LinesA

17: Transmission Lines
• Transmission Lines
• Transmission Line
Equations +
• Solution to Transmission
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
• Forward + Backward
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Reflection Coefficients
• Driving a line
• Multiple Reflections
Characteristics +
• Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10213) Transmission Lines: 17 – 1 / 13

Transmission Lines

Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections Previously assume that any change in v0 (t) appears instantly at vL (t).
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

Transmission Lines

Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
• Multiple Reflections This is not true.
Characteristics +
• Summary

Transmission Lines

Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary
If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns).

Transmission Lines

Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary
Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring

conductors and also self-inductance. It takes time to change the current
through an inductor or voltage across a capacitor.

Transmission Lines

Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

A transmission line is a wire with a uniform goemetry along its length: the
capacitance and inductance of any segment is proportional to its length.

Transmission Lines

Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

We represent as a large number of small inductors and capacitors spaced
along the line.

Transmission Lines

Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

We represent as a large number of small inductors and capacitors spaced
along the line.
The signal speed along a transmisison line is predictable.
Transmission Line Equations +

A short section of line δx long:
Equations
+
v(x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both
Line Equations
position and time.
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary


Equations
+
Line Equations
position and time.
• Forward Wave
Waves Small δx ⇒ ignore 2nd order derivatives:
• Power Flow
• Reflections ∂v(x,t) ∂v(x+δx,t) ∂v
• Reflection Coefficients ∂t = ∂t , ∂t .
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary


Equations
+
Line Equations
position and time.
• Forward Wave
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
• Multiple Reflections Basic Equations
Characteristics + KVL: v(x, t) = V2 + v(x + δx, t) + V1
• Summary
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + δx, t)


Equations
+
Line Equations
position and time.
• Forward Wave
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
• Summary
Capacitor equation: C ∂v ∂i
∂t = iC = i(x, t) − i(x + δx, t) = − ∂x δx


Equations
+
Line Equations
position and time.
• Forward Wave
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
• Summary
∂t = iC = i(x, t) − i(x + δx, t) = − ∂x δx
Inductor equation (L1 and L2 have the same current):
∂i ∂v
(L1 + L2 ) ∂t = V1 + V2 = v(x, t) − v(x + δx, t) = − ∂x δx


Equations
+
Line Equations
position and time.
• Forward Wave
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
• Summary
∂t = iC = i(x, t) − i(x + δx, t) = − ∂x δx
∂i ∂v
Transmission Line Equations
C0 ∂v
∂t = − ∂i
∂x
∂i ∂v
L0 ∂t = − ∂x


Equations
+
Line Equations
position and time.
• Forward Wave
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
• Summary
∂t = iC = i(x, t) − i(x + δx, t) = − ∂x δx
∂i ∂v
Transmission Line Equations
C
C0 ∂v
∂t = − ∂i
∂x where C0 = δx is the capacitance per unit length
+L2
∂i ∂v
L0 ∂t = − ∂x (Farads/m) and L0 = L1δx is the total
inductance per unit length (Henries/m).

Solution to Transmission Line Equations
C0 ∂v ∂i ∂i ∂v
• Transmission Lines Transmission Line Equations: ∂t = − ∂x L0 ∂t = − ∂x
Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

C0 ∂v ∂i ∂i ∂v
Equations +
Line Equations
General solution: v(t, x) = f (t − ux ) + g(t + ux )
• Forward Wave
x x
• Forward + Backward f (t− u )−g(t+ u )
Waves i(t, x) = Z0
• Power Flow
• Reflections q q
1 L0
• Reflection Coefficients where u = L0 C0 and Z0 = C0 .
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

C0 ∂v ∂i ∂i ∂v
Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x x
Waves i(t, x) = Z0
• Power Flow
• Reflections q q
1 L0
• Driving a line
Characteristics + u is the propagation velocity and Z0 is the characteristic impedance.
• Summary

C0 ∂v ∂i ∂i ∂v
Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x x
Waves i(t, x) = Z0
• Power Flow
• Reflections q q
1 L0
• Driving a line
• Summary
f () and g() can be any differentiable functions.

