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crushed
Number Density
Particles
Poly-disperse
?
hydrolyzed
Size, x
Starch
Describing these things as a lumped entity squelches
the distributed nature of the system!
Lecture Notes on PBM - Dr. Ho Yong Kuen 2016 2
What is Population Balance Modelling?
The particle state vector tells you the STATE of the particle!
If we have a population of cells that do not divide until after a certain age, then
the cell age is the particle state.
The continuous phase may affect the behavior of the each particle and can be
collated into:
Y r , t Y1 r , t , Y2 r , t ,..., Yc r , t
Continuous phase balance can be omitted if the interaction with particles does
not bring about any change in the continuous phase, e.g. dispersed phase is
non-soluble in the continuous phase. This shall be our focus here.
Size, x
xi xi+1
We will loosely refer f1(x, r, t) as the number density function.
x
a b
b x x, t x x, t b
f1 x , t dx f1 x , t f1 x, t h x, t dx
t a t xa
t x b a
ACCUMULATION
FLUX ENTERING x a FLUX LEAVING x b NET BIRTH RATE
f1 x, t x x, t b
f1 x, t dx h x, t dx
b b
Leibniz Rule a t
dx
a
x t a
f1 x, t x x, t b
f1 x, t dx h x, t dx 0
b b
a t
dx
a
x t a
f1 x, t x x, t
f1 x, t h x, t dx 0
b
a t
x t
Lecture Notes on PBM - Dr. Ho Yong Kuen 2016 9
The Population Balance Equation
(1-D Case and No Spatial Variation)
f1 x, t x x, t
f1 x, t h x, t dx 0
b
a t
x t
From the above then we can write:
f1 x, t x x, t
f x , t h x, t
t x t
1
x x , r , t r x , r , t
f1 x , r , t x f1 x , r , t r f1 x , r , t h x , r , t
t t t
Like any PDEs, the equation has to be solved with appropriate initial condition
and boundary conditions. We will talk about these when we encounter specific
examples.
x x , r , t
Well-mixed batch reactor: f1 x , r , t x f1 x , r , t h x , r , t
t t
Zero growth and well-mixed batch reactor: f1 x , r , t h x , r , t
t
Let us use a 1-D example with no spatial variation and zero growth rate for
simplicity:
f1 x, t h x, t
t
f1 x, t h x, t h x, t
t
SOURCE SINK
In many cases, only the number density changes with time, so:
f1 x, t v x ' b x ' P x | x ' f1 x ', t dx ' b x f1 x , t
t x
AVERAGE BREAKAGE PDF FOR BREAKUP BREAKAGE
NUMBER FREQUENCY OF PARTICLE OF FREQUENCY
OF PARTICLES STATE x' TO x
FORMED
Additional constraints:
x'
P x | x ' dx 1 Normalization condition: Area under the curve for a
0 probability density function should be 1
Scission
f 1
t 0 xf x, t dx Continuous form
Lecture Notes on PBM - Dr. Ho Yong Kuen 2016 15
Conservation of Mass
Can be checked using the first moment using the PBE:
xf1 x, t dx x v x ' b x ' P x | x ' f1 x ', t dx ' dx xb x f1 x, t dx
t 0 0 x 0
f1 t
1
x v x ' b x ' P x | x ' f1 x ', t dx ' dx xb x f1 x, t dx
t 0 x 0
Let us then study the first integral on the RHS on the (x, x’) plane:
x’ = x x’ = x
x’ x’
x x
x v x ' b x ' P x | x ' f x ', t dx ' dx
x'
t 0 0 0
dx ' b x ' f1 x ', t v x ' xP x | x ' dx xb x f1 x, t dx
x'
0 0 0
x'
dx ' b x ' f1 x ', t v x ' xP x | x ' dx xb x f1 x, t dx
0 0 0
dx ' b x ' f1 x ', t x ' xb x f1 x, t dx
0 0
0
One critical aspect of solving PBE is that the first moment must be conserved.
Various researchers are developing numerical solvers which could conserve the
zeroth and the first moments.
f1 x, t v x ' b x ' P x | x ' f1 x ', t dx ' b x f1 x, t
t x
Equal
probability
1
P x | x '
1
P x | x ' OR for particle breakage
x ' 1 x'
f1 x, t v x ' b x ' P x | x ' f1 x ', t dx ' b x f1 x, t
t x
1 1
Stoichiometric kernel: P x | x ' or Question: How many
x ' 1 x' initial conditions and
Binary scission: v x 2 boundary conditions do
you need to solve this?
Rate kernel: b x k p (constant rate kernel)
2
f1 x, t k p f x ', t dx ' k p f1 x, t Particle breakage
t x x' 1
These are the equation to solve for random scission (uniform breakage)
Exists only at x = x’ – 1
…