏ U U 9 º ?º

c
W

W? ¶
W©

º W
U µ +º

U*
W
457
≤∞∞∞ ˙˘ ≠ °ÔÈÓ‡Ó È‡ ®‡ Æ≤
W U

W
W
W
W t
W
W WU
W
W U U
W
ÆÌÈËÒÈÏ‡„È‡‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜ Ï˘ ÔÈÓ‡Ó È‡‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡ÈÎ¯‡ Â‡ˆÓ ≤π∞∞ ˙˘· ®·

Æ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡ÈÎ¯‡‰ Â¯ÙÈÒ ‰Ó Â·˙Î
D 2900 ujle fh[tjkjub yfikb vfybatcn uheggs bltfkbcnjd.
Yfgbibnt> xnj fh[tjkjub hfccrfpfkb j, ‘njq uheggt.
Æ˙ÂÙÂ¯˙· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ‡Ï Ì‰ :‫דוגמה‬
øÌÎÏ˘ ÔÈÓ‡Ó È‡‰ ‰È‰ ‰Ó Æ‰ÈˆÊÈ¯„ÂÓ È·‰Â‡Â ¯ÈÚ È·‰Â‡ ∫˙¯Á‡ ‰ˆÂ·˜· ÌÈ¯·Á Ì˙ÈÈ‰ Ì˙‡ ®‚
Ds ,skb xktyfvb hfpkbxys[ uhegg% ghbdth;tywtd ujhjlf b ghbdth;tywtd vjlthybpfwbb.
Rfrjd ,sk dfi vfybatcn*
Dgbibnt d nf,kbwe ukfujks d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®‡ Æ≥
X

VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV ¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∏

458
ÔÂÏÈÓ Æ¥
ÆÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ Â˘ÙÁÂ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ‡
ÆÌ‰Ï˘ ˙ÂÚÓ˘ÓÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈ¯·Ò‰‰ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰ Æ·
f@ Yfgbibnt ckjdfhye/ ajhve cktle/ob[ ukfujkjd b jnsobnt d ckjdfht b[ pyfxtybt.
,@ Cjtlbybnt xthnjq ukfujks d ghfdjq rjkjyrt c cjjndtncnde/obvb bv j,(zcytybzvb
d ktdjq.
¯·Ò‰ ÈÂÏÈÓ Í¯Ú ÏÚÂÙ

W W
W W
W W
W W
W W
Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ Æμ

Dcnfdmnt ghfdbkmyst ajhvs gjl[jlzob[ ukfujkjd d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb.
XXXXXX c
XXX
W ___ W QZ
W W ___[Y Q[

W___
W²
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W
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∏ WVVV [YYY Q^
W U ___ U ___ Q_
W U___ Q`
U ___ Qa

W
459
Ì˙‡˘ ˙Â¯Á‡ ÌÈÏÈÓ ÈÙÏÂ ¯˘˜‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ Â˘ÁÂ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜
ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÈ· ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ Æ˘¯Â˘ Â˙Â‡· ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ
Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz b euflfqnt pyfxtybz dsltktyys[ ukfujkjd> bc[jlz bp
rjyntrcnf b lheub[ ckjd njuj ;t rjhyz> rjnjhst dfv bpdtcnys. Pfntv cdz;bnt rf;ljt
ghtlkj;tybt c cjjndtncnde/otq bkk/cnhfwbtq.
ÌÈ‰ ÛÂÁ ÏÚ ˜È˜ÈÙ

W‰ÓÓÁ˙‰
W ÁÏ˜˙‰
W ¯˘˜˙‰
W UÂ·¯˜˙‰
W Â˜Á¯˙‰x
W U‰¯¯˜˙‰
¯ÂÚÈ˘
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460
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U
*%²
. UZb[Z W
W
W 95/
¶
U
W ²
UU

W
WZb\bW
W UtZa
Wk
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c ZZWZYWZb]YV
˜ÈÙÒÓ È˙·˘Á ‡Ï ÆÔÂÎ ‡Ï È˙È˘Ú ‰Ó ·Â˘ÁÏ ‰Ò À ŸÓ È‡Â ¨¯ÂÙÈÎ ÌÂÈ ·¯Ú ÂÈ˘ÎÚ
‰ˆÂ¯ ˙Ó‡· ‡Â‰˘ ¨‡¯ÂÈ‚Ï È˙Ó‡‰ ‡Ï Æ‰È¯‚Â‰· ‰˙Â‡ È˙·ÊÚÂ ¨‡ÓÈ‡ ÏÚ
ÆıÂ·È˜· ˙Â¯·Á‰Â ÌÈ¯·Á‰ ÌÚ ˙È˙È! Óœ⁄‡ ˜ÈÙÒÓ È˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï Ì‚ ÆÏ‡¯˘ÈÏ ˙ÂÏÚÏ
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ÆÁÈÏˆ‰Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ È‡˘ ‰ÁÂË· ‡Ï
W
W
c [[WbWZb]ZV
¯ÂÚÈ˘
˙‡Ê Ï·‡ ¨„Â‡Ó ‰˘˜ ‰Ê˘ ˙Ú„ÂÈ È‡ Æ˙È¯·Ú· Í¢˙‰ ˙‡ ‡Â¯˜Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡
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W Zb][V
k W9E
º

