CHAPTER XVI

NURSING THEORIES
Nursing theories and model serve as the foundation upon which the nursing profession
is built. These theories and model are essential for guiding nurses in their practice, providing a
framework for understanding and addressing patient needs, and fostering professional growth.
In this chapter, it directly explains the profound nursing theories and model in contemporary
healthcare, examining their role in improving patient care, enhancing nursing practice, and
contributing to the development of evidence-based nursing that associates with the chosen case
study.
Among the nursing theories, one of the theories that being used was the Abdellah’s 21
Nursing Problems Theory. According to Faye Glenn Abdellah’s theory, “Nursing is based on an
art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the
individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health
needs.” In our case, deliberate assessment of the patient, family history and medical history was
undertaken. The next step was sorted out the relevant and significant data such as
Cephalocaudal Assessment, next was, made a generalization about the available data in
relation similar nursing problems presented by other patients, then identified the therapeutic
plan for the said disease. Next in line was, tested the generalizations with the patient and
validated the patient’s conclusions about his condition. Moreover, we continue observed and
evaluated the patient over a period of time to easily identify any attitudes and clues affecting his
behavior. Additionally, we explored the patient and his family’s reactions to the therapeutic plan,
in this state we performed some of the remedial methods in easing the discomfort of the patient
such as, assessing vital signs, provided tepid sponge bath for his hyperthermia, encouraged to
increase fluid intake and gave health teaching about managing the said disease. Additionally,
we discussed and identified how our co-nursing student feels about the patient’s nursing
problems and in the rear of the thorough discussion we developed a comprehensive nursing
care plan that are smart, measurable, attainable, realistic and time – bounded kind of
interventions.
Using Abdellah’s 21 Nursing Problems Theory it views nursing an art and science for the
reason that it addresses a range of patient care issues and offers a framework for holistic
nursing care. Faye Glenn Abdellah's Theory of 21 Nursing Problems is significant in nursing due
to its holistic and individualized approach to patient care, its emphasis on evidence-based
practice, its impact on nursing education and research, and its potential to improve patient
outcomes. This theory continues to shape and inform contemporary nursing practice and
education.
Another point to consider is the Cultural Care Theory by Madeleine Leininger. This
theory has a great significance in the field of nursing and healthcare for several reasons. This
theory has fundamentally changed the way healthcare professionals approach patient care by
emphasizing the importance of cultural competence and cultural sensitivity. In our cause, we
embodied cultural competence placing a strong emphasis on the culture that significantly
influences patient’s health, beliefs, practices and responses to illness. Along with in-depth
interview with the patient and his watcher, we gathered data that the patient is fond of herbal
medicines when dealing in various illnesses. By understanding and respecting cultural
differences, nurses can provide more effective and culturally congruent care. In addition, cultural
competence leads to improved patient outcomes. When healthcare professionals are culturally
sensitive and competent, they can establish trust and rapport with patients from diverse
backgrounds. This in turn leads to better patient compliance, satisfaction, and ultimately,
improved health outcomes. Also, Cultural Care Theory contributes to the reduction of health
disparities among diverse populations. Healthcare disparities often result from cultural
misunderstandings, stereotypes, and biases.
Furthermore, Effective communication is essential in healthcare, and Leininger's theory
emphasizes the importance of clear and culturally sensitive communication. Nurses who
understand the cultural context of their patients can communicate more effectively, leading to
better assessment, patient understanding, and adherence to treatment plans. Additionally,
Cultural Care Theory promotes respect for cultural diversity and individualized care. It
recognizes that every patient is unique, and their cultural beliefs and practices should be
honored. This perspective aligns with modern healthcare's focus on patient-centered care. In
Leininger's theory has global relevance. In an increasingly interconnected world, healthcare
professionals often encounter patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. Cultural Care Theory
provides a framework for understanding and respecting cultural differences, making it applicable
in various healthcare settings worldwide. Lastly, Leininger's theory also raises ethical
considerations in nursing practice. It emphasizes the ethical responsibility of healthcare
providers to deliver care that respects and aligns with patients' cultural values and beliefs,
promoting ethical and culturally sensitive care.
In conclusion, Cultural Care Theory by Madeleine Leininger has significantly impacted
the field of nursing and healthcare by promoting cultural competence, improving patient
outcomes, reducing health disparities, enhancing communication, and fostering respect for
cultural diversity. As healthcare continues to become more diverse and global, the principles of
cultural care remain essential for providing high-quality and patient-centered care.

In analysis of the patient’s case, Florence Nightingale’s Nursing Theory known as the
Environmental Theory was applied. Wherein, Nightingale’s work laid the foundation for modern
nursing practice and highlighted the critical role of nursing in patient care and recovery.
Conversely, the patient’s watcher uttered that the patient does not want to expose in a hospital
setting. The ambiance of it makes him weaker and unable to attain fast recovery. Thus, the role
of the healthcare provider is to tailored care to meet the specific needs of the patient, taking into
consideration his physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. Next in line is to promote
the sanitation and hygiene. As what Nightingale’s Theory approach the importance of clean and
hygienic environment in patient care is one of the central tenets that aids the patient’s risk for
infections. In addition, Nightingale's theory influenced the design of healthcare facilities. So, the
focus of the healthcare provider is to put emphasis on natural light, proper ventilation and well-
organized patient wards to give better patient comfort and outcomes. Furthermore, this
Environmental theory is utilized in this study owing the fact that the resistance of older adults to
being hospitalized is a common phenomenon in healthcare, and it can be attributed to various
factors. Understanding these reasons is crucial for healthcare providers and institutions to
provide patient-centered care and address the concerns and preferences of older adults.