Functional English– Theory

Course Code: SS1012

Instructor: Ms. Huma Hafeez

Assignment 2:

Total Marks:30 Weightage: 3 CLO:1,2

Q 1: State whether the following is a Phrase, Clause, or Sentence. For Clause, mention the type
of the clause as well such as relative, dependent subordinating, or independent clause (a
sentence). [6]
1. Under the table
2. After I scanned the document
3. I scanned the document.
4. To find a fossil
5. Mr. Darwin found a fossil.
6. Over the bridge and through the wood
7. We chased the wind over the bridge and through the woods.
8. Which is on the follow
9. Find your new socks.
10. Because of the new guidelines
11. Why are we standing here?
12. Since the coach was upset with the captain
Q 2: Identification of Clauses and Phrases [ /3]

1. Sentence: "The computer, which was designed by a team of engineers, is now available for
purchase."
Question: What is the relative clause in this sentence?
A) "The computer"
B) "which was designed by a team of engineers"
C) "is now available for purchase"
2. Sentence: "Despite the challenges, software engineers are making great progress."
Question: What type of phrase is "Despite the challenges" in this sentence?
A) Prepositional phrase
B) Adjective phrase
C) Subordinate clause

3. Sentence: "As the processor speed increases, the overall system performance improves."
Question: What is the subordinate (dependent) clause in this sentence?
A) "As the processor speed increases"
B) "the overall system performance"
C) "improves"

4. Sentence: "Without proper encryption, sensitive data can be compromised."

Question: What is the prepositional phrase in this sentence?
A) "Without proper encryption"
B) "sensitive data"
C) "can be compromised"

5. Sentence: "Although software development can be challenging, it is a rewarding career."

Question: Identify the coordinating conjunction in this sentence.
A) "Although"
B) "can be"
C) "it is"
6. Sentence: "The software engineer fixed the bug, which was causing the program to crash."
Question: What is the relative clause in this sentence?
A) "The software engineer"
B) "fixed the bug"
C) "which was causing the program to crash"

Q 3: Read the paragraph given below. Join the boldfaced and underlined sentences using the
conjunctions given in the brackets. [6]
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest painters of the Italian Renaissance. 1.His portrait of
Mona Lisa and his religious scene The Last Supper rank among the most famous pictures ever
painted. People have admired them for centuries. (as). However, there are many unknown unique
facts about da Vinci. 2.He was trained to be a painter. He was also one of the versatile geniuses in
all of history. (but). He was as much interested in science as he was in the arts. 3.His interests and
achievements spread into an astonishing variety of fields. These fields are usually considered
scientific specialties. (that). Some of examples of his genius are as follows.
4.Da Vince studied anatomy, astronomy, botany, and geology. He designed machines and drew
plans for hundreds of inventions. (and). He recorded his scientific observations and his ideas for
inventions in notebooks. About 4,200 pages still exist. 5.These pages are filled with brilliant
drawings. These drawings reveal da Vinci’s powers of observation and skill as a draftsman.
(and, that). These drawings show da Vinci’s great genius.
6.The scientists of his day believed in an Earth-centered universe. Da Vinci’s notebooks reveal
his understanding of the Earth’s movement around the Sun. (although)
Q 4: From any book/article (print/online), find two examples of sentences with the following
structures. Mention the source (copy paste the URL). [6]
1. Independent Clause-Dependent Clause
2. Dependent Clause, Independent Clause
3. Independent Clause, coordinator Independent Clause
Q 5: Here are a few more sentences that involve phrases and clauses. I'll provide the sentences,
and you can answer questions related to identifying the phrases or clauses within them:
[ /3]

1. Sentence: "After finishing their computer science degrees, the students embarked on exciting
careers."
Question: What type of phrase is "After finishing their computer science degrees" in this
sentence?

2. Sentence: "The software project, which had been delayed several times, finally reached
completion."
Question: What is the main clause in this sentence?

3. Sentence: "In the world of artificial intelligence, neural networks play a crucial role."
Question: Identify the prepositional phrase in this sentence.

4. Sentence: "When the database crashed, the IT team worked tirelessly to restore it."
Question: What is the subordinate (dependent) clause in this sentence?

5. Sentence: "Using agile methodologies, the development team quickly adapted to changing
requirements."
Question: What type of phrase is "Using agile methodologies" in this sentence?

6. Sentence: "Though he was a novice programmer, he managed to create a sophisticated

algorithm."
Question: Identify the subordinating conjunction in this sentence.
Q 6: Constructing Sentences with Clauses [ /6]

Construct sentences that include both independent and dependent clauses. Use the given
fragments to complete the sentences:

1. a) The hardware engineer optimized the circuit design.

b) reduce power consumption.

2. a) The cybersecurity team responded to the security breach quickly.

b) receiving an alert from the intrusion detection system.

3. a) The software developer debugged the code thoroughly.

b) releasing the updated version.

4. a) The robotic system executed precise movements.

b) following the predefined path.

5. a) The database administrator implemented a backup strategy.

b) data could be restored in case of a failure.

6. a) The software passed all quality assurance tests.

b) a few minor bugs.

Note: Submission will be done in a hardcopy in the Second Lecture of this

week (Week 4).