W U Zb]] W
9µ
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W
461
cZ\W\WZb]]V
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U W U
W U U
c
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1@ Yf gthdjq cnhfybwt lytdybrf
tcnm vyjuj uhfvvfnbxtcrb[ #
≤∏
jhajuhfabxtcrb[ jib,jr.
Yfqlbnt ‘nb jib,rb.
2@ Xnj vj;yj epyfnm j bp

‘njq cnhfybws*
462
∫Ï˘ÓÏ ÆËÒ˜Ë·˘ ‰ÈˆÓ¯ÂÙÈ‡· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ ÆÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ˘‡ ÔÈ·Â ˘Ò ‰Á ÔÈ· ˙ÂÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®·
W QZ
W Q[
W VU Q\
Bycwtybheqnt lbfkjub vt;le U b lheubvb k/lmvb. Bcgjkmpeqnt
byajhvfwb/ bp ntrcnf.
Yfghbvth% 1@ ujdjhbn vfnthb j cdjtv htitybb t[fnm d Bphfbkm.
2@ b xkty rb,,ewf.
3@ b tt ,hfn - jy ghbt[fk d Bphfbkm> f jyf etp;ftn d Tdhjge.
Yfgbibnt jlby bp ‘nb[ lbfkjujd. Æ˙Á‡ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î ®‚
Yfgbibnt gbcmvj lheue # gjlheut b Æ˘Ò ‰Á ÏÚ ÂÏ Â¯ÙÒÂ ‰Ø¯·ÁÏ ·˙ÎÓ Â·˙Î ®„
hfccrf;bnt tve # tq j ˘Ò ‰Á .
‫ בנובמבר‬8 ,‫רושלים‬ ÆÆÆ

‫י‬ ‫ היקר‬ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ
ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ ...?‫מה נשמע‬
ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ
ÆÆÆ ,‫כל טוּב‬
\ [
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∏
^ ] Z
Zb\bU W] Zb]]U W[ K KU WZ
Z]U W^ W]U U\W\
463
Kbxyst ghtlkj;tybz c byabybnbdyjq ajhvjq. ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÌÚ ÌÈÈÓ˙Ò ‡Ï ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ Æ∑
T mXmXm Xm
ÈÏ
˙Â˙˘Ï ÍÏ
ÏÈÈËÏ ÍÏ
„ÂÓÚÏ ÂÏ
ÏÎ˙Ò‰Ï ‰Ï ¯ÂÒ‡
¯Â·ÚÏ ÂÏ ¯˙ÂÓ
ÒÎÈ‰Ï ÌÎÏ È‡„Î
¯˜·Ï ÔÎÏ ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ
Æ…… ÔÎÏ
Ì‰Ï
Ô‰Ï
¯ÂÚÈ˘
Ghjxnbnt b gjlevfqnt – ø‰Ê ‰ÙÈ‡ ≠ Â·˘ÁÂ Â‡¯˜ ®‡

≤∏
W

W
W
ø‰Ê ‰ÙÈ‡ – ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘Â ®‡≠· ÂÓÎ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ÌÂ˜Ó‰ ÏÚ Â·˙Î ¨¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÚ Â·˘Á ®·
Gjlevfqnt j lheujv vtcnt> yfgbibnt j ytv ghtlkj;tybz gj j,hfpwe ghbdtltyys[
d Q b cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf - h .
464
ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ … ¨…Ï Ï˜ ¨…Ï ·Â˘Á ¨…Ï ·ÂË ¨…Ï ÌÈÚ ¨…Ï ‰˘˜ ∫Ì‚Â Æ∏
Ghjbpytcbnt ghtlkj;tybz bp nf,kbws. Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®‡
QR

QR

QR

QR

QR

Æ‰ÂÓ˙· ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÈÏ ·Â˘Á :‫דוגמה‬
ÌÈËÙ˘Ó „ÈÏ ♠ Â‡ ¨ÌÎÏ˘ ÌÈ¯Â‰‰Ó Ì˙ÚÓ˘˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó „ÈÏ ♣ ÂÓÒÂ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®·
ÆÌÎÏ˘ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ Ì˙‡ Â„È‚˙˘
Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz b gjcnfdmnt pyfxjr ♣ hzljv c ghtlkj;tybzvb> rjnjhst ds
cksifkb jn hjlbntktq> bkb pyfxjr ♠ hzljv c ghtlkj;tybzvb> rjnjhst ds ,eltnt
ujdjhbnm cdjbv ltnzv.
W QZ

¯ÂÚÈ˘
W . Q[
≤∏ W Q\
W Q]
W Q^
W Q_
W Q`
W Qa
W Qb
W QZY
465
Æ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÛÂÒ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æπ
Ljgjkybnt ytljcnf/obt ckjdf b yfgbibnt jrjyxfybt hfccrfpf.
f
f55
Ô@ÈÕˆÓ ‚ÂÊ‰
U ___W ² 5
²
¹
W___
W ___U c
W ___
W___W
c
W___
hW___
h___c W
c hcW___c
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W
QU‰·¯ ÌÈ¯È˘‰ ¯È˘R
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∏
466
Æ‰Èˆ‡ÂËÈÒ‰ ˙‡ ¯‡˙Ó‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰Â ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ¨¯È˘‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ ÂÓÒ
Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le gtcytq> bkk/cnhfwbtq b ghtlkj;tybtv> jgbcsdf/obv cbnefwb/.
U m

W
W mU

U m
k9
µ

W
W © %¹

W 9k
m² 9k
WWW99U9

W
¯ÂÚÈ˘
≤∏ U WWW9U
9

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Hebrew From Scratch. Alef (Rus)

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