class Animal{

void eat(){System.out.println("A...");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){System.out.println("B...");}
}

class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=new Dog();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}}
B...
A...

class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("A...");}
}

class Dog extends Animal{

void bark(){System.out.println("B...");}
}

class BabyDog extends Dog{

void weep(){System.out.println("C...");}
}

class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){
BabyDog d=new BabyDog();
d.weep();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}}

C
B
A

class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}

class Dog extends Animal{

void bark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}

class Cat extends Animal{

void meow(){System.out.println("meowing...");}
}

class TestInheritance3{
public static void main(String args[]){
Cat c=new Cat();
c.meow();
c.eat();
//c.bark(); //would throw Conpile Time Error
}}

o/p
meowing...
eating...

class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("A...");}
}

class Dog extends Animal{

void bark(){System.out.println("B...");}
}

class Cat extends Animal{

void meow(){System.out.println("C...");}
}

class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){
Cat c=new Cat();
c.meow();
c.eat();
//c.bark(); //would throw Conpile Time Error
}}

o/p
C
A

// This porgram gives COMPILE TIME ERROR

class A{
void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}

class B{
void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
}

class C extends A,B{ //suppose if it were possible

Public Static void main(String args[]){

C obj=new C();
obj.msg(); //Now which msg() method would be invoked?
}
}

class Calculation {
int z;

public void addition(int x, int y) {

z = x + y;
System.out.println("The sum of the given numbers:"+z);
}

public void subtraction(int x, int y) {

z = x - y;
System.out.println("The difference between the given numbers:"+z);
 }
}

public class My_Calculation extends Calculation {

public void multiplication(int x, int y) {
z = x * y;
System.out.println("The product of the given numbers:"+z);
}
}
class Main
‘{
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a = 20, b = 10;
My_Calculation demo = new My_Calculation();
demo.addition(a, b);
demo.Subtraction(a, b);
demo.multiplication(a, b);
}
}

class Superclass {
int age;

Superclass(int age) {
this.age = age;
}

public void getAge() {

System.out.println("The value of the variable named age in super class is: " +age);
}
}

public class Subclass extends Superclass {

Subclass(int age) {
super(age);
}

public static void main(String argd[]) {

Subclass s = new Subclass(24);
s.getAge();
}
}

class Super_class {
int num = 20;

// display method of superclass

public void display() {
System.out.println("This is the display method of superclass");
}
}

public class Sub_class extends Super_class {

int num = 10;

// display method of sub class

public void display() {
System.out.println("This is the display method of subclass");
}

public void my_method() {

 // Instantiating subclass
Sub_class sub = new Sub_class();

// Invoking the display() method of sub class

sub.display();

// Invoking the display() method of superclass

super.display();

// printing the value of variable num of subclass

System.out.println("value of the variable named num in sub class:"+ sub.num);

// printing the value of variable num of superclass

System.out.println("value of the variable named num in super class:"+ super.num);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Sub_class obj = new Sub_class();
obj.my_method();
}
}

class Animal {
public void move() {
System.out.println("Animals can move");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

public void move() {
System.out.println("Dogs can walk and run");
}
}

public class TestDog {

public static void main(String args[]) {

Animal a = new Animal(); // Animal reference and object
Animal b = new Dog(); // Animal reference but Dog object

a.move(); // runs the method in Animal class

b.move(); // runs the method in Dog class
}
}

class Animal {
public void move() {
System.out.println("Animals can move");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

public void move() {
System.out.println("Dogs can walk and run");
}
public void bark() {
System.out.println("Dogs can bark");
}
}

public class TestDog {

 public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal a = new Animal(); // Animal reference and object
Animal b = new Dog(); // Animal reference but Dog object

a.move(); // runs the method in Animal class

b.move(); // runs the method in Dog class
b.bark(); // ERROR - b's reference type Animal doesn't have a bark method
}
}

class Animal {
public void move() {
System.out.println("Animals can move");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

public void move() {
super.move(); // invokes the super class method
System.out.println("Dogs can walk and run");
}
}

public class TestDog {

public static void main(String args[]) {

Animal b = new Dog(); // Animal reference but Dog object
b.move(); // runs the method in Dog class
}
}

class Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running");}
}
class Main extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km");}