C0 ∂v ∂i ∂i ∂v
Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x x
Waves i(t, x) = Z0
• Power Flow
• Reflections q q
1 L0
• Driving a line
• Summary

Verify by substitution:
x x

∂i −f ′ (t− u )−g ′ (t+ u ) 1
− ∂x =− Z0 × u

C0 ∂v ∂i ∂i ∂v
Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x x
Waves i(t, x) = Z0
• Power Flow
• Reflections q q
1 L0
• Driving a line
• Summary

Verify by substitution:
x x

∂i −f ′ (t− u )−g ′ (t+ u ) 1
− ∂x =− Z0 × u
x x
= C0 ∂v
′ ′

= C0 f (t − u) + g (t + u) ∂t

Forward Wave

Suppose:
Equations +
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) ≡ 0
x

• Forward Wave
⇒ v(x, t) = f t − u
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

Forward Wave

Suppose:
Equations +
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) ≡ 0
x

• Forward Wave
⇒ v(x, t) = f t − u
Waves
• Power Flow • At x = 0 cm [N],
f(t-0/u)
• Reflections
vS (t) = f (t − u0 )
• Driving a line
• Multiple Reflections 0 2 4 6 8 10
• Transmission Line Time (ns)
Characteristics +
• Summary

Forward Wave

Suppose:
Equations +
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) ≡ 0
x

• Forward Wave
⇒ v(x, t) = f t − u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u)
• Reflections
vS (t) = f (t − u0 )
• Driving a line
• Multiple Reflections • At x = 45 cm [N], 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (ns)
Characteristics + v(45, t) = f (t − 45
u )
• Summary

Forward Wave

Suppose:
Equations +
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) ≡ 0
x

• Forward Wave
⇒ v(x, t) = f t − u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u)
• Reflections
vS (t) = f (t − u0 )
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
u )
• Summary
45
f (t − u ) is exactly the same as f (t) but delayed by 45
u = 3 ns.

Forward Wave

Suppose:
Equations +
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) ≡ 0
x

• Forward Wave
⇒ v(x, t) = f t − u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u) f(t-90/u)
• Reflections
vS (t) = f (t − u0 )
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
u )
• Summary
f (t − 45
u ) is exactly the same as f (t) but delayed by 45
u = 3 ns.
• At x = 90 cm [N], vR (t) = f (t − 90 u ); now delayed by 6 ns.

Forward Wave

Suppose:
Equations +
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) ≡ 0
x

• Forward Wave
⇒ v(x, t) = f t − u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u) f(t-90/u)
• Reflections
vS (t) = f (t − u0 )
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
u )
• Summary
f (t − 45
u = 3 ns.
Waveform at x = 0 completely determines the waveform everywhere else.

Forward Wave

Suppose:
Equations +
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) ≡ 0
x

• Forward Wave
⇒ v(x, t) = f t − u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u) f(t-90/u)
• Reflections
vS (t) = f (t − u0 )
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
u )
• Summary
f (t − 45
u = 3 ns.
Snapshot at t0 = 4 ns:
t = 4 ns f(4-x/u)
the waveform has just
arrived at the point
x = ut0 = 60 cm. 0 20 40 60 80
Position (cm)

Forward Wave

Suppose:
Equations +
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) ≡ 0
x

• Forward Wave
⇒ v(x, t) = f t − u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u) f(t-90/u)
• Reflections
vS (t) = f (t − u0 )
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
u )
• Summary
f (t − 45
u = 3 ns.
t = 4 ns f(4-x/u)
x = ut0 = 60 cm. 0 20 40 60 80
Position (cm)

Forward Wave

Suppose:
Equations +
u = 15 cm/ns
Line Equations
and g(t) ≡ 0
x

• Forward Wave
⇒ v(x, t) = f t − u
Waves
f(t-0/u) f(t-45/u) f(t-90/u)
• Reflections
vS (t) = f (t − u0 )
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
u )
• Summary
f (t − 45
u = 3 ns.
t = 4 ns f(4-x/u)
x = ut0 = 60 cm. 0 20 40 60 80
Position (cm)
f (t − ux ) is a wave travelling forward (i.e. towards +x) along the line.

