Gladys Faye Osio

BSN 1C

Hildegard Peplau
The Interpersonal Relations Theory, developed by the pioneering nurse theorist Hildegard Peplau, has had a
significant influence on nursing and healthcare. This 1950s-era approach is based on the idea that the nurse-
patient interaction may be both therapeutic and healing. Peplau essentially emphasized the significance of
relationships between nurses and patients in improving the healing process. The idea of stages in the nurse-
patient relationship is essential to Peplau's approach. She identified four phases: orientation identification,
exploitation, and resolution. The orientation phase is when the nurse and patient get to know one another and
determine the patient's needs. The relationship develops throughout the identification phase as the patient starts
to trust the nurse and feels at ease sharing their emotions and worries. Nursing interventions are used to meet
the patient's demands during the exploitation phase, and the connection is ended when the patient recovers
independence and makes progress toward recovery during the resolution phase.

The therapeutic use of oneself is an important part of Peplau's theory. Nurses are urged to interact with patients
directly, providing them with emotional support, direction, and empathic listening. Nurses promote healing by
doing this by assisting patients in understanding and managing their conditions. Nursing practice has been
significantly impacted by Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory, which has aided in the growth of patient-
centered care. This method acknowledges that providing medical treatment should include dealing with the
emotional and psychological effects of sickness as well as the treatment of physiological disorders. The notion
encourages nurses to approach patients holistically, taking into account each person's particular requirements
and upbringing.

In conclusion, Hildegard Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory has changed the way nurses approach patient
care. It has encouraged a more compassionate and patient-centered approach to medical care, helping both the
physical and emotional well-being of patients, by emphasizing the importance of the nurse-patient relationship.
The fact that Peplau's contributions to nursing are still being used today shows the significance of her work.

Dorothy Johnson
The Behavioral System Model by Dorothy E. Johnson is a thorough framework that made a significant
contribution to nursing theory and practice. This paradigm, which was created in the 1960s, emphasizes the
significance of comprehending and examining people's behavioral systems in a range of health care scenarios.
The foundation of Johnson's approach is the idea that people attempt to maintain a condition of balance in
response to stresses and difficulties. Seven behavioral subsystems, including affiliative, aggressive, dependent,
eliminative, ingestive, and sexual behaviors, as well as a system for obtaining success, are integrated and
adapted to create this balance.

Johnson's approach places a strong focus on harmony and balance within these subsystems, which is a key
component. Johnson says that nurses play an essential role in assisting patients in achieving this balance by
spotting and correcting abnormalities in these behavioral systems. Nurses can assist in the restoration of
homeostasis by advocating comprehensive treatment that takes into account the patient's physiological and
psychological requirements.Johnson's concept also emphasizes the changing nature of human behavior. It
acknowledges that people adjust to changes and difficulties in their surroundings and that nursing care should
take these adjustments into account. Nurses can better support the patient's health and wellbeing by keeping an
eye on the patient's behavioral reactions and modifying the treatment plan as necessary.
The behavioral system model emphasizes the value of customization in nursing care. It recognises that each
individual's behavioral systems are different and that interventions should be specific to meet their particular
needs and goals. The model's feature that promotes patient-centered care and individualized treatment programs
is in line with the current trend in healthcare.

Lastly, Dorothy Johnson's Behavioral System Model is still a significant addition to nursing theory. The
importance of balance, adaption, and tailored treatment in developing health and well-being is emphasized. This
model still serves as a foundation for nursing practice and instruction because it acknowledges the dynamic
character of human behavior and the nurses' role in reestablishing balance.

Jean Watson
The transformative and influential nursing philosophy known as Jean Watson's theory of Human Caring places
a strong emphasis on the significance of compassion in medical care. This 1970s-era idea, which advocates a
comprehensive approach to patient care, has had a considerable influence on the nursing field. Watson's theory,
at its foundation, recognizes that providing healthcare is a very human undertaking that involves compassion,
empathy, and understanding rather than just being a purely scientific or technological one. The idea of the
"caring moment," which refers to times of sincere connection between the nurse and the patient and where the
nurse exhibits true care and attention to the patient's physical, emotional, and spiritual needs, is crucial to
Watson's theory. According to Watson, these experiences serve as the cornerstones of healing because they
develop patients' feelings of comfort and trust, which in turn improves their general health.

The approach includes 10 "carative factors" or guiding ideas that enable nurses to deliver more effective care.
These elements involve cultivating a caring presence, creating a supporting and trustworthy connection, and
assisting to patients' basic needs. The unique life narrative, values, and beliefs of each patient must be
understood in order to provide individualized medical treatment, says Watson. This theory is especially relevant
in the current healthcare environment, which might occasionally place a higher priority on technology and
efficiency than on the human element of treatment. It provides a reminder that illustrating compassion is more
than simply a duty; it is a matter of ethics and morals to respect and uphold the dignity of all individuals.

As a result, Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring has had an ongoing impact on the nursing profession and
has encouraged medical professionals to approach their work with a profound sense of compassion and
humanity. Nurses may improve patient outcomes and have a more rewarding career through knowing the value
of compassion in medical care and establishing healing settings that support both physical and emotional well-
being.

Ida Jean Orlando

The Deliberative Nursing Process Theory by Ida Jean Orlando has significantly advanced nursing practice. The
nurse-patient relationship and the significance of efficient communication in the nursing process are at the core
of this 1950s-era idea.The idea that the nursing practice is a dynamic, interactive, and deliberate process lies at
the heart of Orlando's theory . She emphasize that nursing is a complex, problem-solving activity rather than
just a list of jobs or processes. In order to comprehend the patient's requirements and deliver tailored care,
nurses must take intentional action.

The three main parts of Orlando's theory are the nurse's preception of the patient's behavior, nurse's thoughts
and feelings, and nurse's actions. The procedure starts when a nurse recognizes a patient's behavior as indicating
a need for assistance, triggering a deliberate reaction. Self-awareness is a key component of efficient nursing
practice, according to Orlando, who claims that the nurse's perception and reaction are impacted by their own
thoughts and feelings.In order to ensure sure that the medical attention given is in line with the needs of the
patient, the concept emphasizes the value of ongoing patient input and validation. Instead of a one-size-fits-all
strategy, it promotes a comprehensive and patient-centered approach.Orlando's theory, which emphasizes both
the science and the art of nursing, has had a considerable influence on nursing practice. It emphasizes how
important empathy, attentive listening, and therapeutic communication are to developing a solid nurse-patient
relationship.

In conclusion, by emphasizing the importance of the nurse-patient relationship, good communication, and
deliberate, specific patient care, Ida Jean Orlando's Deliberative Nursing Process Theory has made a lasting
contribution to nursing practice. By encouraging a more comprehensive and patient-centered approach to
nursing practice, this philosophy has contributed to changing how nurses approach patient care.