public static void main(String args[]){

Bike b = new Main();//upcasting
b.run();
}
}

class Bank{
float getRateOfInterest(){return 0;}
}
class SBI extends Bank{
float getRateOfInterest(){return 8.4f;}
}
class ICICI extends Bank{
float getRateOfInterest(){return 7.3f;}
}
class AXIS extends Bank{
float getRateOfInterest(){return 9.7f;}
}
class TestPolymorphism{
public static void main(String args[]){
Bank b;
b=new SBI();
System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest: "+b.getRateOfInterest());
b=new ICICI();
System.out.println("ICICI Rate of Interest: "+b.getRateOfInterest());
b=new AXIS();
System.out.println("AXIS Rate of Interest: "+b.getRateOfInterest());
}
}

class Shape{
void draw(){System.out.println("drawing...");}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape{
void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle...");}
}
class Circle extends Shape{
void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle...");}
}
class Triangle extends Shape{
void draw(){System.out.println("drawing triangle...");}
}
class TestPolymorphism2{
public static void main(String args[]){
Shape s;
s=new Rectangle();
s.draw();
s=new Circle();
s.draw();
s=new Triangle();
s.draw();
}
}
class Circle {
private double radius;
private String color;

public Circle() {
this.radius = 1.0;
this.color = "red";
System.out.println("Construced a Circle with Circle()"); // for debugging
}
public Circle(double radius) {
this.radius = radius;
this.color = "red";
System.out.println("Construced a Circle with Circle(radius)"); // for debugging
}
public Circle(double radius, String color) {
this.radius = radius;
this.color = color;
System.out.println("Construced a Circle with Circle(radius, color)"); // for debugging
}
 public double getRadius() {
return this.radius;
}
public String getColor() {
return this.color;
}
public void setRadius(double radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
public void setColor(String color) {
this.color = color;
}

public String toString() {

return "Circle[radius=" + radius + ",color=" + color + "]";
}

public double getArea() {

return radius * radius * Math.PI;
}
}

class Cylinder extends Circle {

// private instance variable
private double height;

// Constructors
public Cylinder() {
super(); // invoke superclass' constructor Circle()
this.height = 1.0;
System.out.println("Constructed a Cylinder with Cylinder()"); // for debugging
}
public Cylinder(double height) {
super(); // invoke superclass' constructor Circle()
this.height = height;
System.out.println("Constructed a Cylinder with Cylinder(height)"); // for debugging
}
public Cylinder(double height, double radius) {
super(radius); // invoke superclass' constructor Circle(radius)
this.height = height;
System.out.println("Constructed a Cylinder with Cylinder(height, radius)"); // for debugging
}
public Cylinder(double height, double radius, String color) {
super(radius, color); // invoke superclass' constructor Circle(radius, color)
this.height = height;
System.out.println("Constructed a Cylinder with Cylinder(height, radius, color)"); // for
debugging
}

public double getHeight() {

return this.height;
}
public void setHeight(double height) {
this.height = height;
}

public double getVolume() {

return getArea()*height; // Use Circle's getArea()
}

public String toString() {

 return "This is a Cylinder"; // to be refined later
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Cylinder cy1 = new Cylinder();
//Construced a Circle with Circle()
//Constructed a Cylinder with Cylinder()
System.out.println("Radius is " + cy1.getRadius()
+ ", Height is " + cy1.getHeight()
+ ", Color is " + cy1.getColor()
+ ", Base area is " + cy1.getArea()
+ ", Volume is " + cy1.getVolume());

Cylinder cy2 = new Cylinder(5.0, 2.0);

System.out.println("Radius is " + cy2.getRadius()
+ ", Height is " + cy2.getHeight()
+ ", Color is " + cy2.getColor()
+ ", Base area is " + cy2.getArea()
+ ", Volume is " + cy2.getVolume());
}
}
class Person {
// private instance variables
private String name, address;

/** Constructs a Person instance with the given name and address */
public Person(String name, String address) {
this.name = name;
this.address = address;
}

// Getters and Setters

/** Returns the name */
public String getName() {
return name;
}
/** Returns the address */
public String getAddress() {
return address;
}
/** Sets the address */
public void setAddress(String address) {
this.address = address;
}