Forward + Backward Waves
17: Transmission Lines x

Similarly g(t + u ) is a wave travelling backwards, i.e. in the −x direction.
Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary


Equations
+ v(x, t) =
Line Equations f (t − ux ) + g(t + ux )
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary


Equations
+ v(x, t) =
• Forward Wave
Waves At x = 0 cm [N],
• Power Flow
• Reflections vS (t) = f (t) + g(t)
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary


Equations
+ v(x, t) =
• Forward Wave
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Characteristics
• Summary
+
At x = 90 cm [N], g starts at t = 1 and f starts at t = 6.


Equations
+ v(x, t) =
• Forward Wave
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
• Transmission Line At x = 45 cm [N], g is only 1 ns behind f and they add together.
Characteristics
• Summary
+


Equations
+ v(x, t) =
• Forward Wave
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Characteristics
• Summary
+
A vertical line on the diagram

gives a snapshot of the entire
line at a time instant t.


Equations
+ v(x, t) =
• Forward Wave
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Characteristics
• Summary
+

f and g first meet at t = 3.5
and x = 52.5.


Equations
+ v(x, t) =
• Forward Wave
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Characteristics
• Summary
+

f and g first meet at t = 3.5
and x = 52.5.
Magically, f and g pass

through each other entirely
unaltered.
Power Flow
17: Transmission Lines x x

• Transmission Lines Define fx (t) = f t −u and gx (t) = g t + u to be the forward and
Equations + backward waveforms at any point, x.
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

Power Flow

• Transmission Lines Define fx (t) = f t − uand gx (t) = g t + u to be the forward and
Line Equations i is always
• Forward Wave
• Forward + Backward measured in the
Waves
• Power Flow +ve x direction.
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Then vx (t) = fx (t) + gx (t) and ix (t) = Z0−1 (fx (t) − gx (t)).
Characteristics +
• Summary

Power Flow

• Transmission Lines Define fx (t) = f t − and gx (t) = g t +
u u to be the forward and
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Characteristics + Note: Knowing the waveform fx (t) or gx (t)at any position x, tells you it at
• Summary y−x y−x
all other positions: fy (t) = fx t − u and gy (t) = gx t + u .

Power Flow

• Forward Wave
Waves
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Power Flow
The power transferred into the shaded region across the boundary at x is
Px (t) = vx (t)ix (t)

Power Flow

• Forward Wave
Waves
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Power Flow
Px (t) = vx (t)ix (t) = Z0−1 (fx (t) + gx (t)) (fx (t) − gx (t))

Power Flow

• Forward Wave
Waves
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Power Flow
fx2 (t) 2
gx (t)
= Z0 − Z0

Power Flow

• Forward Wave
Waves
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Power Flow
fx2 (t) 2
gx (t)
= Z0 − Z0
fx carries power into shaded area and gx carries power out independently.

Power Flow

• Forward Wave
Waves
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Power Flow
fx2 (t) 2
gx (t)
= Z0 − Z0
Power travels in the same direction as the wave.

Power Flow

• Forward Wave
Waves
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Power Flow
fx2 (t) 2
gx (t)
= Z0 − Z0
Power travels in the same direction as the wave.
The same power as would be absorbed by a [ficticious] resistor of value Z0 .

