DRYERS AND

DRYING
PROCESS
BSME 4-1
 Group 2

Mark John Lewis Christian

Magbuh Rheymond Bryan Garcia
WHAT IS
DRYER?
 WHAT IS
Drying plays a significant role in industry.

DRYER?
Industrial dryers use a range of temperature
settings and drying theories. The most popular
kind of dryer circulates warm air over wet
products while using steam, gas, or hot water
as heat sources. The air becomes more
humid as it absorbs moisture from the wet
product, and the energy in this stream could
make it effective as a heat source. It is
standard practice to dehumidify or exhaust
this humid air. Heat can be drawn from the
humid air using a heat pump. The air is
 History of Industrial
Dryer
Drying has been conducted since time immemorial with the main purpose of preserving food and agricultural produce. This
chapter provides a concise history of drying of pharmaceutical products. The Chinese book on roots and grasses Pen T'Sao,
written by Emperor Shen Nung as early as 2500 BC, mentioned as many as 365 drugs obtained from dried parts of
medicinal plants, many of which are still in use even today. The chapter also gives brief histories of some popular drying
techniques for drugs and other relevant molecules. The selected drying technologies discussed are: freeze drying, spray
drying, fluidized-bed drying, and supercritical drying. Spray drying is probably the most mature alternative technology to
freeze drying and can be applied to the production of many pharmaceutical products.
 History of Industrial
Dryer
Henry W. Altorfer invented and patented an electric clothes dryer in 1937. J. Ross Moore, an inventor from North
Dakota, developed designs for automatic clothes dryers and published his design for an electrically operated dryer in
1938.
A man named Pochons was a French inventor, and he created the machine for drying clothing over an open fire. It was
called a ventilator and was, in essence, a metal drum with holes. However, his invention didn't go so well at first.
Clothing was prone to getting smoky and sometimes burned.
 • Direct • Indirect
Dryers
Types of • Air Dryers
Dryers
• Radiant
• Conveyor Dryers
• Batch Dryers
Indstrial Dryers
• Food Dryers • Continuous
Dryers
Dryer • Rolling Bed
Dryer
 Direct Dryer
Direct dryers transfer heat to the material by
convection. The heat transfer medium is forced to
have direct contact with the material to be dried. A
stream of hot air or inert gas serves as the heat
transfer medium, which is blown or circulated around
and within the material. This hot air carries and
supplies latent heat to vaporize the absorbed
moisture. The evaporated moisture is then picked up
by the blown air.
 Air Dryers
Air dryers are made to take moisture out of the air,
particularly compressed air. Moisture levels in ambient
air range from 30% to 50%. When air is compressed,
the moisture content rises to 100% in a tiny volume of
air. High moisture levels in industrial facilities can harm
delicate machinery and equipment and result in process
contamination, early failure, wear, and corrosion, which
are reasons why the moisture levels must be reduced.
 Conveyor Dryer
In production or storage operations, conveyor
dryers are a continuous drying system that
transfers items along a number of drying stations.
Products are put on the conveyor and moved
through hot air zones with temperature and
accuracy controls. The drying product is blown
heated air either upward or downward on the
conveyor belt, which is a type of mesh or web. A
conveyor drier typically has three or more drying
zones and is 60 feet long.
 Food Dryers
The two most important aspects of food dryers are their
capacity to precisely regulate drying temperature in
order to prevent product damage and their utilization of
just heat energy in order to preserve the environment.
All food dryers feature a consistent heat source, strong
circulating fans to maintain heat, and at least 90%
energy efficiency.
 Rolling Bed Dryer
Large-scale biomass drying is the purpose of rolling
bed dryers, often known by the German abbreviation
WB-T. For effective product drying, they integrate bulk
product flow, heat transmission, and continuous
movement. The main component of rolling bed dryers
is a sizable, lengthy cylindrical drum that rotates on its
vertical axis. The drum and cylinder are used to roll
materials through to be dried. The rapid and efficient
drying of the material is made possible by the steady
and continuous movement.
 Indirect Dryers
Indirect dryers transfer heat to the material by conduction. The
heat transfer medium is separated from the material by a
conductive partition. The material to be dried is contained
inside a drying chamber and is heated from the chamber
walls. The latent heat required to vaporize the absorbed
moisture is transferred through the wall. The evaporated
moisture is then carried up by the surrounding air. The
surrounding or carrier air required by indirect dryers is much
lower compared to direct dryers.
Indirect dryers are used in drying sensitive products, such as
pharmaceutical products and combustible materials since the
flow of air circulating the product is relatively low. These dryers
prevent the risk of contamination during the process. They are
also used in batch drying of relatively low production volumes.
 Radiant Dryers
Radiant dryers transfer heat by directly emitting electromagnetic waves to the material being
dried. These electromagnetic waves carry thermal energy or heat that penetrates deep into
the material. The absorbed heat is conducted to the moisture causing it to evaporate and
combine with the surrounding air. Little heat is lost to the surrounding air, which makes the
drying process contactless and low risk for contamination. Like indirect dryers, radiant dryers
do not require large airflow and may only need a small blower. They are cleaner and more
environmentally friendly compared to convective and conductive dryers. Radiant dryers are
used on adhesives, paints, and coatings on part surfaces.
 Two Types of
Radiant Dryers

