‫جامعة كفر الشيخ‬

‫كلية الهندسة‬
‫دراسات عليا‬

Renewable energy

Professors of Energy Conversion

Mohamed I. Abdelwanis
Abstract

1. Introduction
2. Review on renewable energy
3. types of solar energy
1) Photovoltaic Solar Power
2) Photovoltaic Solar Power
4. types solar panels
3) Monocrystalline solar panels
4) polycrystalline solar panels
5) Thin-film solar panels
5. 3 types of solar home delivery system
1) off grid solar system
2) on grid solar system
3) hybrid solar system
6. convert solar radiation to electrical energy
7. pv equivalent circuit and it's parameters
8. Software to calculate the pv
1) single diode equivalent circuit performance
2) double diode equivalent circuit performance
9. Conclusion
1) Advantages of renewable energy
2) Disadvantages of renewable energy
10. References
Introduction

Energy: is the ability to do work

There are two types of energy

renewable non-renewable.
solar, hydro and wind ← Includes → coal, gas and oil.

❖ Review on renewable energy

Is\ energy produced from sources that endless like (wind, solar, geothermal,
biomass, and hydropower) and This is Unlike non-renewable sources such as
(fossil fuels).

→Most renewable energy is from the sun. Sunlight can be captured using Solar
cells or by turbines because sun's heat drives winds then its energy captured
with turbines.
→Not all renewable energy sources Depends on the sun like geothermal
energy utilizes the Earth’s internal heat, tidal energy relies on the gravitational
pull of the moon, and hydropower relies on the flow of water.
→ total global use of renewable energy will rise by about 1% and the expansion
of solar, wind and hydro power is expected to help renewable electricity
generation to rise by nearly 5% in 2020.
 ❖ What is the types solar energy

There are 2 types of solar energy

Photovoltaic Solar Power Photovoltaic Solar Power

in this type the light hit

a photovoltaic cell then converted
into electricity by a semiconductor
(silicon) .
A photovoltaic panel (3 types) is
made up of several cells producing
direct current,
then converted by inverter to
alternating current .
This type concentrates the
warmth of the Sun’s rays.
using collectors to heat a
transfer fluid (gas, oil or molten
salt) to a high temperature.
The fluid heats a network of
water, which produces steam
thin drives a turbine to
generating electricity.
 ❖ What is the types Solar panels

solar cells are made from a semiconducting material like (silicon )To produce
electricity

There are 3 Types of Solar panels

1- Monocrystalline
it is silicon ingots cut into strips.
And you can see that the cells are not attached
which gives them their distinctive appearance

2- polycrystalline

monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels vary in the composition of

the silicon itself. polycrystalline solar cells are composed of fragments of
silicon crystals that are melted together in a mold before being cut into
wafers.
 3- Thin-film

Are made from a variety of materials. The most prevalent type is made
from cadmium telluride (CdTe). it also made from amorphous silicon (a-
Si), they’re composed of non-crystalline silicon not (solid silicon) wafers
placed on top of glass, plastic, or metal.
(CIGS) panels have all four elements placed between two conductive
layers ( glass, plastic, aluminum and steel), and electrodes are placed on
the front and the back of the material to capture electrical currents.

Monocrystalline polycrystalline Thin-film solar panels

solar panels
Cell Efficiency 14% → 18% 12% → 14% 5% → 6%
Temperature +5% 5% 3%
tolerance
Life time 25→30 years 20→25year 15→20year

shape
 There are 3 types of solar home delivery system

1-off grid solar system 2-on grid solar system 3-hybrid solar system

off-grid solar energy system: is not connected to the utility grid

on-grid solar energy system : is connected to the utility grid
some differences Between(Off and On )Grid Solar Energy
off-grid
reliant on the sun and
batteries, will not have
access to extra
electricity if you need it.
access to electricity get energy from 2 cases
1-When the sun is
shining.
2-When pulling
electricity generated by
batteries.
extra electricity in the
daytime, is send to
batteries for storage.
The energy stored in
What Happens to Excess those batteries can then
be accessed when the
Production system is not producing,
like at night.
solar system continues
what happens when the operating. won’t
net goes down changes in service or
access to electricity.
on-grid
we will always have
access to electricity, to
power the devices,
lights, machines…
we can pull energy
from the utility grid to
supplement it. This
ensures you always
have enough electricity
for what you need.
Depending on the time
of using electricity,
solar system can
produce excess energy.
Instead of sending it to
batteries, we can send it
to the grid and will have
access to extra
electricity if you need it
by free.
you will not have
electricity, if you have
not battery. This is for
the safety of utility
workers who are fixing
the power lines.
Third type Systems

Hybrid solar energy system : is one that is tied to the grid but also has a
battery bank to store unused electricity.
though it more expensive because of batteries but allow owners to keep the
lights on when the grid goes down.
 ❖ How the solar radiation convert to electrical energy

→plants get their energy from the sun through process called photosynthesis.
→humans don't have leaves, but we can get energy from the sun like
(electrical energy) by electrical (leaf).
electrical leaf \ is a solar cell collect light from the sun and generates
electricity.
→The sun emits energy in the form of waves.
These waves have Different length from short waves like (ultraviolet), to long
waves like (infrared).