Reflections

vx = fx + gx
Equations +
ix = Z0−1 (fx − gx )
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections From Ohm’s law at x = L, we have vL (t) = iL (t)RL
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

Reflections

vx = fx + gx
Equations +
ix = Z0−1 (fx − gx )
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line Hence (fL (t) + gL (t)) = Z0−1 (fL (t) − gL (t)) RL
Characteristics +
• Summary

Reflections

vx = fx + gx
Equations +
ix = Z0−1 (fx − gx )
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
From this: gL (t) = R L −Z0
R +Z × fL (t)
L 0
Characteristics +
• Summary

Reflections

vx = fx + gx
Equations +
ix = Z0−1 (fx − gx )
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
R +Z × fL (t)
L 0
Characteristics + g (t)
• Summary We define the reflection coefficient: ρL = fL (t) = R L −Z0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L

Reflections

vx = fx + gx
Equations +
ix = Z0−1 (fx − gx )
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
R +Z × fL (t)
L 0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L
Substituting gL (t) = ρL fL (t) gives
vL (t) = (1 + ρL ) fL (t) and iL (t) = (1 − ρL ) Z0−1 fL (t)

Reflections

vx = fx + gx
Equations +
ix = Z0−1 (fx − gx )
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
R +Z × fL (t)L 0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L
v0(t)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (ns)
2L
i.e. delayed by 2L

At source end: g0 (t) = ρL f0 t − u u = 12 ns.

Reflections

vx = fx + gx
Equations +
ix = Z0−1 (fx − gx )
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
R +Z × fL (t)
L 0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L
v0(t) i0(t)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (ns) Time (ns)
2L
i.e. delayed by 2L

At source end: g0 (t) = ρL f0 t − u = 12 ns.
u
Note that the reflected current has been multiplied by −ρ.

Reflection Coefficients
17: Transmission Lines R

R−Z0 Z0 −1 1
ρ= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations + Z0
0
ρ
Line Equations
• Forward Wave -1
0 1 2 3 4 5
RZ-1
0
Waves
• Power Flow R
• Reflections ρ depends on the ratio Z0 .
• Driving a line R vL (t) iL (t)Z0
• Multiple Reflections Z0 ρ f (t) f (t) Comment
Characteristics +
• Summary
3 +0.5


R−Z0 Z0 −1 1
ρ= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations + Z0
0
ρ
vL (t)
Line Equations f (t) =1+ρ
• Forward Wave -1
0 1 2 3 4 5
RZ-1
0
Waves
• Power Flow R
Characteristics +
• Summary
3 +0.5 1.5


R−Z0 Z0 −1 1
ρ= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations + Z0
0
ρ
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 + ρ
Line Equations
• Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1 − ρ
RZ-1
0
Waves
• Power Flow R
Characteristics +
• Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5


R−Z0 Z0 −1 1
ρ= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations + Z0
0
ρ
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 + ρ
Line Equations
• Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1 − ρ
RZ-1
0
Waves
• Power Flow R
Characteristics +
• Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 ⇒ ρ > 0


R−Z0 Z0 −1 1
ρ= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations + Z0
0
ρ
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 + ρ
Line Equations
• Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1 − ρ
RZ-1
0
Waves
• Power Flow R
Characteristics +
• Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 ⇒ ρ > 0
1
3 −0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 ⇒ ρ < 0


R−Z0 Z0 −1 1
ρ= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations + Z0
0
ρ
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 + ρ
Line Equations
• Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1 − ρ
RZ-1
0
Waves
• Power Flow R
Characteristics +
• Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 ⇒ ρ > 0
1 0 1 1 Matched: No reflection at all
1
3 −0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 ⇒ ρ < 0


R−Z0 Z0 −1 1
ρ= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations + Z0
0
ρ
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 + ρ
Line Equations
• Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1 − ρ
RZ-1
0
Waves
• Power Flow R
Characteristics + ∞ +1 2 0 Open circuit: vL = 2f , iL ≡ 0
• Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 ⇒ ρ > 0
1
3 −0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 ⇒ ρ < 0


R−Z0 Z0 −1 1
ρ= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations + Z0
0
ρ
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 + ρ
Line Equations
• Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1 − ρ
RZ-1
0
Waves
• Power Flow R
• Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 ⇒ ρ > 0
1
3 −0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 ⇒ ρ < 0
2f
0 −1 0 2 Short circuit: vL ≡ 0, iL = Z0