Microwave
Dryers
Infrared
Dryers
Batch Dryers
Batch dryers process a fixed volume of material at
a particular drying duration. A high volume,
number, or quantity of materials passes through
the drying chamber. The quantity is limited by the
holding capacity of the dryer. The dried materials
are unloaded automatically or manually to make
room for the next batch. Batch dryers are used in
relatively low production volumes. Typical forms of
batch dryers are tray dryers, drum dryers, or rotary
dryers.
 Five Types of Batch
Dryers
2. Vacuum
1. Tray Dryers 3. Pan Dryers
Dryers

4. Freeze
5. Bin Dryers
Dryers
 Tray Dryers
Tray dryers consist of several trays,
which contain the materials to be dried,
stacked inside the drying chamber. Air is
used as a heat transfer medium that is
forced to move inside the chamber.
Blowers facilitate air movement. The air
gains thermal energy when it contacts
the heating coils. The heated air is blown
on top of the material, causing the
moisture to diffuse and vaporize. A
portion of the moisture-carrying air
leaves through the ventilation duct, while
 Vacuum
Vacuum dryers operate at a low

Dryers
(vacuum) pressure to hasten the
vaporization of moisture or solvent
absorbed by the material. The decrease
in operating pressure depresses the
boiling point of the absorbed liquid;
hence, these dryers operate at a lower
temperature than other industrial dryers.
The materials to be dried are loaded in
trays. The dryer is equipped with a
vacuum pump to reduce the pressure
inside the chamber. Heat is transferred
 Pan Dryers
The process for pan dryers is designed
to combine a set of drying operations in a
single device without removing or
exposing the product. It is a batch style
dryer that has wet product automatically
loaded, charged, into the top cylinder
jacket as the agitator rotates. Once the
product is dried, it is discharged by a
pneumatically operated door. The
cylinder and chamber of a pan dryer are
able to meet the pressures and
 Freeze
Freeze dryers consist of refrigeration

Dryers
equipment, a drying chamber, holding
trays, and a vacuum pump. The sample
is first frozen to at least its melting
temperature to convert the moisture and
solvent within the material into a solid
phase. The vacuum pump is then
activated to decrease the pressure inside
the chamber. Heat transfer under low
pressure causes the solidified moisture
or solvent to transform into vapor. The
vacuum pump draws the vapor sublimed
 Bin Dryers
Bin dryers are a form of batch dryer that
consist of a large cylindrical or
rectangular drying chamber that has a
wire mesh bottom. Air is drawn into the
bottom portion of the dryer and blown up
through the wire mesh over the product
to be dried. The walls of a bin dryer are
tightly sealed to prevent heated air from
escaping the drying chamber. The door
to the dryer that allows fresh air in to be
heated is fully opened or partially open to
regulate the level of circulation of heated
Thank you!
Sheesh