FLOW DIGRAM :

Example :- If the elevator runs more than the speed limit, the speed governor controls the
speed. It is usually attached to the bottom of the car and is also known as governor rope.
Components Required :-
1) Separately Excited DC Motor :- Stands for Separately Excited Direct Current Motor
(DC)Widely utilized in electric vehicles for high efficiency and easy control.

2) SCR Bridge (Silicon Controlled Rectifier Bridge):- Converts AC power to DC power for
controlling motor speed.

3) Converters :- Stands for Separately Excited Direct Current Motor (DC)Widely utilized in electric
vehicles for high efficiency and easy control.

4) Battery :- Stands for Separately Excited Direct Current Motor (DC)Widely utilized in electric vehicles
for high efficiency and easy control.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SPEED CONTROL :-
SPEED CONTROL IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES USING PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM) AND PHASE ANGLE CONTROL

1) PWM IS A METHOD OF CONTROLLING THE AVERAGE VOLTAGE OR CURRENT SUPPLIED TO THE MOTOR
BY RAPIDLY SWITCHING THE POWER ON AND OFF AT A FIXED FREQUENCY. THE AVERAGE POWER IS
CONTROLLED BY VARYING THE WIDTH OF THE ON-TIME (DUTY CYCLE) OF THE PULSES

ADVANTAGES: EFFICIENT AND PRECISE CONTROL OF MOTOR SPEED.

REDUCED POWER LOSSES AND IMPROVED ENERGY EFFICIENCY.

2) PHASE ANGLE CONTROL : PHASE ANGLE CONTROL INVOLVES VARYING THE FIRING ANGLE OF THE
POWER SUPPLY WAVEFORM, EFFECTIVELY CHANGING THE PHASE SHIFT BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT,
AND THUS CONTROLLING THE EFFECTIVE POWER DELIVERED TO THE MOTOR. PROCESS: BY CONTROLLING
THE FIRING ANGLE OF THYRISTORS (OR OTHER PHASE CONTROL DEVICES), THE PORTION OF EACH AC
CYCLE THAT IS USED TO POWER THE MOTOR IS ADJUSTED.

Advantages: Simple and effective method for speed control.

Suitable for AC motors and easy to implement.
EFFECT OF FIRING ANGLE :-
• A SMALLER FIRING ANGLE (CLOSER TO THE BEGINNING OF THE CYCLE) ALLOWS MORE POWER
TO BE DELIVERED, INCREASING MOTOR SPEED.

• CONVERSELY, A LARGER FIRING ANGLE (CLOSER TO THE END OF THE CYCLE) REDUCES POWER
AND SLOWS DOWN THE MOTOR.