R−Z0 Z0 −1 1
ρ= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations + Z0
0
ρ
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 + ρ
Line Equations
• Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1 − ρ
RZ-1
0
Waves
• Power Flow R
• Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 ⇒ ρ > 0
1
3 −0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 ⇒ ρ < 0
2f
1+ρ
Note: Reverse mapping is R = vi L = 1−ρ × Z0
L


R−Z0 Z0 −1 1
ρ= R+Z0 = R
+1
Equations + Z0
0
ρ
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 + ρ
Line Equations
• Forward Wave -1
iL (t)Z0 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (t) = 1 − ρ
RZ-1
0
Waves
• Power Flow R
• Summary
3 +0.5 1.5 0.5 R > Z0 ⇒ ρ > 0
1
3 −0.5 0.5 1.5 R < Z0 ⇒ ρ < 0
2f
1+ρ
Note: Reverse mapping is R = vi L = 1−ρ × Z0
L
Remember: ρ ∈ {−1, +1} and increases with R.

Driving a line

Equations +
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections From Ohm’s law at x = 0, we have v0 (t) = vS (t) − i0 (t)RS where RS is
• Driving a line the Thévenin resistance of the voltage source.
Characteristics +
• Summary

Driving a line

Equations +
vx = fx + gx
Line Equations
ix = fxZ−g
0
x
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
f0 −g0
Characteristics +
Substituting v0 (t) = f0 + g0 and i0 (t) = Z0 leads to:
• Summary
Z0 RS −Z0
f0 (t) = RS +Z0 vS (t) + RS +Z0 g0 (t)

Driving a line

Equations +
vx = fx + gx
Line Equations
ix = fxZ−g
0
x
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
f0 −g0
Characteristics +
• Summary
Z0 RS −Z0
f0 (t) = RS +Z0 vS (t) + RS +Z0 g0 (t) , τ0 vS (t) + ρ0 g0 (t)

Driving a line

Equations +
vx = fx + gx
Line Equations
ix = fxZ−g
0
x
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
f0 −g0
Characteristics +
• Summary
Z0 RS −Z0
So f0 (t) is the superposition of two terms:
(1) Input vS (t) multiplied by τ0 = R Z+Z 0

which is the same as a
S 0
potential divider if you replace the line with a [ficticious] resistor Z0 .

Driving a line

Equations +
vx = fx + gx
Line Equations
ix = fxZ−g
0
x
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
f0 −g0
Characteristics +
• Summary
Z0 RS −Z0

S 0
(2) The incoming backward wave, g0 (t), multiplied by a reflection
coefficient: ρ0 = R S −Z0
R +Z .
S 0

Driving a line

Equations +
vx = fx + gx
Line Equations
ix = fxZ−g
0
x
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
f0 −g0
Characteristics +
• Summary
Z0 RS −Z0

S 0
(2) The incoming backward wave, g0 (t), multiplied by a reflection
coefficient: ρ0 = R S −Z0
R +Z .
S 0
100 20−100
For RS = 20: τ0 = 20+100 = 0.83 and ρ0 = 20+100 = −0.67.

Multiple Reflections
ρ0 = − 23
Equations + ρL = 12
Line Equations vx = fx + gx
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves f 0(t)
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
• Summary

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves f 0(t)
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
• Transmission Line gL(t)
Characteristics +
• Summary
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves f 0(t)
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
• Summary
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves f 0(t)
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
• Summary
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves f 0(t)
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
• Summary
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves f 0(t)
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
• Summary
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves
Each extra bit of f0 is f 0(t)
• Power Flow
• Reflections delayed by 2Lu (=12 ns)
• Driving a line
and multiplied by ρL ρ0 : 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
∞ i i 2Li

• Summary
i=0 τ0 ρL ρ0 vS t− u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
∞ i i 2Li

• Summary
L

gL (t) = ρL f0 t − u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
∞ i i 2Li