/** Returns a self-descriptive string */

@Override
public String toString() {
return name + "(" + address + ")";
}
}

class Student extends Person {

// private instance variables
private int numCourses; // number of courses taken so far
private String[] courses; // course codes
private int[] grades; // grade for the corresponding course codes
private static final int MAX_COURSES = 30; // maximum number of courses

/** Constructs a Student instance with the given name and address */
public Student(String name, String address) {
super(name, address);
numCourses = 0;
courses = new String[MAX_COURSES];
grades = new int[MAX_COURSES];
}

/** Returns a self-descriptive string */

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student: " + super.toString();
}

/** Adds a course and its grade - No input validation */

public void addCourseGrade(String course, int grade) {
 courses[numCourses] = course;
grades[numCourses] = grade;
++numCourses;
}

/** Prints all courses taken and their grade */

public void printGrades() {
System.out.print(this);
for (int i = 0; i < numCourses; ++i) {
System.out.print(" " + courses[i] + ":" + grades[i]);
}
System.out.println();
}

/** Computes the average grade */

public double getAverageGrade() {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < numCourses; i++ ) {
sum += grades[i];
}
return (double)sum/numCourses;
}
}
class Teacher extends Person {
// private instance variables
private int numCourses; // number of courses taught currently
private String[] courses; // course codes
private static final int MAX_COURSES = 5; // maximum courses

/** Constructs a Teacher instance with the given name and address */
public Teacher(String name, String address) {
super(name, address);
numCourses = 0;
courses = new String[MAX_COURSES];
}

/** Returns a self-descriptive string */

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Teacher: " + super.toString();
}

/** Adds a course. Returns false if the course has already existed */
public boolean addCourse(String course) {
// Check if the course already in the course list
for (int i = 0; i < numCourses; i++) {
if (courses[i].equals(course)) return false;
}
courses[numCourses] = course;
numCourses++;
return true;
}

/** Removes a course. Returns false if the course cannot be found in the course list */
public boolean removeCourse(String course) {
boolean found = false;
// Look for the course index
int courseIndex = -1; // need to initialize
for (int i = 0; i < numCourses; i++) {
if (courses[i].equals(course)) {
courseIndex = i;
 found = true;
break;
}
}
if (found) {
// Remove the course and re-arrange for courses array
for (int i = courseIndex; i < numCourses-1; i++) {
courses[i] = courses[i+1];
}
numCourses--;
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Test Student class */
Student s1 = new Student("Tan Ah Teck", "1 Happy Ave");
s1.addCourseGrade("IM101", 97);
s1.addCourseGrade("IM102", 68);
s1.printGrades();
//Student: Tan Ah Teck(1 Happy Ave) IM101:97 IM102:68
System.out.println("Average is " + s1.getAverageGrade());
//Average is 82.5

/* Test Teacher class */

Teacher t1 = new Teacher("Paul Tan", "8 sunset way");
System.out.println(t1);
//Teacher: Paul Tan(8 sunset way)
String[] courses = {"IM101", "IM102", "IM101"};
for (String course: courses) {
if (t1.addCourse(course)) {
System.out.println(course + " added");
} else {
System.out.println(course + " cannot be added");
}
}

for (String course: courses) {

if (t1.removeCourse(course)) {
System.out.println(course + " removed");
} else {
System.out.println(course + " cannot be removed");
}
}

}
}
class SimpleGeometricObject {
private String color = "white";
private boolean filled;
private java.util.Date dateCreated;

/** Construct a default geometric object */

public SimpleGeometricObject() {
dateCreated = new java.util.Date();
}

/** Construct a geometric object with the specified color

* and filled value */
public SimpleGeometricObject(String color, boolean filled) {
dateCreated = new java.util.Date();
this.color = color;
this.filled = filled;
}

/** Return color */

public String getColor() {
return color;
}

/** Set a new color */

public void setColor(String color) {
this.color = color;
}

/** Return filled. Since filled is boolean,

 its get method is named isFilled */
public boolean isFilled() {
return filled;
}

/** Set a new filled */

public void setFilled(boolean filled) {
this.filled = filled;
}

/** Get dateCreated */

public java.util.Date getDateCreated() {
return dateCreated;
}

/** Return a string representation of this object */

public String toString() {
return "created on " + dateCreated + "\ncolor: " + color +
" and filled: " + filled;
}
}

class CircleFromSimpleGeometricObject
extends SimpleGeometricObject {
private double radius;

public CircleFromSimpleGeometricObject() {
}

public CircleFromSimpleGeometricObject(double radius) {

this.radius = radius;
}

public CircleFromSimpleGeometricObject(double radius,

String color, boolean filled) {
this.radius = radius;
setColor(color);
setFilled(filled);
}