→When the sun is shining, these waves move towards the earth then it hit the
surface of solar cells.
→The active part of a solar cell is a wafer made of a semi conductive material
(silicon).
→The semiconductor part of the solar cell has three layers.
1- The thin top layer contains silicon and a very tiny amount of an element,
like phosphorus, that has more electrons than silicon and This makes the
top layer more conductive.
2- The thicker middle layer has only slightly fewer electrons, making it
marginally p-type.

3- The thin bottom layer contains both silicon and an element like boron that
has fewer electrons than silicon and This makes the bottom layer less
conductive.
→printed on the top(n-type) layer Thin metal lines, typically made of silver and
the bottom(p-type) layer is contact with an aluminum plate.
→When light waves hit the top surface of the solar cell, the electrons will
absorb the energy of photons then we get free electrons.
→The free electron will move towards the top and reaches the top (n-type)
layer which readily accepts electrons, Similarly the loose hole moves towards
the bottom and reaches the bottom (p-type) layer, which readily accepts holes.
→Now that the electrons and the holes have been separated, we are
connecting wire between the top and the bottom to flow the electrons
(current electrical).

→This continues as long as sunlight shines on the solar cell,So we store the
electricity in batteries to use during nighttime.
 What is the pv equivalent circuit and its parameters

PV\ is mechanism in which solar light is directly converted into voltage or

current.
how the PV effect works
The light enters the solar cell from the front side - in this illustration that is the
top side.
The light is transmitted into the absorber layer where its energy is absorbed.
The energy is used to excite charge carriers in the semiconductor material,
which are negatively charged electron, and a positively charged hole.
→to see the photovoltaic process
we do three steps:
1- excitation charge carriers (hole and electron) due to light
absorption
2- separation of the charge carriers (hole and electron)
3- the third one is collection of the charge carriers at the contacts.

The performance of a solar cell can be demonstrated by measuring its current

versus the voltage employed on the device.
→ solar cell in the dark be like a diode
if there is no light, It will block the current with reverse bias and will produce a
current with forward bias.
when the solar cell see sun,
the current get incres

An ideal solar cell can be represented by an electrical circuit

→ the device produces electrical power? On the IV-curve this is a point on the
horizontal axis of the graph, at i = 0.
For that we will define external parameters.
in this case the solar cell is only producing current

Another important parameter is the short circuit current.

IV-curve, the current is a

in this case the solar cell is only producing current point on the vertical axis
of the diagram, at V=0
By use the open circuit voltage and the short

circuit current, we get the ( IV-curve )

The power = (voltage*current)

so we can determine the Maximum Power Point.

maximum power P
efficiency = = mpp .
total power of the light Pin

❖ Software to calculate the pv

1- For single diode equivalent circuit performance

 V + ( I *RS )   V + (I * R ) 
I = I Ph − I  e  aV T  − 1 −  S

 
  Rp
  
N kT
VT = S
q

G
I ph =  I pvn + K 1 (T −T n ) 
Gn 

3  qE g 2  1 1  
 − 
 Tn  
I  = I on   e 
ak  T n T  

T 

I
I on = scn
 V 0cn 
 
e  aV Tn 
−1
2- For single diode equivalent circuit performance

I = I ph − I D 1 − I D 2

 V + ( I *RS )  
I D 1 = I 1 e  a1*VT  − 1
 
 

 V + ( I *RS )  
I D 2 = I 2 e  a2 *VT  − 1
 
 

 V + ( I *RS )    V + ( I *RS )   V + (I * R ) 

I = I PV − I 1 e  a1 *V T 
− 1 − I 2 e  a2 *VT  − 1 −  S

     Rp 
   

G
I ph =  I ph ,n + K 1T 
Gn 

I sc ,n + K 1T
I1 = I 2 =  
I + K v T 
 oc ,n 
  a1 +a2  
  P *V T 
e   
−1
Conclusion
Renewable energy has more Advantages than Disadvantages

Advantages of renewable energy

1. It will not run out.
2. it saves money
3. Maintenance requirements are lower.
4. Reducing dependence on foreign energy sources
5. Renewable energy does not harm the environment

Disadvantages of renewable energy

1. Higher upfront cost

2. Intermittency
→Some days may be (windier or the sun doesn’t shine).
3. high price Storage capabilities.

4. Geographic limitations
→there are some geographies that are more suitable for renewable
. technologies than others.
References
1-The book
2-Advanced Renewable Energy Systems
3-Page
4-Page
5-Page Energy sage
6-Paradise Energy solution
7- Comparative Analysis
8- planet energies
9- tudelft