• Summary
L

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t − u

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
∞ i i 2Li

• Summary
L

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t − u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
∞ i i 2Li

• Summary
L

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t − u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
∞ i i 2Li

• Summary
L

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t − u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
∞ i i 2Li

• Summary
L

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t − u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
vL (t) =
L

f0 t − u + gL (t)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
∞ i i 2Li

• Summary
L

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t − u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
vL (t) = vL(t)
L

f0 t − u + gL (t)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
∞ i i 2Li

• Summary
L

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t − u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
vL (t) = vL(t)
L

f0 t − u + gL (t)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

ρ0 = − 23
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Driving a line
Time (ns)
Characteristics +
f0P
(t) = gL(t)
∞ i i 2Li

• Summary
L

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
L

f0 (t) + gL t − u
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
vL (t) = vL(t)
L

f0 t − u + gL (t)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)

Transmission Line Characteristics +

Integrated circuits & Printed circuit boards
Equations +
High speed digital or high frequency analog
Line Equations
interconnections
• Forward Wave
Z0 ≈ 100 Ω, u ≈ 15 cm/ns.
Waves
• Power Flow Long Cables
• Reflections
Coaxial cable (“coax”): unaffacted by external fields;
• Driving a line use for antennae and instrumentation.
• Transmission Line Z0 = 50 or 75 Ω, u ≈ 25 cm/ns.
Characteristics +
• Summary Twisted Pairs: cheaper and thinner than coax and
resistant to magnetic fields; use for computer network
and telephone cabling. Z0 ≈ 100 Ω, u ≈ 19 cm/ns.
When do you have to bother?

Answer: long cables or high frequencies. You can completely ignore
u
transmission line effects if length ≪ frequency = wavelength.
• Audio (< 20 kHz) never matters.
• Computers (1 GHz) usually matters.
• Radio/TV usually matters.

Summary
• Signals travel at around u ≈ 12 c = 15 cm/ns.

Equations + Only matters for high frequencies or long cables.
Line Equations
• Forward Wave
Waves
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

Summary

Line Equations
• Forward Wave
• Forward and backward waves travel along the line:
• Forward + Backward x
x

Waves fx (t) = f0 t − u and gx (t) = g0 t + u
• Power Flow
• Reflections
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

Summary

Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x

• Power Flow
• Reflections ◦ Knowing fx and gx at any single x position tells you everything
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary

Summary

Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x

• Power Flow
fx −gx
• Driving a line
• Voltage and current are: vx = fx + gx and ix = Z0
Characteristics +
• Summary

Summary

Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x

• Power Flow
fx −gx
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Terminating line with R at x = L links the forward and backward waves:
• Summary
◦ backward wave is gL = ρL fL where ρL = R−Z R+Z0
0

Summary

Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x

• Power Flow
fx −gx
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary
0
◦ the reflection coefficient, ρL ∈ {−1, +1} and increases with R

Summary

Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x

• Power Flow
fx −gx
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary
0

◦ R = Z0 avoids reflections: matched termination.

Summary

Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x

• Power Flow
fx −gx
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary
0

◦ Reflections go on for ever unless one or both ends are matched.

Summary

Line Equations
• Forward Wave
x

• Power Flow
fx −gx
• Driving a line
Characteristics +
• Summary
0

◦ Reflections go on for ever unless one or both ends are matched.
◦ f is infinite sum of copies of the input signal delayed successively
by the round-trip delay, 2L
u , and multiplied by ρL ρ0 .

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17: Transmission Lines

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10213) Transmission Lines: 17 – 1 / 13

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17: Transmission Lines

Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring

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17: Transmission Lines

Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring

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17: Transmission Lines

Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring

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17: Transmission Lines

Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring

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f () and g() can be any differentiable functions.

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f () and g() can be any differentiable functions.

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f () and g() can be any differentiable functions.

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f (t − ux ) is a wave travelling forward (i.e. towards +x) along the line.

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