/** Return radius */

public double getRadius() {
return radius;
}

/** Set a new radius */

public void setRadius(double radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}

/** Return area */

public double getArea() {
return radius * radius * Math.PI;
}

/** Return diameter */

public double getDiameter() {
return 2 * radius;
}
 /** Return perimeter */
public double getPerimeter() {
return 2 * radius * Math.PI;
}

/* Print the circle info */

public void printCircle() {
System.out.println("The circle is created " + getDateCreated() +
" and the radius is " + radius);
}
}

class RectangleFromSimpleGeometricObject
extends SimpleGeometricObject {
private double width;
private double height;

public RectangleFromSimpleGeometricObject() {
}

public RectangleFromSimpleGeometricObject(
double width, double height) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
}

public RectangleFromSimpleGeometricObject(
double width, double height, String color, boolean filled) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
setColor(color);
setFilled(filled);
}

/** Return width */

public double getWidth() {
return width;
}

/** Set a new width */

public void setWidth(double width) {
this.width = width;
}

/** Return height */

public double getHeight() {
return height;
}

/** Set a new height */

public void setHeight(double height) {
this.height = height;
}

/** Return area */

public double getArea() {
return width * height;
}

/** Return perimeter */

 public double getPerimeter() {
return 2 * (width + height);
}
}

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
CircleFromSimpleGeometricObject circle =
new CircleFromSimpleGeometricObject(1);
System.out.println("A circle " + circle.toString());
System.out.println("The color is " + circle.getColor());
System.out.println("The radius is " + circle.getRadius());
System.out.println("The area is " + circle.getArea());
System.out.println("The diameter is " + circle.getDiameter());

RectangleFromSimpleGeometricObject rectangle =
new RectangleFromSimpleGeometricObject(2, 4);
System.out.println("\nA rectangle " + rectangle.toString());
System.out.println("The area is " + rectangle.getArea());
System.out.println("The perimeter is " +
rectangle.getPerimeter());
}
}
class Author {
private String name;
private String email;
private char gender; // 'm' or 'f'

public Author(String name, String email, char gender) {

this.name = name;
this.email = email;
this.gender = gender;
}
 public String getName() {
return name;
}
public char getGender() {
return gender;
}
public String getEmail() {
return email;
}
public void setEmail(String email) {
this.email = email;
}

public String toString() {

return name + " (" + gender + ") at " + email;
}
}

class Book {
private String name;
private Author author;
private double price;
private int qty;

public Book(String name, Author author, double price, int qty) {

this.name = name;
this.author = author;
this.price = price;
this.qty = qty;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}
public Author getAuthor() {
return author; // return member author, which is an instance of the class Author
}
public double getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
public int getQty() {
return qty;
}
public void setQty(int qty) {
this.qty = qty;
}

public String toString() {

return "'" + name + "' by " + author; // author.toString()
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Author a1 = new Author("abc", "abc@a.com", 'm');
System.out.println(a1); // Author's toString()
 Book b1 = new Book("Java for dummies", a1, 9.99, 999);
System.out.println(b1); // Book's toString()

b1.setPrice(18.88);
b1.setQty(8);
System.out.println("name is: " + b1.getName());
System.out.println("price is: " + b1.getPrice());
System.out.println("qty is: " + b1.getQty());
System.out.println("author is: " + b1.getAuthor()); // invoke Author's toString()
System.out.println("author's name is: " + b1.getAuthor().getName());
System.out.println("author's email is: " + b1.getAuthor().getEmail());
System.out.println("author's gender is: " + b1.getAuthor().getGender());

Book b2 = new Book("Java for more dummies",

new Author("Peter Lee", "p@abc.com", 'm'), // an anonymous Author's instance
19.99, 18);
System.out.println(b2); // Book's toString()
}
}